Wolemba Alfred de Zayas, World BEYOND War, September 28, 2023
Ngati "chiphunzitso" cha Udindo Woteteza (R2P) chikutanthauza chilichonse[1], ndiye zikugwiranso ntchito pazovuta zomwe zachitika kuyambira 2020 ku Armenian Republic of Artsakh, yomwe imadziwika kuti Nagorno Karabakh. Kuukira kosaloledwa kwa Azerbaijan mu 2020, limodzi ndi milandu yankhondo ndi milandu yolimbana ndi anthu, monga zalembedwa ndi Human Rights Watch.[2], chinali kupitiriza kupha anthu a ku Ottoman kwa anthu a ku Armenia[3]. Iyenera kufufuzidwa moyenerera ndi Khothi Loona za Upandu Padziko Lonse ku Hague motsatira ndime 5, 6, 7 ndi 8 ya Lamulo la Roma.[4] Purezidenti wa Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev ayenera kuimbidwa mlandu ndikuimbidwa mlandu. Pasakhale chilango pamilandu imeneyi.
Monga Katswiri Wodziyimira pawokha wa UN, komanso chifukwa cha kuopsa kwa chiwembu cha Azeri cha Seputembara 2023, ndapempha Purezidenti wa UN Human Rights Council, Ambassador Vaclav Balek, ndi kwa UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Turk kuti ayitanitsa msonkhano. Msonkhano Wapadera wa Bungwe Loona za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe kuti uletse kuphwanyidwa kwakukulu kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe wa Azerbaijan ndikupereka thandizo lachangu kwa anthu aku Armenia, omwe akuzunzidwa, mwa zina chifukwa cha kuzingidwa kosaloledwa ndi kutsekereza zomwe zapha anthu chifukwa cha njala komanso kusamuka kwakukulu kwa anthu. Armenia.
Dera lamapiri ili moyandikana ndi Armenia ndi lomwe latsala midzi yazaka 3000 ya fuko la Armenia, lodziwika kale kwa Aperisi ndi Agiriki monga Alarodioi, wotchulidwa ndi Dariyo Woyamba ndi Herodotus. Ufumu wa Armenia unakula bwino m'nthawi ya Aroma ndipo likulu lake ndi Artashat (Artaxata) pamtsinje wa Aras pafupi ndi Yerevan yamakono. Mfumu Tiridates III adasinthidwa kukhala Chikhristu ndi St. Gregory the Illuminator (Krikor) mu 314 ndikukhazikitsa Chikhristu ngati chipembedzo cha boma. Mfumu ya Byzantium, Justinian Woyamba, analinganizanso dziko la Armenia kukhala zigawo zinayi ndipo anamaliza ntchito yochititsa kuti dzikolo likhale lachigiriki pofika chaka cha 536.
M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu dziko la Armenia lidayamba kukhudzidwa ndi chikoka cha Aarabu, koma lidasungabe chikhalidwe ndi miyambo yachikhristu. M'zaka za m'ma 8, mfumu ya Byzantine Basil II inazimitsa ufulu wa Armenia ndipo posakhalitsa asilikali a ku Turkey a Seljuq atagonjetsa chigawocho. M’zaka za m’ma 11, dziko lonse la Armenia linagwa m’manja mwa anthu a ku Mongolia, koma moyo wa anthu a ku Armenia ndi kuphunzira kwawo zinapitirizabe kukhala m’tchalitchi ndi kusungidwa m’nyumba za amonke ndi m’midzi. Pambuyo pa kugwidwa kwa Constantinople ndi kuphedwa kwa Mfumu yotsiriza ya Byzantine, Ottomans adakhazikitsa ulamuliro wawo pa Armenians, koma ankalemekeza udindo wa kholo lachi Armenia la Constantinople. Ufumu wa Russia unagonjetsa mbali ya Armenia ndi Nagorno Karabakh mu 13, ena onse amene anatsala mu goli la Ufumu wa Ottoman. Pamene nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse inayamba, kuphedwa kwa anthu a ku Ottoman kwa anthu a ku Armenia ndi Akhristu ang’onoang’ono kunayamba. Akuti pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi ndi theka Armenians ndi pafupifupi miliyoni Agiriki ochokera Pontos, Smyrna.[5] komanso Akhristu ena a mu ufumu wa Ottoman anathetsedwa, kupha anthu koyamba m’zaka za m’ma 20.
Kuzunzika kwa anthu aku Armenia komanso makamaka anthu a ku Nagorno Karabakh sikunathe ndi kutha kwa Ufumu wa Ottoman, chifukwa Soviet Union yopanduka inaphatikiza Nagorno Karabakh mu Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan, ngakhale kuti anthu a ku Armenia anatsutsa zovomerezeka. . Zopempha mobwerezabwereza za kukhazikitsidwa kwa ufulu wawo wodzilamulira kukhala mbali ya dziko lonse la Armenia zinakanidwa ndi akuluakulu a Soviet Union. Soviet Union itangotha kumene mu 1991 m’pamene dziko la Armenia linakhala lodziimira palokha ndipo Nagorno Karabakh nayenso analengeza ufulu wodzilamulira.
Apa pakanakhala nthawi yoti bungwe la United Nations lilowemo ndikukonza referenda yodziyimira pawokha ndikuthandizira kugwirizananso kwa anthu onse aku Armenia. Koma ayi, chitaganya cha mayiko ndi United Nations chinalephereranso anthu a ku Armenia mwa kusatsimikizira kuti maiko oloŵa m’malo a Soviet Union adzakhala ndi malire anzeru, ochirikiza opangitsa mtendere ndi chisungiko kwa onse. Zowonadi, monga momwe dziko la Azerbaijan lidapempha kuti lidzilamulire ndikudziyimira pawokha ku Soviet Union, momwemonso anthu aku Armenia omwe amakhala osasangalala muulamuliro wa Azeri anali ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha kuchoka ku Azerbaijan. Zowonadi, ngati mfundo yodziyimira payokha ikugwira ntchito ku mbali zonse, iyeneranso kugwira ntchito ku zigawozo. Koma anthu a ku Nagorno Karabakh anamanidwa ufulu umenewu, ndipo palibe amene ankaoneka kuti ankawadera nkhawa.
Kuphulitsidwa mwadongosolo kwa Stepanakert ndi malo ena wamba ku Nagorno Karabakh pankhondo ya 2020 kudadzetsa anthu ovulala kwambiri komanso kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwazinthu. Akuluakulu a ku Nagorno Karabakh anachita kugonja. Pasanathe zaka zitatu ziyembekezo zawo zodzilamulira zatha.
Ziwawa za ku Azerbaijan zotsutsana ndi anthu a ku Nagorno Karabakh ndi kuphwanya kwakukulu kwa Article 2(4) ya UN Charter, yomwe imaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Kuphatikiza apo, panali kuphwanya kwakukulu kwa Misonkhano Yachigawo ya Geneva Red Cross ya 1949 ndi 1977 Protocols. Apanso, palibe amene wazengedwa mlandu chifukwa cha milanduyi, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti palibe amene angatsutse, pokhapokha ngati mayiko apadziko lonse atakweza mawu ake mokwiya.
Kutsekedwa kwa zakudya ndi zinthu zoperekedwa ndi Azerbaijan, kudula kwa khola la Lachin ndithudi kumagwera mkati mwa Msonkhano wa Kuphedwa kwa Genocide wa 1948, womwe umaletsa m'nkhani yake II c "Kuwononga dala pamagulu a moyo omwe amawerengedwa kuti abweretse chiwonongeko chake. chonse kapena pang’ono.”[6] Chifukwa chake, chipani chilichonse chaboma chikhoza kutumiza nkhaniyi ku Khothi Lachilungamo Ladziko Lonse motsatira ndime IX ya Panganoli, yomwe imati "Mikangano pakati pa Maphwando Opanga Mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi kutanthauzira, kugwiritsa ntchito kapena kukwaniritsidwa kwa Mgwirizanowu, kuphatikiza zomwe zikukhudzana ndi udindowu. a State for genocide kapena zochita zina zilizonse zomwe zalembedwa mu Article III, zidzaperekedwa ku Khothi Lalikulu Lapadziko Lonse popempha aliyense mwa omwe akukangana nawo.
Mu ndzidzi ubodzi ene, nsoka unoyu usafunika kuendeswa ku International Criminal Court kaamba ka komisheni ya “Crime of aggression” mu nsambu wa Statute of Rome and Kampala. Khoti Lalikulu Lapadziko Lonse liyenera kufufuza zowona ndikutsutsa Purezidenti wa Azerbaijani Ilham Aliyev komanso anzake ku Baku, komanso, Purezidenti wa Turkey Recep Erdogan.
Nagorno Karabakh ndi mlandu wakale wakukana ufulu wodzilamulira mopanda chilungamo, womwe udakhazikitsidwa mwamphamvu mu Charter ya UN (nkhani, 1, 55, Chaputala XI, Chaputala XII) ndi Pangano la Padziko Lonse la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Ndale, Nkhani 1 yomwe imati:
“1. Anthu onse ali ndi ufulu wosankha okha zochita. Chifukwa cha ufulu umenewo amasankha mwaufulu udindo wawo wa ndale ndikutsata mwaufulu chitukuko chawo cha zachuma, chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe.
- Anthu onse, mwa kufuna kwawo, atha kutaya chuma chawo chachilengedwe ndi chuma chawo mwaufulu popanda kutengeka ndi chilichonse chomwe chingabwere chifukwa cha mgwirizano wapadziko lonse pazachuma, potengera mfundo yothandizana, komanso malamulo a mayiko. Mulimonse mmene anthu angalandidwe zopezera zofunika pamoyo wawo.
- Mayiko omwe ali nawo pa Pangano lamakono, kuphatikizapo omwe ali ndi udindo woyang'anira madera omwe si odzilamulira komanso a Trust Territories, adzalimbikitsa kukwaniritsidwa kwa ufulu wodzisankhira okha, ndipo adzalemekeza ufulu umenewo, mogwirizana ndi zomwe bungwe la United States linapereka. Charter ya United Nations. ”[7]
Zomwe zili ku Nagorno Karabakh sizili zosiyana ndi zomwe a Kosovars aku Albania pansi pa Slobodan Milosevic.[8] Kodi chofunika kwambiri n'chiyani? Ungwiro wa dera kapena ufulu wodzilamulira? Ndime 80 ya Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice mu chigamulo cha Kosovo cha 22 July 2010 momveka bwino inapereka patsogolo ufulu wodzilamulira.[9].
Ndilo ultima irratio, kupanda nzeru kotheratu komanso kusagwirizana ndi milandu yolimbana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wodzilamulira ndi anthu aku Armenia a Nagorno Karabakh. Monga ndidatsutsa mu lipoti langa la 2014 ku General Assembly[10], si ufulu wodzilamulira umene umayambitsa nkhondo koma kukana kopanda chilungamo. Chifukwa chake, ndi nthawi yoti tizindikire kuti kukwaniritsidwa kwa ufulu wodzilamulira ndi njira yopewera mikangano komanso kuti kupondereza kudziyimira pawokha ndikuwopseza mtendere ndi chitetezo padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha nkhani 39 ya UN Charter. Mu February 2018, ndinalankhula pamaso pa Nyumba Yamalamulo ya ku Ulaya pa nkhaniyi, pamaso pa olemekezeka ambiri ochokera ku Republic of Artsakh.
Mayiko a mayiko sangavomereze nkhanza za Azerbaijan motsutsana ndi anthu a ku Nagorno Karabakh, chifukwa izi zingakhazikitse chitsanzo chakuti kukhulupirika kwa chigawo kungakhazikitsidwe ndi zigawenga za boma ndi zida zankhondo zotsutsana ndi zofuna za anthu omwe akukhudzidwa. Tangoganizani ngati dziko la Serbia likanayesa kukhazikitsanso ulamuliro wake ku Kosovo mwa kulanda ndi kuponya mabomba ku Kosovo. Kodi dziko likanatani?
Inde, tikuwona kukwiya kofananako, pamene Ukraine ikuyesera "kubwezeretsa" Donbas kapena Crimea, ngakhale kuti maderawa ali ndi anthu ambiri a ku Russia, omwe samalankhula Chirasha okha, koma amamva Chirasha ndipo akufuna kusunga umunthu wawo ndi miyambo yawo. Ndizosamveka kuganiza kuti pambuyo pomenya nkhondo ndi anthu aku Russia aku Donbas kuyambira pomwe Maidan adalanda boma mu 2014, pangakhale mwayi wophatikiza maderawa ku Ukraine. Magazi ochulukirapo adakhetsedwa kuyambira 2014, ndipo mfundo yoti "kusiyanitsidwa koyenera" ingagwire ntchito. Ndinali ku Crimea ndi Donbas mu 2004 monga woimira UN pa chisankho cha aphungu ndi pulezidenti. Mosakayikira, ambiri mwa anthuwa ndi aku Russia, omwe, kwenikweni, akadakhalabe nzika zaku Ukraine koma chifukwa cha kusagwirizana ndi malamulo a Maidan coup d'état komanso kulimbikitsa chidani motsutsana ndi chilichonse cha Russia chomwe chinatsatira kugonjetsedwa. wa Purezidenti wosankhidwa mwa demokalase wa Ukraine, Victor Yanukovych. Boma la Ukraine linaphwanya Gawo 20 la Pangano la Dziko Lonse la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Ndale pamene linazunza munthu wolankhula Chirasha ku Ukraine. Boma la Azeri laphwanyanso Gawo 20 la ICCPR chifukwa cholimbikitsa chidani kwa anthu a ku Armenia - kwa zaka zambiri.
Lingaliro lina lomwe palibe amene adayesetsa kukweza mpaka pano: Tangoganizani, monga chidziwitso chanzeru, kuti boma la Germany lamtsogolo, kudalira zaka 700 za mbiri ya Germany ndikukhazikika ku East-Central Europe, liyenera kubwezeranso madera akale a Germany. East Prussia, Pomerania, Silesia, East Brandenburg, yomwe idatengedwa ndi Poland kumapeto kwa WWII.[11]. Ndipotu, Ajeremani anakhazikika ndi kulima maderawa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, anakhazikitsa mizinda ngati Königsberg (Kaliningrad), Stettin, Danzig, Breslau, ndi zina zotero. Timakumbukira kuti kumapeto kwa Msonkhano wa Potsdam wa July-August 1945 ku nkhani 9 ndi 13 za Potsdam communiqué (sinali mgwirizano), kunalengezedwa kuti Poland idzalandira "chipukuta misozi" m'dziko komanso kuti anthu akumeneko adzangothamangitsidwa - Ajeremani mamiliyoni khumi omwe ankakhala m'madera awa, ankhanza. kuthamangitsidwa[12] zimene zinapha anthu pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi[13]. Kuthamangitsidwa pamodzi kwa Ajeremani amitundu ndi Poland 1945-48, makamaka chifukwa anali achijeremani, chinali chigawenga chotsutsana ndi anthu. Kunatsagana ndi kuthamangitsidwa kwa Ajeremani a fuko la Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, kuloŵetsamo othamangitsidwa mamiliyoni asanu ndi imfa zinanso miliyoni. Kutalikirana ndi kutali kumeneku kuthamangitsidwa kwaunyinji ndi kufunkhidwa kwa Ajeremani ambiri osalakwa m’maiko awo kunali kuyeretsa koipitsitsa kwa mafuko m’mbiri ya ku Ulaya.[14] Koma, kwenikweni, kodi dziko lingalole kuyesayesa kulikonse kwa Germany “kubwezeretsa” zigawo zake zotayika? Kodi sizingaphwanye ndime 2(4) ya Charter ya UN monga momwe kuukira kwa Azeri ku Nagorno Karabakh kwaphwanya lamulo loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zomwe zili mu UN Charter ndikuyika pachiwopsezo mtendere ndi chitetezo padziko lonse lapansi?
Ndi ndemanga yomvetsa chisoni pa chikhalidwe cha makhalidwe athu, pa kusalemekeza chikhalidwe chathu chaumunthu, kuti ambiri a ife timachita nawo upandu wakukhala chete komanso osakhudzidwa ndi anthu aku Armenia omwe akuzunzidwa ku Azerbaijan.[15].
Tikuwona nkhani yakale pomwe mfundo ya International Responsibility to Protect iyenera kugwira ntchito. Koma ndani amene adzayitanitse ku UN General Assembly? Ndani adzafuna kuyankha ku Azerbaijan?
[1] Ndime 138 ndi 139 za Chigamulo cha General Assembly 60/1 cha 24 October 2005.
[2]https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/12/11/azerbaijan-unlawful-strikes-nagorno-karabakh
https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/03/19/azerbaijan-armenian-pows-abused-custody
[3] Alfred de Zayas, The Genocide against the Armenians and Relevance of the 1948 Genocide Convention, Haigazian University Press, Beirut, 2010
Tribunal Permanent des Peuples, Le Crime de Silence. Le Genocide des Arméniens, Flammarion, Paris 1984.
[4] https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf
[5] Tessa Hofmann (ed.), Kuphedwa kwa Agiriki a Ottoman, Aristide Caratzas, New York, 2011.
[6]
https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf
[7] https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights
[8] A. de Zayas « Ufulu Wadziko Lathu, Kuyeretsa Mitundu Yambiri ndi Khoti Lapadziko Lonse Lamilandu Yadziko Lakale la Yugoslavia » Forum of Criminal Law Forum, Vol.6, pp. 257-314.
[9] https://www.icj-cij.org/case/141
[10] A/69/272
[11] Alfred de Zayas, Nemesis ku Potsdam, Routledge 1977. De Zayas, Kubwezera Koopsa, Macmillan, 1994.
De Zayas "Malamulo Padziko Lonse ndi Kusamutsidwa kwa Anthu Ambiri", Harvard International Law Journal, vol. 16, masamba 207-259.
[12] Victor Gollancz, Makhalidwe Athu Oopsya, London 1946, Gollancz, Ku Germany Wamdima Kwambiri, London 1947.
[13] Ziwerengero za Bundesamt, Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste, Wiesbaden, 1957.
Kurt Böhme, Gesucht Wird, Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Munich, 1965.
Lipoti la Joint Relief Commission la International Red Cross, 1941-46, Geneva, 1948.
Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, Dokumentation der Vertreibung, Bonn, 1953 (mabuku 8).
Das Schweizerische Rote Kreuz - Eine Sondernummer des deutschen Flüchtlingsproblems,Nr. 11/12, Bern, 1949.
[14] A. de Zayas, 50 Malingaliro pa Kuthamangitsidwa kwa Ajeremani, Inspiration, London 2012.
[15] Onani kuyankhulana kwanga ndi BBC pa Nagorno Karabakh, 28 Seputembala 2023, kuyambira mphindi 8:50. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w172z0758gyvzw4
