ndi Patrick T. Hiller
Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa magalimoto ngati zida zowononga anthu wamba kwachititsa mantha ndi mantha padziko lonse. Kuukira kotereku kungapangidwe kumalo aliwonse a anthu, motsutsana ndi gulu lililonse la anthu, ndi aliyense amene ali ndi kapena osagwirizana ndi magulu a maganizo omwe amalimbikitsa mantha, chidani ndi mantha.
Sitikusowa akatswiri kuti atiuze kuti ndizosatheka kupewa zoterezi. Nkhondo ziŵiri zoopsa ku America zinalizo ndi James A. Fields Jr., yemwe adayimitsa galimoto yake m'gulu la anthu osamvera malamulo ku Charlottesville, Virginia kupha munthu wina ndi kuvulaza 19, komanso ndi Sayfullo Saipov amene mwadala adakwera galimoto pansi asanu ndi atatu ndikuvulaza osachepera 11. Anagwira ntchito m'malo mwa "White America" yokha, komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa kachipatala katsopano kachisilamu ku Middle East. Yankho lofunikira, lachangu ndi lachikhalire ndilolekanitsa malingaliro a chidani kuchokera kwa anthu awo ndi zikhulupiriro zomwe otsutsa amati akuyimira.
Anthu omwe amachita zinthu zotero samaimira anthu ambiri omwe amati amadziteteza. Minda sinaliyimira anthu oyera a 241 miliyoni ku United States, monga Saipov sankayimira pafupifupi Asilamu a 400 miliyoni ku Middle East kapena a 33 miliyoni a Uzbeks a dziko lawo. Ngakhale zili choncho, zilembo zopanda mabotolo zimati "ife" vs "iwo," ndi "zina" kukhala gulu loyenera kuopedwa, kudedwa, ndi kuwonongedwa. Yankho limeneli likugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi atsogoleri omwe ali ogawidwa ndi zigawenga komanso akuluakulu a boma.
Maubwenzi apamtima ali oposa kwambiri kuposa mauthenga a "ife / awo" akusonyeza. Wophunzira wamtendere John Paul Lederach akuitana us kuyang'ana pa masewera omwe tili ndi mabungwe ndi anthu omwe akulimbikitsana ndikutsata mantha ndi chiwawa pamapeto amodzi, ndi omwe alibe kugwirizana pa mapeto ena. Pakatikati pa maseŵerawa amapangidwa ndi iwo omwe ali ndi chiyanjano-chofuna kapena chosayenera-kudzera mu chikhalidwe chofanana (chachipembedzo), maubwenzi oonjezera achibale, geography, mtundu kapena zinthu zina. Kusasamala, kukhala chete, ndi kulowerera ndale pazomwezi sizothandiza. Kuweruzidwa kwakukulu ndi mgwirizano ndi omwe otsutsa amati akuyimira amachotsa zomwe akunena kuti amachita zabwino. Monga mtsogoleri wadziko la New York City wochenjera ndi zotsutsana John Miller adanena momveka bwino kuti Islam sichidawathandize pa nkhondo ya Saipov, chifukwa chakuti magulu osiyanasiyana adanyoza ndikutsutsa ufulu woyera ku Charlottesville, athandiza anthu onse omwe amawaukira ndi maganizo awo. "Ife" amakhala ambiri ochuluka a omwe akutsutsana ndi chiwawa chifukwa cha lingaliro. A "iwo" tsopano ndi ochita zachiwawa okhaokha omwe alibe chivomerezo chovomerezeka, zomwe zikuwathandiza kukhala nawo, polojekiti, ndi chuma.
Matenda a m'matumbo pamene anthu osalakwa akuphedwa ndi kuchita chinachake. Pankhani ya kuukira kwa New York, kudandaula kuti wozunzayo ndi "nyama yowonongeka," akuyitanitsa zikhalidwe zoopsya zochokera ku mayiko ena, komanso kuwonjezereka kwa nkhondo kudziko lina pamtunda wapadziko lonse-mayankho onse a tweet ndi Presidential Trump-ali ovuta kuposa opanda pake.
Ngati tingaphunzirepo kanthu kuchokera ku zigawenga za galimoto kwa anthu wamba, ndiye kuti nkhondo yolimbana ndi mantha ndiyothandiza ngati kuyimitsa magalimoto. Nkhondo yolimbana ndi mantha siidzapindula mwa kupanga. Kuwonjezeka kwa mayankho a msilikali kumatumiza chizindikiro chakuti zigawenga za galimoto zikugwira ntchito monga njira zamagulu a chipani chapamwamba. Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti nkhondoyo nthawi zambiri imakhala yopanda ntchito komanso yothandizira kuthetsa uchigawenga. Zokambirana ndi zolemba zomwe magulu achigawenga amagwiritsidwa ntchito zimadyetsedwa ndi zida zankhondo-atsopano atsopano amagwa m'manja. Njira yokhayo yokhayokha ndiyo kuthana ndi zifukwa zomwe zimayambitsa.
N'zosadabwitsa kuti zina mwazimene zimayambitsa chikhalidwe cha azungu-ndi ISIS-zowonongedwa ndi zofanana ndi zomwe zimadziwika kapena zenizeni, kupatukana, kutaya, ndi kugwirizana kwa mphamvu zosiyana. Zoonadi, izi zimayambitsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa anthu. Ngakhale kuli kovuta, kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wambiri-anthu, aboma, amayi, LGBT, achipembedzo, ndi zina zotero -wonetsani kuti tikhoza kumanga ngakhale pa nthawi zovuta.
Nanga timachita bwanji ndi magulu a mantha panopa? Choyamba, njira yeniyeni komanso yeniyeni yothetsera zifukwa zomwe zimayambitsa kale zimachotsa zolimbikitsa ndi kuthandizira kwa mtundu uliwonse wa mantha. Chachiwiri, ISIS ikhoza kuwerengedwa mwachindunji poyambitsa zida ndi zida zankhondo ku Middle East, kuthandizira boma la Syria, kufunafuna mgwirizano wogwirizana ndi onse ochita nawo zinthu, chilango cha ISIS ndi otsutsa, kuchotsa asilikali a US kuderalo, ndi kuthandizira za kusagwirizana ndi boma. Kulingalira kopanda chithunzithunzi ndi chimodzi mwa njira zabwino kwambiri zotsutsana ndi zochita za anthu oyera. Pamene oyendetsa oyera akuyenda, akhoza kukhala ochulukirapo, akhoza kukhala kunyozedwa, ndipo akhoza kukhala abwenzi ndi kusintha. Daryl Davis, woimba wakuda, anafunsa mabanja ambiri "Kodi mungadane bwanji ndi ine ngati simukundidziwa?" Mamembala a 200 KKK achoka ku Klan.
Palibe njira yothetsera matsenga kuthetseratu mitundu yokhudzana ndi mantha. Komabe, pali njira zambiri zomwe tingayankhire pa magalimoto omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zochitika zoterozo zikhale zochepa mtsogolomu. Ngati sitingagwiritse ntchito njirazi, sikuti zilibe, koma chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe zimaperekedwa, zopanda chidwi, kapena kudzikonda. Chiwerengero chachikulu choterechi chimatipatsa mpata wokwanira kuti tipeze malo othawa ndi zigawenga ndikusokoneza malingaliro onse odana ndi mizu yake.
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Patrick. T. Hiller, Ph.D., ogwirizanitsidwa ndi PeaceVoice, ndi mphunzitsi wa Conflict Transformation, pulofesa, adatumikira ku Bungwe Lolamulira la International Peace Research Association (2012-2016), membala wa Peace and Security Funders Group, ndi Director of the War Prevention Initiative ya Jubitz Family Foundation.
