Munali mu 1969, ndipo nkhondo ya ku America pa Vietnam inkaoneka ngati itatha. Kukwiya kwakukulu pankhondoyi kudafalikira m'misewu ndi m'masukulu a dzikolo - kukwiya chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa matumba athupi omwe akubwerera kwawo, chifukwa cha bomba losatha la bomba lomwe lidatsika kuchokera ku ndege zaku US kupita kumidzi yakumidzi, ndi zithunzi za mabanja akuthawa, khungu lawo litatenthedwa ndi napalm, kuwulutsidwa padziko lonse lapansi.
Anthu zikwi mazanamazana anali atayamba kukana nkhondoyo. Kugwa kwa 1969 kunali mbiri yakale Kusuta zionetsero, zionetsero zazikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya US.
Koma ngakhale kuti chilakolako ndi kutsimikiza mtima kwa gulu lolimbana ndi nkhondo kunali kolimba, ena ankaona kuti chidziwitso cholimba chokhudza mphamvu ya gulu lankhondo chinali kusowa. Ndani anali kupanga ndi kupindula ndi mabomba, ndege, ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Vietnam? Kodi zida zankhondo - mafakitale ake, ma laboratories ake ofufuza - zidali kuti ku US? M’maboma ati, ndi m’matauni ati? Kodi makampaniwo anali kupindula ndi ndani ndi kulimbikitsa nkhondo?
Ngati okonza ndi gulu lolimbana ndi nkhondo lomwe likukulirakulirabe litha kupeza chidziwitsochi - chidziwitso chochulukirapo komanso chozama cha ndalama ndi mphamvu zamakampani zomwe zidayambitsa nkhondoyi - gululi litha kukhala lamphamvu kwambiri, lotha kutsata zida zosiyanasiyana zankhondo kudera lonselo. dziko.
Umu ndiye nkhani yomwe National Action/Research on Military-Industrial Complex - kapena NARMIC, monga idadziwika - idabadwa.
NARMIC inkafuna kufufuza mphamvu ndi ndalama zomwe zili kumbuyo kwa chitetezo cha chitetezo ndikupeza kafukufukuyu m'manja mwa omenyera mtendere omwe amatsutsa nkhondo ya Vietnam kuti athe kumenyana bwino. Amafuna - monga amanenera - "kudzaza kusiyana" pakati pa "kafukufuku wamtendere" ndi "kukonza mtendere." Amafuna kuchita kafukufuku kuti achitepo kanthu - chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo mawu oti "zochita / kafukufuku" pofotokoza zomwe adachita.
M'mbiri yake yonse, ogwira ntchito ku NARMIC ndi odzipereka sanangokhala phee m'chipinda ndikusanthula komwe akuchokera, otalikirana ndi dziko lonse lapansi. Anagwira ntchito limodzi ndi okonza mapulani a m’deralo. Iwo adatenga zopempha kuchokera kwa omenyera ufulu kuti ayang'ane makampani omwe akuwafuna. Anaphunzitsa anthu oyendayenda kuti azifufuza okha. Ndipo iwo anasonkhanitsa laibulale yaikulu ya zikalata zoti aliyense agwiritse ntchito, limodzi ndi gulu la timabuku, malipoti, ma slideshows, ndi zida zina za olinganiza.
Nkhani ya NARMIC, monga nkhani ya Dipatimenti Yofufuza ya SNCC, ndi gawo la mbiri yofunikira koma yobisika ya gawo la kafukufuku wamphamvu m'mbiri ya ziwonetsero zaku US.
NARMIC idakhazikitsidwa mu 1969 ndi gulu la ma Quaker olimbana ndi nkhondo omwe anali okangalika ndi Komiti Yopereka Amishonale ku America (AFSC) Iwo adauziridwa ndi mlaliki wa Quaker komanso wochotsa ntchito John Woolman, yemwe adanena otsatira ake “kuti awone ndi kutenga thayo la kupanda chilungamo kochitidwa ndi machitidwe azachuma.”
Uthenga uwu - kuti mkwiyo wamakhalidwe oponderezedwa uyenera kufananizidwa ndi kumvetsetsa momwe machitidwe azachuma amapangira ndikuchirikiza kuponderezedwako - NARMIC yowonetsa moyo wake wonse.
NARMIC idakhazikitsidwa ku Philadelphia. Ogwira ntchito ake oyambilira anali omaliza maphunziro aposachedwa kuchokera ku makoleji ang'onoang'ono aukadaulo monga Swarthmore, kunja kwa Philadelphia, ndi Earlham, ku Indiana. Idagwira ntchito yocheperako, pomwe ofufuza ake achichepere amagwira ntchito "malipiro opanda kanthu," koma adalimbikitsidwa kwambiri kuti achite kafukufuku wokhazikika womwe ungathandize gulu lankhondo.
Cholinga chachikulu cha NARMIC chinali gulu lankhondo ndi mafakitale, lomwe lidafotokoza mu 1970 pamapepala - akugwira mawu a Dwight Eisenhower - ngati "mgwirizanowu wa gulu lalikulu lankhondo komanso gulu lalikulu la zida zankhondo zomwe ndi zatsopano ku America." NARMIC inanenanso kuti "zovutazi ndi zenizeni" zomwe "zimapezeka pafupifupi m'mbali zonse za moyo wathu."
Gululi litakhazikitsidwa mu 1969, NARMIC idayamba ntchito yofufuza momwe makampani achitetezo amagwirira ntchito pankhondo yaku Vietnam. Kafukufukuyu adatulutsa zolemba ziwiri zoyambirira zomwe zidakhudza kwambiri gulu lankhondo.
Yoyamba inali mndandanda wa makontrakitala apamwamba a chitetezo cha 100 ku US. Pogwiritsa ntchito deta yomwe ikupezeka ku Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo, ofufuza a NARMIC adasonkhanitsa mosamala masanjidwe omwe adawonetsa kuti opindula kwambiri pankhondo mdzikolo anali ndani komanso kuchuluka kwamakampani omwe adapatsidwa pamakontrakitala achitetezo. Mndandandawo unatsagana ndi kusanthula kothandiza kochokera ku NARMIC pa zomwe zapezeka.
Mndandanda wa makontrakitala apamwamba a 100 adawunikiridwanso pakapita nthawi kuti okonza azitha kudziwa zaposachedwa - Pano, mwachitsanzo, ndi mndandanda wa 1977. Mndandandawu unali mbali ya "Military-Industrial Atlas of the United States" yomwe NARMIC inasonkhanitsa.
Ntchito yayikulu yachiwiri yoyambirira yolembedwa ndi NARMIC inali buku lotchedwa "Automated Air War." Bukuli lidatulutsa mawu omveka bwino mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida ndi ndege zomwe US imagwiritsa ntchito pankhondo yake yolimbana ndi Vietnam. Idazindikiranso opanga ndi opanga zida kumbuyo kwawo.
Koma "Automated Air War" inapita patsogolo kwambiri pothandiza okonzekera nkhondo. Mu 1972, NARMIC idasandutsa kafukufukuyu kukhala chiwonetsero chazithunzi ndi filimu yokhala ndi a script ndi zithunzi - zithunzi za logos zamakampani, zandale, za zida, ndi zovulala zomwe zidachitika pa Vietnamese ndi zida zomwe zikukambidwa. Panthawiyo, iyi inali njira yodula kwambiri yochitira ndi kuphunzitsa anthu pamutu wankhondo ndi zida ndi makontrakitala odzitetezera kumbuyo kwake.
NARMIC ingagulitse chiwonetsero chazithunzi kumagulu ozungulira US, omwe amatha kuziwonetsa m'madera awo. Kupyolera mu izi, NARMIC idafalitsa zotsatira za kafukufuku wake wa mphamvu m'dziko lonselo ndikuthandizira kuti pakhale gulu lodziwika bwino lolimbana ndi nkhondo lomwe lingathe kukhala ndi chidziwitso chambiri pa zomwe akufuna kuchita.
NARMIC idatulutsanso zina zipangizo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 zomwe zinali zothandiza kwa okonzekera. Buku lake lakuti “Movement Guide to Stockholders Meetings” linasonyeza olimbikitsa anthu mmene angaloŵerere m’misonkhano ya osunga masheya amakampani. "Guide for Researching Institutional Portfolios" yake inagawidwa kumagulu oposa chikwi. "Maphunziro Apolisi: Counterinsurgency Pano ndi Kunja" adafufuza "mabungwe aku US pakupanga zida za apolisi komanso kukhudzidwa kwa mayunivesite pantchito yomwe ikukula ya apolisi ndi mafakitale ndi maphunziro."
Kupyolera mu zonsezi, NARMIC idapanganso banki yachidziwitso yochititsa chidwi yomwe ingatengepo kafukufuku. NARMIC idafotokoza kuti ofesi yake ili ndi "zolemba, zolemba, zolemba za kafukufuku, malipoti aboma, zoyankhulana ndi zofufuza zodziyimira pawokha" pamakampani achitetezo, mayunivesite, kupanga zida, kupha anthu apakhomo, ndi madera ena. Idalembetsanso zolemba zamakampani ndi zolemba zomwe anthu ochepa amazidziwa koma zomwe zili ndi chidziwitso chofunikira. NARMIC idapangitsa kuti banki yake ya data ipezeke kwa gulu lililonse kapena omenyera ufulu omwe atha kupita ku ofesi ya Philadelphia.
Patangotha zaka zochepa, NARMIC idadzipangira mbiri mkati mwa gulu lolimbana ndi nkhondo chifukwa cha kafukufuku wake. Ogwira ntchito ake adagwira ntchito limodzi, kugawa anthu ogwira ntchito pazantchito zazikulu, kupanga ukadaulo wosiyanasiyana, ndipo, monga momwe wofufuza wina adanenera, kukhala "ozama kwambiri kumvetsetsa zomwe Pentagon ikuchita."Ofufuza a NARMIC adakumana koyambirira kwa 1970s. Chithunzi: AFSC / AFSC Archives
Koma osati kukhala oganiza mozama, chifukwa cha NARMIC chokhalirapo nthawi zonse chinali kuchita kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kulimbikitsa zoyesayesa za oyambitsa nkhondo. Gululo linkachita ntchito imeneyi m’njira zosiyanasiyana.
NARMIC inali ndi komiti yolangizira yopangidwa ndi oimira mabungwe osiyanasiyana olimbana ndi nkhondo omwe amakumana nawo miyezi ingapo iliyonse kuti akambirane za mtundu wa kafukufuku womwe ungakhale wothandiza pagululi. Zinatengeranso kupempha kosalekeza kuti athandizidwe ndi kafukufuku kuchokera kumagulu odana ndi nkhondo omwe adakumana nawo. Ndi kabuku ka 1970 kulengeza:
- "Ophunzira omwe akufufuza kafukufuku wa Pentagon pamasukulu, amayi akunyumba akunyanyala katundu wogula wopangidwa ndi mafakitale ankhondo, "Njiwa za Congress" ogwira ntchito zachitukuko, mabungwe amtendere amitundu yonse, magulu a akatswiri ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito zamalonda abwera ku NARMIC kuti adziwe zenizeni ndikukambirana momwe anganyamulire bwino. kupanga ma projekiti."
Diana Roose, wofufuza wakale wa NARMIC, adakumbukira:
- Tinkalandira mafoni kuchokera kwa ena mwa maguluwa kuti, "Ndiyenera kudziwa za izi. Tili ndi kuguba mawa usiku. Mungandiuze chiyani za Boeing ndi chomera chake kunja kwa Philadelphia? " Kotero ife tikanawathandiza iwo kuti afufuze izo ... ife tikanakhala gulu lofufuza. Tinkawaphunzitsanso momwe angachitire kafukufukuyu.
Zowonadi, NARMIC idanenapo za chikhumbo chake chophunzitsa okonzekera amderalo momwe angapangire kafukufuku wamagetsi. "Ogwira ntchito ku NARMIC amapezeka kuti" azichita nokha "ofufuza kuti awathandize kuphunzira momwe angagwiritsire ntchito banki ya data ndi mabuku a laibulale komanso momwe angaphatikizire zokhudzana ndi ntchito zawo," gululo linati.
Zitsanzo zingapo zowoneka bwino zimapereka lingaliro la momwe NARMIC idalumikizirana ndi okonza akomweko:
- Philadelphia: Ofufuza a NARMIC anathandiza omenyera nkhondo kuti adziwe zambiri zokhudza GE ndi chomera chake cha Philadelphia chomwe gululo linagwiritsa ntchito pokonzekera. GE adapanga zida zankhondo zotsutsana ndi anthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi Vietnam.
- Minneapolis: Ochita ziwonetsero adapanga gulu lotchedwa "Honeywell Project" kuti litsutsane ndi Honeywell, yemwe anali ndi chomera ku Minneapolis chomwe chimapanga napalm. NARMIC idathandizira okonza mapulani kuti adziwe zambiri za momwe napalm idapangidwira, omwe amapindula nayo, komanso momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito ku Vietnam. Mu Epulo 1970, ochita ziwonetsero adatseka bwino msonkhano wapachaka wa Honeywell ku Minneapolis.
- New England: Zofalitsa za NARMIC zidathandizira omenyera ufulu wa New England kumvetsetsa ndikuzindikira zomwe akufuna m'dera lawo. "[Anthu] ku New England adadziwa kuti madera awo adatenga gawo lalikulu pakupanga ndi kupindula ndiukadaulo wokulirapo wankhondo," inalemba AFSC. "Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo idakumana ku Wellesley, Mass., Zida zamlengalenga zidasungidwa ku Bedford, Mass., Ndipo mabanki anali kupereka ndalama zaukadaulo watsopano kudera lonselo. Izi zinali zobisika mpaka NARMIC idaulula kugwirizana kwawo kunkhondo. "
Nkhondo ya Vietnam itatha, NARMIC idasinthiratu kumadera atsopano ofufuza. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 mpaka m'ma 1980, idatulutsa mapulojekiti akuluakulu pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zankhondo zaku US. Zina mwa izi zidatengera zomwe NARMIC zidakumana nazo pankhondo yaku Vietnam, monga ma slideshows omwe adapanga kuti atsatire kafukufuku wokhudza nkhondo ya Vietnam. bajeti. NARMIC idasindikizanso malipoti okhudza kulowererapo kwa asitikali America chapakati ndi udindo wa US pothandizira Tsankho la South Africa. Panthawi yonseyi, gululi linapitirizabe kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi okonza zionetsero pa nkhanizi.
Chimodzi mwazothandizira zazikulu za NARMIC panthawiyi chinali ntchito yake pa zida za nyukiliya. Izi zinali zaka - kumapeto kwa 1970s komanso koyambirira kwa 1980s - pomwe gulu lalikulu lolimbana ndi kufalikira kwa nyukiliya linali ku US. Pogwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana, NARMIC idayika zida zofunika pakuwopsa kwa zida za nyukiliya ndi mphamvu komanso kupindula kumbuyo kwawo. Mwachitsanzo, chiwonetsero chake chazithunzi cha 1980 "Ngozi Yovomerezeka?: Nyengo ya Nyukiliya ku United States” anafotokozera anthu oonera kuopsa kwa luso la nyukiliya. Inali ndi akatswiri a nyukiliya komanso umboni wa anthu amene anapulumuka bomba la atomiki la Hiroshima, ndipo inali ndi zolemba zambirimbiri.
Pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1980, malinga ndi m'modzi mwa ofufuza ake, NARMIC idagwa chifukwa cha zinthu zingapo zomwe zinaphatikizapo kuchepa kwa ndalama, kutuluka kwa utsogoleri wake woyambitsa, komanso kufota kwa kayendetsedwe ka bungwe popeza nkhani zambiri zatsopano ndi makampeni anali kubwera.
Koma NARMIC inasiya mbiri yakale, komanso chitsanzo cholimbikitsa kwa ofufuza amphamvu masiku ano omwe akufuna kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zokonzekera mtendere, kufanana, ndi chilungamo.
Nkhani ya NARMIC ndi chitsanzo cha gawo lofunikira lomwe kafukufuku wamphamvu wachita m'mbiri ya mayendedwe aku US. Kafukufuku wa NARMIC pa nthawi ya nkhondo ya Vietnam, komanso momwe kafukufukuyu adagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi okonza kuti achitepo kanthu, adasokoneza makina ankhondo omwe adathandizira kuti nkhondoyo ithe. Zinathandiziranso kuphunzitsa anthu zankhondo - za mphamvu zamabizinesi zomwe zimapindula nazo, komanso zida zovuta zomwe US imagwiritsa ntchito motsutsana ndi anthu aku Vietnamese.
Wofufuza wa NARMIC Diana Roose akukhulupirira kuti gululi lidachita gawo lalikulu "popanga gulu lomwe lidadziwitsidwa ndikukhazikitsidwa potengera zenizeni, osati malingaliro chabe":
- Usilikali sikuchitika mwachisawawa. Sizimangomera zokha. Pali zifukwa zomwe usilikali umakulirakulira ndikuyenda bwino m'madera ena, ndipo ndi chifukwa cha maubwenzi amphamvu ndi omwe amapindula ndi omwe akupindula ... Choncho ndikofunikira kuti tisamangodziwa ... kuti nkhondoyi ndi chiyani, ndipo zigawo zake ndi ziti ... , mphamvu yake yokankhira ndi yotani?… Simungayang'ane kwenikweni zankhondo kapena nkhondo inayake… osamvetsetsa bwino zomwe zimathandizira, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zobisika.
Zowonadi, NARMIC idathandizira kwambiri pakuwunikira zamagulu ankhondo ndi mafakitale ndikupanga chandamale chokulirapo cha kusagwirizana. "Poyang'ana izi," inalemba NARMIC mu 1970, "zikuwoneka kuti n'zosamveka kuti gulu laling'ono la ochita kafukufuku / ochita kafukufuku lingathe kuchita zambiri polimbana ndi chimphona cha MIC." Koma zowonadi, pofika nthawi yomwe NARMIC idasiyanitsidwa, kupindula kwankhondo ndi kulowererapo kwankhondo kunkawoneka mosakayikira ndi mamiliyoni a anthu, ndipo mayendedwe amtendere anali atapanga kafukufuku wochititsa chidwi - omwe NARMIC idathandizira kumanga, ndi ena - omwe akadalipo lero.
Wolemba wotchuka Noam Chomsky anali ndi izi LittleSis za cholowa cha NARMIC:
- Pulojekiti ya NARMIC inali yothandiza kwambiri kuyambira pachiyambi pomwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe ali ndi zida zankhondo zovuta komanso zowopsa ku US komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Chinalinso cholimbikitsa chachikulu kwa magulu ambiri odziwika kuti aletse kuwopseza kowopsa kwa zida zanyukiliya ndi kulowererapo mwankhanza. Ntchitoyi idawonetsa, mogwira mtima kwambiri, kufunikira kofunikira pakufufuza mosamalitsa ndikuwunika kwa omenyera ufulu kuti athe kuthana ndi mavuto akulu omwe ayenera kukhala patsogolo pa nkhawa zathu.
Koma mwinamwake koposa zonse, nkhani ya NARMIC ndi nkhani ina yonena za kuthekera kwa kafukufuku wa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake.
Cholowa cha NARMIC ndi chamoyo pantchito yomwe tikuchita lero. Zomwe adazitcha kuchita / kafukufuku, tingatchule kafukufuku wamphamvu. Zomwe amazitcha ma slide show, titha kuzitcha ma webinars. Pomwe okonza ochulukira masiku ano akuvomereza kufunika kofufuza mphamvu, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti timayima pamapewa amagulu ngati NARMIC.
Kodi mukufuna kudziwa zambiri za momwe kafukufuku wamagetsi ndi kukonza zingagwirire ntchito limodzi lero? Lowani pano kujowina nawo Mapu Mphamvu: Kafukufuku wa Resistance.
AFSC ikupitilizabe kuyang'ana kutsata kwamakampani ndikuphwanya ufulu wa anthu. Onani awo Fufuzani webusaiti.
