Ndi Terry Crawford-Browne, February 18, 2018
Okhulupirira Afro-pessimists anachita chidwi kwambiri pamene mu 1994 South Africa inapambana mwamtendere ndi tsankho. Dziko linali kuyembekezera kuphana kwa mafuko. Kusinthako kunanenedwa kukhala “chozizwitsa,” ndipo Nelson Mandela anakondweretsedwa monga “woyera mtima.”
Pali ukali pakati pa anthu a ku South Africa kuti nthawi yochuluka, mphamvu ndi ndalama zakhala zikuwonongeka ndipo, pansi pa Jacob Zuma (ndi Thabo Mbeki patsogolo pake), African National Congress (ANC) inapereka zomwe iwo ankayembekezera. Potchulapo Zimbabwe, Democratic Republic of Congo ndi nkhani zina zambiri za masoka a ku Africa, anthu opanda chiyembekezo nawonso sanatengeke ndi kusintha kopanda chiwawa mu 2018 kuchokera kwa Jacob Zuma kupita kwa Cyril Ramaphosa.
Zoona zake n’zakuti dzikoli lili ndi mbiri yakale yokana chiwawa. Zaka zoposa zana zapitazo, Mahatma Gandhi, pazaka 21 zomwe amakhala ku South Africa, adapanga njira zake za satyagraha (truth force or passive resistance) asanabwerere ku India mu 1914 kukatsutsa imperialism yaku Britain.
Mfundo za Gandhi zinakhala maziko a ANC pamene inakhazikitsidwa mu 1912, ndipo chikokacho chinapitirira mpaka 1960 pamene Nobel Peace Prize inaperekedwa kwa Chief Albert Luthuli chifukwa chotsutsa tsankho komanso kukana kuchita zachiwawa. Komabe, mkati mwa ANC, omenyera ufulu oyera (ambiri a iwo mamembala a Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu) adagonjetsa Mandela ndi ena ndi mfundo zosonyeza kuti kusagwirizana kunali kopanda phindu potsutsa ndondomeko ya tsankho. Kulimbana ndi zida kunayambika mu 1961, ndipo Mandela anamangidwa mu 1963 atadziwitsidwa ku boma ndi Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Dziko la South Africa linakhala ndende ya Cold War, kumasulidwa kwake kunachedwa kwa zaka makumi atatu.
Molangiwa wa kupanduka, Mandela na tsogoleri wa ANC bakatisiwa ku Robben Island, makilomita 27 kufuma ku Cape Town. M’malo mwa chilango cha imfa, anawalamula kukhala m’ndende moyo wonse, ndipo anakhala m’ndende zaka XNUMX. Ena, kuphatikiza Thabo Mbeki, Joe Modise ndi Zuma adapita ku ukapolo. Kumeneko, anakhala aulamuliro ndi achinyengo mowonjezereka, komanso anasudzulana ndi zenizeni m’dzikolo.
Pomwe andende a ANC amalota za "nkhondo" yolimbana ndi tsankho, a "inziles" mu 1983 adalimbikitsa kusamvera anthu ndikupanga Mass Democratic Movement kuti itsutsane ndi "tricameral constitution" ya boma. Boma linkafuna kulimbikitsa tsankho kuti lipitirizebe mwa kulanda anthu oposa 70 pa 1985 alionse kukhala nzika za dziko la South Africa. M'malo mwake, anthu akuda a ku South Africa akanakhala nzika za mafuko "odziimira". Boma la tsankho linayankha polengeza za ngozi mu XNUMX, zomwe zotsatira zake zinaphatikizapo mavuto aakulu azachuma pamene South Africa inalephera kubweza ngongole yake yakunja. “Kulimbana ndi zida” kukanakhala kodzipha komanso kopanda pake polimbana ndi boma latsankho lomwe lili ndi zida zambiri. Odziwika pakati pa ma inzile anali Archbishop Desmond Tutu ndi Ramaphosa, loya wophunzitsidwa bwino komanso wogwirizira ntchito.
Poganizira udindo wa dola ya US m'misika yosinthira ndalama zakunja, kampeni yoletsa zilango zamabanki padziko lonse lapansi yomwe Tutu adayambitsa idayang'ana kwambiri njira yolipirira ma banki a New York. Ntchitoyi ikuvomerezedwa, kuphatikizapo a Mandela, monga poyambira pa kusintha kwa demokalase ya dzikoli mu 1994. Inali njira yomaliza yopanda ziwawa kuti athetse nkhondo yapachiweniweni yomwe anthu ankaopa kwa nthawi yaitali.
Pokhala mtsogoleri wamkulu wa ANC polemba malamulo a pambuyo pa tsankho, Ramaphosa (osati Mbeki) anali chisankho chomwe Mandela ankakonda kukhala wolowa m'malo. Komabe, othamangitsidwawo adatenga ulamuliro, ndipo Mass Democratic Movement idathetsedwa. Modise, monga mtsogoleri wa umKhonto-we-Sizwe (phiko la zida za ANC) adayambitsa kampeni yoyipa yotsutsa Ramaphosa, yemwe adasiya ndale mu 1997, nalowa bizinesi.
Mbeki adakhala wolowa m'malo wa Mandela yemwe anali wosakondedwa komanso wodzikuza. "Mgwirizano wa zida" wodziwika bwino unali malipiro ochokera kwa Mbeki kupita kwa Modise chifukwa chochotsa Ramaphosa. M'malo mothetsa umphawi watsankho kapena HIV/Aids, mabiliyoni a madola adawonongeka pogula zombo zankhondo ndi ndege zankhondo kuchokera ku Ulaya.
Panalibe chiwopsezo cha asitikali akunja ku South Africa kuti alole kulandidwa uku. Chiwopsezo chenicheni pa chitetezo ndi demokalase ya dzikoli chinali (ndipo chikhalirebe) umphawi m'dziko lomwe lapatsidwa zinthu zachilengedwe komanso chuma chambiri.
Maboma a Britain, Germany, Swedish, France ndi South Africa onse adagwirizana mochititsa manyazi popereka ziphuphu ku ANC kuti ateteze makontrakitala. Pambuyo pa zaka mazana ambiri zafunkha zautsamunda, katangale ndi njira yoyesera yowonongera dziko. Nthawi zonse padzakhala wina, monga Modise, Mbeki ndi Zuma, wokonzeka kuchita "ntchito yonyansa." Ziphuphu mu “dziko lachitatu” nthaŵi zonse zimayamba “m’dziko loyamba.”
Mapangano obwereketsa azaka 20 obwereketsa zida zankhondo (ena akadali otsogola) ndi zitsanzo zamabuku za "dziko lachitatu" lomwe lili ndi ngongole za mabanki ndi maboma aku Europe. Ngakhale kuti panali umboni wochuluka, maboma amenewa anabisa nkhani zambiri zobisa nkhaniyo. Mgwirizano wa zida zankhondo udatulutsa chikhalidwe chakatangale chomwe chingafotokozedwe moyenera ngati kusakhulupirika kwankhondo yolimbana ndi tsankho.
Monga Watergate, zobisala zawoneka zoyipa kuposa zachiwembu choyambirira. Mbeki adachotsedwa paudindo wa Purezidenti mu 2008 atawululira kuti adalandira chiphuphu kuchokera kwa kontrakitala waku Germany, ndalama zambiri zidatumizidwa ku ANC. Othamangitsidwawo adaganiza kuti atakhala pampando inali "nthawi yawo yodya," ndipo adayesa mwadongosolo kuwononga macheke ndi miyeso yopangidwa mosamala ndi Ramaphosa ndi anzawo.
Nyumba yamalamulo idakhala chimpando, dipatimenti iliyonse ya boma idasokonekera. Chiŵerengero cha umbanda ndi ulova chinakwera kwambiri.
Ramaphosa adakhalabe wamphamvu mu ANC, ndipo mu 2014 adakhala Wachiwiri (Wachiwiri) Purezidenti waku South Africa. Anakhala chete mpaka kufalikira kwa "state capture" ndi kubedwa kwa chuma cha boma ndi banja la Indian Gupta molumikizana ndi Zuma ndi anzake zidawululidwa m'manyuzipepala ndi m'mabuku angapo, ndipo mkwiyo waukulu wa anthu udabuka. Zuma mpaka pano wapewa kuweruzidwa pa milandu 18 ndi milandu 783 ya katangale yokhudzana ndi mgwirizano wa zida zankhondo wa 1999, koma kusokoneza kwake mwaluso pamalamulo kukuwoneka kuti kukutha.
Atasankhidwa kukhala Purezidenti wa ANC mu Disembala 2017 chisankho chadziko chisanachitike chaka chamawa mu 2019, Ramaphosa adachotsa Zuma ngati Purezidenti wa South Africa pa 15 February. Zuma adapatsidwa mwayi wosiya ntchito kapena kuchotsedwa ntchito. Aka ndi kachiwiri kuchokera pomwe zidasintha mu 1994 kuti pulezidenti wa dziko lino achotsedwe pampando chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molakwika komanso katangale.
Patangotha tsiku limodzi polankhula ku Nyumba Yamalamulo pa 16, Purezidenti Ramaphosa adatsindika zofunikira za kuthana ndi katangale, umphawi komanso kukhazikitsa ntchito. Ngati a Ramaphosa atalephera kuulula kukhumudwa komanso kusachita bwino komwe anthu omwe ali mu ukapolo adachitira chipani cholamula, osankhidwawo akane chipani cha ANC pazisankho za chaka chamawa - monga zidachitikira pamasankho amizinda m'mizinda ya Cape Town, Johannesburg, Pretoria ndi Port. Elizabeth mu 2016.
Ramaphosa watengera mavuto azachuma komanso zovuta zina koma, pakadali pano, chiyembekezo chatsopano komanso chiyembekezo chafalikiranso ku South Africa. Komabe pali kuzindikira kwakukulu kuti sikuti Ramaphosa adapeza chuma chambiri (chifupifupi US $ 500 miliyoni) kuyambira 1997, komanso kuti anali mkulu wa mgodi wa platinamu wa ku Britain wa Lonmin pamene ogwira ntchito m'migodi 34 anaphedwa ndi apolisi mu 2012. mbiri yoyipa ya Marikana.
