Kukumbukira Kuvutika ndi Mphatso za Akazi a ku Korea

Ndi Joseph Essertier, March 12, 2018.

"Makhalidwe amodzi koma osadziwika ku United States-kuphatikizapo zachiwawa komanso zachiwawa zogonana ndi tsankho-ndi, kudzera mu zolaula, amalimbikitsidwa padziko lonse monga kugonana. Kuchokera kwa amai a ku America, maulendo owonetsa zolaula amitundu yonse amasonyeza kuti azimayi a ku America akuphwanyidwa ndikuzunzidwa kotero kuti zolaula zikhoza kupangidwa ndi iwo, kuti akazi padziko lonse athe kuphwanyidwa ndikuzunzidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwa njira iyi, misogyny American style imawonetsa dziko pa chikhalidwe monga chisokonezo chikhalidwe cha British, pokhala dziko lonse pa malamulo, sungatsimikize kuti palibe chonchi. "

Catharine MacKinnon, Kodi Akazi Akazi? Ndi Misonkhano Yina Yapadziko Lonse (2006)

Ma Three P auve: Kukhulupirika, Uhule, ndi Zithunzi Zolaula

Zimakhala zovuta kuti aliyense adziike yekha mu nsapato za wina. Lingaliro limeneli limamveka bwino kwambiri kuti ndilo lingaliro. Koma ndi zovuta makamaka kuti amuna ambiri azidziona okha pazochitika za mkazi. Komabe, kwa aliyense amene amadziwa kuti abusa akukhala ngati mavuto m'dzikoli lero, amayenera kuyesetsa.

Mwamwayi, amuna ena lerolino akuyesera kuthana ndi chinyengo cha akale. Monga belu lachikazi limanenera kuti, "Kutenga khalidwe labwino la kugonana kwa amuna ndikuwusandutsa chiwawa ndi khalidwe lachibadwidwe lomwe limapitiriridwa motsutsana ndi thupi laumunthu, mlandu umene anthu ambiri sakhala nawo mphamvu kuti afotokoze. Amuna amadziwa zomwe zikuchitika. Iwo amangophunzitsidwa kuti asalankhule zoona za matupi awo, choonadi cha kugonana kwawo "(ndowe za belu, Chifuniro Chosintha: Amuna, Masculinity, ndi Chikondi, 2004). Kuyambira kukayikira za uhule ndi zolaula ndikutsutsa kuti "ntchito yogonana" ndizovomerezeka mwinamwake ndi mbali ya njira yomwe ife tikuyenera kuyendera, chifukwa cha amayi makamaka poyamba, komanso chifukwa cha ife eni, anyamata, ndi amuna ena. "Chikazi ndi cha aliyense" chimakhala mutu wa mabuku ambirimbiri a ngodya.

Taganizirani mawu a munthu wina wa ku Korea amene anapulumuka kuhule:

Ngati mukuganiza kuti uhule ndi kugonana, ndiwe wosadziwa kwambiri. Kugonana ndi chibwenzi chanu cha 350 tsiku limodzi la 365 kumawoneka ngati kochititsa mantha, nanga bwanji kutenga makasitomala angapo tsiku ndi tsiku kumverera ngati kugonana? Kuchita chiwerewere ndi kugwiritsira ntchito poyera akazi osauka. Zimangowoneka ngati kusinthanitsa mwachilungamo chifukwa ena [ie, kugula malonda] amapereka ntchito. Ndipo mahule amachitidwa ngati anthu oyenerera kuchitiridwa chipongwe ndi kunyozedwa. Sitikukupemphani kuti muwone ngati ozunzidwa. Sitikupempha chifundo chanu. Tikukunena kuti uhule si vuto lathu chabe. Ngati mupitiriza kuganiza kuti, vuto silidzathetsedwa. (Izi ndizolembedwa zonse zomwe zachitika pambuyo pake zimachokera m'buku la Caroline Norma pokhapokha zitati: Akazi a Chitetezo cha ku Japan ndi Ukapolo wa Uchiwerewere ku China ndi Pacific Wars, Bloomsbury Academic, 2016).

Ndipo vuto la uhule ndilofotokozedwa momveka bwino ndi molimba mtima ndi mawu a Susan Kay akuti:

Monga wofunkha, sakhala ndi nkhawa ndi zosowa zake kapena zofuna zake kapena zofuna zake. Iye samayenera kumuchitira iye ngati munthu chifukwa ali chinthu choti azichita maliseche ndi mkati. Pamene tiwona chiwawacho chimasulidwa ndipo timayika pambali ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumunyoza, kugonana kwake ndiko kugwiriridwa. "

Izi zikutanthauza uhule wambiri. Limafotokozanso zolaula zambiri, mtundu wa anthu enieni (motsutsana ndi zojambula). Ngakhale mutadziwa pang'ono za kusalungama kwa uhule, ngakhale mutadziyesa kuti ndinu wachikazi amene akutsutsana ndi kugonana, ndipo ngakhale mutaphunzira pang'ono za uhule wa Japan ndi mafano oonera zolaula, mwinamwake mukudabwa ndi zambiri zomwe inu phunzirani mu Caroline Norma Akazi a Chitetezo cha ku Japan ndi Ukapolo wa Uchiwerewere ku China ndi Pacific Wars, ngati muli olimba mtima kuti muwoneke.

Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zake zazikulu ndikuti ukapolo wogonana wogonana ndi ukapolo wogonana wadzikoli umagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri, kuti mitundu iwiri yosalungama yomwe imapangidwira matupi, mitima, ndi malingaliro a atsikana, atsikana achichepere, ndi amayi akuthandizana. Buku la Norma limafotokoza za akazi a ku Japan amene adagwidwa ndi uhule, komanso omwe amamangidwa ndi kutsekedwa ndi mtundu wa hule la nkhondo lotchedwa "malo otonthoza." Amayi ambiri amazunzidwa ndi mitundu yonse ya uhule. "Malo otonthoza" adagawanika m'madera onse a Ufumu wa Japan komanso pafupi ndi nkhondo za m'mayiko omwe ufumuwu unali mukugonjetsa. Kugonana kwa "malo otonthoza" omwe boma linakhazikitsa ndikugwira ntchito mu Nkhondo Zaka Zaka 15 (1931-45) ndi njira imodzi yokha yomwe amayi a ku Japan kale adakhalira akapolo pofuna kukwaniritsa kugonana kwa amuna a ku Japan.

Koma buku lake likuphatikizanso zina mwa mbiri ya chiwawa kwa amayi a ku Korea m'dongosolo lino la ukapolo wogonana. Ndipo mwezi uno, Mwezi Wa Akazi Ambiri ku United States, ndikufuna kupereka zitsanzo zofunikira zokhudzana ndi mbiri ya amayi a ku Korean zomwe munthu angatenge kuchokera m'buku lino, zomwe zachitika zaka zambiri zafukufuku wa uhule, zolaula, ndi kugulitsa ku Japan ndi South Korea, komanso ku Australia.

Caroline Norma pa Zolinga za Nthawi Zachikhalidwe ndi Zachiwawa za Amuna Achi Japan

Norma akuwonetsa kuti, monga machitidwe achikulire a kuphunzitsa ena m'mayiko ena, ulamuliro wa dziko la Japan wokhala nawo amuna m'nthawi ya Taisho (1912-26) ndi ufulu wochitira uhule akazi mwachindunji. Kuchokera kwanga, monga munthu amene adaphunzira mabuku a Chijapani ndipo nthawi zonse anapeza olemba achikazi achikazi chidwi, izi sizosadabwitsa. Iyi ndi dziko la chidole-ngati akazi omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe komanso fetishist wa Tanizaki Jun'ichiro (1886-1965) wolemba mbiri. geisha mbiri, zolaula anime, ndi nthawi ya Meiji (1868-1912) kulimbana kwazimayi kuti athetse akazi, chigololo, ndi uhule.

Ndimakumbukira kuti m'mayambiriro a 1990s nthawi zambiri amatha kuona amuna akukwera sitima zamakono, zodabwitsa, zamakono zamakono ndi nyuzipepala kapena magazini omwe amachitira poyera ndi manja molunjika kuti zithunzi zolaula kapena zithunzi zolaula zioneke ndi ena okwera, ngakhale ana ndi atsikana. Pokubwera mafoni a m'manja komanso ndi chidziwitso chaching'ono koma chodziwika bwino, wina akuwona zochepa kwambiri lero, koma ndikukumbukira ndikudabwa nthawi zambiri, osati pa zithunzi za akazi osasangalatsa koma zochitika zogonana nthawi zonse. kusokoneza komanso kugonana zithunzi za ana ndi achinyamata Kandachime manga. Ueno Chizuko wotchuka wamkazi, yemwe kale anali wotchuka, anati Japan ndi "anthu olaula."

Koma, ngakhale atakhala ndi chidziwitso chotero, chithunzi chimene Caroline Norma akuwonetsera za masiku oyambirira a makampani a masiku ano a mahule achi Japan ndi ochititsa mantha. Sindinawerenge zambiri pa uhule wa America, kotero izi ziri sizingatheke kuyerekeza kwa US ndi Japan, koma kungotenga zenizeni pa zomwe iwo ali, mwachitsanzo,

Ngakhale kuti amayi ambiri a ku Japan ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhala malo otonthoza kale anali atakula kale, nthawi zambiri akhala akuchita uhule pamaso pa anthu ogonana nawo. kuyambira ali mwana. Izi zinali choncho makamaka kwa amayi omwe anagulitsidwa ku malo otonthoza kuchokera ku 'geisha'. Kugwiritsira ntchito makampani a geisha omwe anali malo ogulitsa katundu monga chigawo chapakati cha ntchito yawo yogula zinthu zinachititsa kuti uhule wa atsikana apakati pazochitika kwambiri ndizo malondawa, ndipo malo a geisha anali malo omwe anthu ambiri a ku Japan ankagwiritsira ntchito poyendetsa malo otonthoza.

Azimayi ndi amayi a ku Japan amene anakumana ndi umphawi wadzaoneni adanyengedwera ndi ochita malonda kuti asiye kulamulira ana awo aakazi pa lonjezo la fakitale ya mwana wawo wamkazi kapena "maphunziro" awo geisha. Zomwe ndinazidziwa kale, koma sindinadziwe kuti popeza adatengedwa, akhoza kuzunzidwa kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina ya uhule.

Ukapolo wodalirika unali njira yopezera malonda yomwe inachititsa kuti pakhale kugulitsa kwa atsikana ambiri aang'ono m'zaka zapakati pachithunzi cha kugonana kwa Taisho, makamaka kafes, geisha malo okhala, ndi malo ena osakhala achibwana omwe sanagwiritsidwe ntchito mosalekeza ... Kusuma kumapereka zifukwa ziŵiri za chiwerengero chachikulu cha atsikana ochepa m'magulu ogonana a ku Japan: maboma am'deralo amalola kuti atsikana a zaka 16 azigwira ntchito kafe malo osungirako, komanso atsikana apakati akhoza kugulitsidwa kumalo a geisha pokhapokha atalandira "maphunziro" ojambula.

(Zomwe zinatchedwa kuti kafes [kuchokera ku Chingerezi mawu akuti "cafés"] anapereka njira za amuna kuti atsikana ndi akazi amamahule). Pambuyo pake, pulogalamu ya amayi a chitetezo cha 1930 ndi ma 1940 oyambirira, wina amayembekezera nkhani zoopsya, koma ndinadabwa kuti ntchito yowonjezera ndikugulitsa ana inali yofala mu nthawi ya Taisho (1912-26).

Timaphunzira kuti patapita nthawi, mu 1930s, mafakitalewa amavomerezedwa ndi boma pokhapokha kusinthidwa pang'ono kuti asilikali apite mwamsanga kukhazikitsa dongosolo la ukapolo wogonana lomwe limapereka asilikali a ku Japan kuti azitha kukondwerera kugonana asanafike iwo amatumizidwa ku nkhondo za imfa ndi chiwonongeko mu "nkhondo yonse," kumene iwo akutsutsana ndi zomwe amakonda United States, zomwe John Dower anazitcha "nkhondo popanda chifundo."

Zinali zachiwawa komanso zachiwawa ku America ndi ku Japan, koma dziko la US linali dziko lolemera kwambiri ndi mwayi wopambana kwambiri, kotero kuti kuwonongeka kwapadera kunali kwakukulu kumbali ya ku Japan ndi asilikali a Japan anali ndi mwayi wotsika kuposa Asirikali Achimereka. Mbadwo umenewo wa amuna otayika unadzetsa chiwerengero chachikulu cha kudzipha pakati pa akazi ambiri osakwatiwa achi Japan osakwatiwa chifukwa amuna ambiri a ku Japan adaphedwa mu nkhondo yomwe panalibe amuna omwe angakwatire nawo mmaiko oyambirira a 1990s , omwe anali okalamba komanso omwe ankamverera, chifukwa chake, kuti anali olemetsa kwa abale awo kapena achibale awo omwe ankayenera kuwathandiza pazinthu zachuma.

Ndondomeko ya amayi "yotonthoza" inayamba ndi malonda omwe ambiri a ku Japan anagwiritsidwa ntchito asanayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochita malonda ndi achinyamata kuchokera ku Korea komanso ku malo ozunza akapolo ogonana mu ufumu wonse. Kusintha kuchokera kudziko lachikhalidwe, lovomerezeka, komanso lachiwerewere ku uhule wa boma, mwachitsanzo, kugulitsa kwa kugonana, komwe kumatchulidwa kuti "chitetezo cha amayi", kunali kosavuta. Ndondomekoyi inali yotseguka. Amuna amangofuna kuti azigonana ndi ogwidwa ndi ogwidwa ndi kundende omwe boma lawo lawapatsa.

Nthawi ya Taisho yakhala ikugwirizana ndi chiwonetsero cha demokalase cha anthu a ku Japan, monga kuwonjezereka kwa ufulu wa chisankho, koma panthaŵiyi kupeza mwayi kwa achigololo kunalinso demokalase, Norma akulongosola. Male zida zidakwanirizidwa, pamene akazi a ku Japan anali otanganidwa mu ukapolo wamtundu wamasiye. Chiwerengero cha amayi omwe amachitiridwa nkhanza, kuzunzidwa, ndi kuphwanya-kuvutika kuchokera ku zomwe lero tikudziwika kuti PTSD-m'nyumba za uhule zowonjezera. (Ndondomeko yanga ya ukapolo ine ndimachokera ku Oxford Dictionary English, Mwachitsanzo, "ndondomeko ya anthu kapena boma limene amuna amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvuzo ndipo amayi amachotsedwa kutero" ndipo akuwonjezera kuti zizoloŵezi za kuganiza kumbuyo kwa dongosolo - machitidwe, mabungwe, ndi malingaliro).

Nachi zitsanzo zochepa chabe pazowopsa ndi ziwerengero zambiri: Mu 1919 (mwachitsanzo, chaka chomwe Korea idalengeza za ufulu komanso kuyambika kwa Marichi 1 Movement yolimbana ndi maulamuliro akunja), uhule unaloledwa ku Korea yonse ndi atsamunda aku Japan. boma. Pofika zaka za m'ma 1920, theka la azimayi onse omwe anali achiwerewere ku Korea anali achi Japan. Pambuyo pake, ozunzidwa aku Korea adachepetsa chiwerengerochi ku Japan, koma masiku oyamba achiwerewere mu Ufumu wa Japan adawonanso azimayi ambiri achiwerewere aku Japan. "Ochita malonda ogulitsa zachiwerewere" adatsegula njira yoti asitikali atengepo gawo pambuyo pake ndipo ambiri mwa omwe adachita bizinesiyo adagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zomwe adazipanga pogwiritsa ntchito chiwerewere kuti apange makampani opindulitsa komanso "olemekezeka" m'mafakitale ena. Mavuto akusowa njala kumidzi ku 1929 (mwachitsanzo, chaka chamsika wamsika) adapatsa amayi aku Korea masauzande ambiri omwe amabisala. (Ndimabwereka mawu oti "watsoka" kuchokera ku Kropotkin. Adalongosola momwe chuma chachuma sichingagwirire ntchito popanda anthu osimidwa mosasunthika, omwe agwidwa pansi ndi maondo awo kukhala achisoni komwe angakakamizidwe kugwira ntchito yoluluza yomwe sangachite ngati simunayambe mwachitapo). Ndipo pamapeto pake, "azimayi achiwerewere aku Korea adakula kasanu pakati pa chaka cha 1916 ndi 1920." Bukuli ladzaza ndi mbiri yakale yomwe ingasinthe kumvetsetsa kwathu za Nkhondo.

Kodi ndi ndani amene adachititsa chiwawachi, kupatulapo amuna omwe adasamalira malowa, mwachitsanzo, amuna omwe adaphunzitsidwa pansi pa chikhalidwe cha abambo achibadwidwe chachibadwidwe chakuti abambo anali ndi ufulu wokhala nawo nthawi zonse ku matupi a akazi, kuti aziwatsogolera monga momwe amafunira? Akatswiri ambiri a mbiriyakale amaloza chala kwa mtumiki wokhulupirika wa Emperor, Tojo Hideki (1884-1948), mmodzi mwa anthu ophedwa ndi zigawenga. Malingana ndi Yuki Tanaka, mmodzi mwa akatswiri a mbiri yakale a ku Japan a mbiri ya "chitonthozo cha amayi", Tojo "adatenga udindo womaliza pa zovuta za amayi otonthoza" (Zowonongeka Zobisika: Milandu Yachiwawa Yapankhondo Mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, 1996).

Zolinga za Tojo zinali zosatheka kuziyerekezera ndizo za mtsogoleri wa nthambi yathu kuchokera ku 1945 mpaka 1953, Pulezidenti Harry S. Truman. Truman analamula mabomba a atomiki a Nagasaki patatha masiku atatu akumupha mabomba a Hiroshima ngati palibe amene adazindikira kuwonongeka kwa Hiroshima. Mmodzi mwa alangizi ake odalirika pambuyo pa nkhondo imeneyo ndi imene inachititsa kuti nkhondo ya Korea ikhale yaikulu kwambiri komanso kuti nyumba yaikulu ya magulu a asilikali, Dean Acheson (1893-1971), ikhale yaikulu.

Kodi alipo okonzeka ku Korea Nkhondo 2.0 ndi mphamvu ya nyukiliya? Ngati zomwe US ​​anachita ku Japan zinali zoipa, ganizirani zomwe zikanatheka ku North Korea zida zankhondo. Taganizirani zomwe zidzachitike pamene dziko la US ku South Korea ndi ku Okinawa lidzagwedezeka, kapena Beijing adzasokonezedwa ndi nkhondo ya ku North Korea (monga momwe adachitira pa nthawi ya nkhondo ya Korea) ndipo adalowa mukumenyana. Taganizirani zomwe zidzachitike kwa amayi ndi atsikana ku Korea pamene othaŵawa adathaŵa ku Korea kupita ku China.

Amuna Achimereka Achimuna ndi Achimuna Ovomerezekas

Zaka za 73 zadutsa kuchokera kumapeto kwa nkhondo ya Pacific, popeza kugulitsa kwa kugonana kwa nkhondo ku Japan kunachepa. Chifukwa chakuti Ufumu wa Japan unafotokoza ntchito yake ya ogulitsa malonda, palibe funso tsopano pakati pa akatswiri a mbiri yakale-a Japan, Korea, China, US, Philippines, ndi mayiko ena-kuti boma la Japan linali limodzi la othamanga chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwa ukapolo wa kugonana kwa ankhondo. Koma akatswiri a mbiriyakale, ovomerezeka ufulu wa amayi, ndi akatswiri ena akuyambanso kufufuza zinthu zakale kuchokera kumalo otsatira a akazi a ku Korean, omwe ndi a boma la United States ndi Ammerika, omwe anakhalapo nthawi yaitali kuposa Japan kugulitsa zachiwerewere.

Mwamwayi, uhule wa anthu ndi asilikali a US unaletsedwa ndi asilikali a US ku 2005, ndipo m'zaka zaposachedwapa zinthu zikupita patsogolo ku US pofuna kuthetsa nkhanza za kugonana. Chiwongoladzanja china chifukwa cha "otonthoza akazi" opulumuka, olimbikitsa akazi, ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale omwe agwira ntchito limodzi, ambiri a iwo a ku Korea. Anthu oterewa atsegula maso athu pa zomwe zingatheke pa kugonana pa nthawi ya nkhondo, koma buku la Norma likutiwonetsa kuti lingakhale lowononga anthu ngakhale pansi pazikhalidwe.

Pankhani ya azimayi achijapani otonthoza, ukapolo ndi kuzembera zimayamba nthawi zambiri azimayi ali azaka zakubadwa. Izi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe timadziwa pankhani yozembera ku America masiku ano: “Zaka zapakati pomwe atsikana amayamba kugwidwa ndi uhule ndi zaka 12 mpaka 14. Si atsikana okha omwe amakhala m'misewu omwe amakhudzidwa; anyamata ndi anyamata ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amachita uhule wa zaka zapakati pa 11 ndi 13 pafupifupi. ” (https://leb.fbi.gov/2011/march/human-sex-trafficking) Chaka chilichonse, ogulitsa anthu amapanga mabiliyoni ambiri a madola phindu pozunza mamiliyoni ambiri ku United States ndi padziko lonse lapansi. Ogulitsa amalingalira kuti akugwiritsira ntchito anthu oposa 20.9, omwe amawerengedwa ndi anthu a 1.5 miliyoni kumpoto kwa America, European Union, ndi Maiko ena Opambana. "(" Human Trafficking, "National Human Trafficking Hotline, anafika pa July 17, 2017:  https://humantraffickinghotline.org/type-trafficking/human-trafficking).

Ndizowona kuti zaka zoposa 100 zapitazo dziko la Japan linali ndi malonda akuluakulu a uhule / malonda, koma ziyenera kuganizira Amereka kuti tili lero. Ndipo izo ziri pambuyo zaka zambiri za maphunziro zokhudza kugonana, kuchitira nkhanza ana, kukwapula, kugwiriridwa, ndi zina zotero mudziko lolemera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi komwe kayendetsedwe ka akazi ndi kayendetsedwe ka ana ndi kolimba. Mosiyana ndi Chijapani omwe anasiya kunkhondo ku 1945, Amwenye akuphabe anthu ambiri osalakwa pa nkhondo. Ndipo nkhondo za boma lathu zimapangitsa kuti agwire ntchito ndi ukapolo wa akazi chifukwa cha asilikali ambiri. Choncho tili ndi malonda ogulitsa zachiwerewere ndipo tili ndi malonda a zigawenga, monga momwe Ufumu wa Japan unachitira m'zaka zake zomaliza. (Sindiyesa kuyerekeza kukula kwa chiwawa cha chiwerewere-kukukumbutsanso kuti izi sizili kufanana).

Pali chidziwitso chochulukirapo cha vuto la malonda a kugonana a ku Philippines ku US ndi momwe amuna omwe amamahule a ku Philippines amapitilira / nthawi zambiri amawazunza. (Mwa chitsanzo cha lipoti lochititsa mantha la UN https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/vaw/ngocontribute/Gabriela.pdf). Kuchiza kwa amayi a ku South Korea kuyenera kuti kunali koipitsitsa panthawi imene dziko la United States linkagwira ntchito ku Korea (1945-48), nkhondo ya Korea, komanso m'zaka za nkhondo ya Korea. Kafukufuku wakale wokhudza zoopsa zomwe anthu a ku Koreya amachitira zimangoyamba kumene. Ngati mtendere ukafika ku Korea Peninsula, kufufuza kwatsopano kwa Chingerezi ku North Korea kudzafalitsidwa, ndithudi pa mazunzo a US, mwinamwake pa zoopsa zina za UN, ndipo ndithudi pamayendedwe a ku Japan oyambirira a zaka makumi awiri mphambu makumi awiri.

Pankhani ya atsikana achi Japan ndi achinyamata omwe adaphunzitsidwa geisha, omwe pamapeto pake adagulitsidwa "m'malo opumulirako," anali atamva kale kuwawa kwa uhule wa ana asanakhale "otonthoza akazi," kuphatikiza "mafupa osweka, mikwingwirima, zovuta zoberekera, matenda a chiwindi ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana ... [komanso] zovuta zamaganizidwe kuphatikizapo kukhumudwa , PTSD, maganizo ofuna kudzipha, kudzicheka, komanso kudziimba mlandu komanso manyazi. ” Uwu ndiye mtundu wa mavuto omwe ozunzidwa ku US akuyenera kukumana nawo tsopano.

Mchitidwe wa uhule "umapezeka padziko lonse lapansi kuti uwonetsere mitengo yachisokonezo m'mabambo akuluakulu kuposa azimenya nkhondo, ngakhale pamene chiwerewere chisanayambe kugonana chimasokonezedwa ngati kusintha kwa mgwirizano." Izi ndizowawa zomwe asilikali achi Japan anapita ku akazi a ku Korea kwa zaka ziwiri kapena makumi atatu, ndipo amishonale a ku America omwe adawachezera azimayi ku South Korea kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi awiri tsopano makamaka m'madera oyandikana nawo nkhondo za US.

Zimadziwika kuti asilikali achimereka achita zachiwerewere kwambiri pa nthawi ya nkhondo ya Korea ndi nkhondo ya Vietnam, osati ku Korea ndi Vietnam komanso ku Japan, Okinawa, ndi Thailand. Pali zochepa zozindikira kuti adatenga zizoloŵezi zoipa m'madera a nkhondo ndi kubwezeretsa ku US. Kuchitira zachiwerewere kwa amayi a ku Asia "kunaphulika" ku US pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Vietnam, malinga ndi Katherine MacKinnon. Iye analemba kuti,

Asilikali akadzabweranso, amawachezera azimayi pakhomo lachiwawa lomwe amunawa amaphunzitsidwa ndikuchitidwa ndi amayi kuderalo. United States imadziwa izi bwino kuchokera ku nkhondo ku Vietnam. Kuchitira nkhanza akazi kumabanja kunakula-kuphatikizapo luso lawo lozunza popanda kusiya zizindikiro zooneka. Kuchita zachiwerewere kwa amayi a ku Asia kudzera mu uhule komanso zolaula zinaphulika ku United States panthaŵiyi. Amuna Achimereka apeza kulawa kwakukulu kowaphwanya kumeneko.

MacKinnon, Kodi Akazi Akazi?, Chaputala 18 (Yotchulidwa ndi Norma).

Chidziwitso cha nkhondo chakumenyana ndi mavuto a chiwawa cha kugonana ku US. Ngakhale popanda nkhondo, nthawi zambiri anthu amalola kuti nkhanza zogonana zonyansa, koma nkhondo zimabweretsa chiwawa cha kugonana. "Zachiwawa zogonana ndi tsankho, tsopano, kudzera mu zolaula, 'zikulimbikitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi monga kugonana'." US ndi Japan akutsogolera kuti pakhale nkhanza komanso tsankho chifukwa cha kugonana kwachisawawa komanso makampani oonera zolaula lero.

Akazi a ku Korea Akuwongolera Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Mtendere

Anthu a ku South Korea, kuphatikizapo alendo ambiri ogonana, akupitiliza kugwiritsira ntchito malonda ogulitsa zachiwerewere kumeneko omwe adalimbikitsidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha ku Japan ndi maiko a ku US "malo ozungulira" (m'madera ozungulira kumene azimayi akuleredwa ku South Korea kuti apindule nawo Asilikali a ku America). Ndipo ukapolo wa padziko lonse wa amayi, mwatsoka, samawoneka kuti ukuchepa. Kugulitsa kwa kugonana padziko lonse ndi bizinesi yaikulu mu 2018, koma iyenera kuyimitsidwa. Ngati mumasamala za ozunzidwa ndi nkhondo, ndiye kuti muyeneranso kuganizira za chiwawa chogonana. Zonsezi zimachokera ku ukapolo, kumene anyamata amaphunzitsidwa kuti ndi udindo wawo kuti azilamulira mwachiwawa, ngakhale anyamata ambiri, amazunzidwa nawo. Tiyeni tizinene zokwanira. Chonde tiyanjanitseni poyitanitsa kutha kwa mitundu yonse ya nkhanza za kugonana.

Tangoganizirani mayi wogwiriridwa akuyimba nyimbo ya Tracy Chapman "Subcity" (1989) ndi mawu oti "Ndine wachifundo padziko lapansi, ndikuganiza ndili ndi mwayi kukhala ndi moyo." (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WZiQXPVWho). Nthawi zonse ndimaganiza kuti nyimboyi ndi yonena za mzimayi waku Africa-America akuponyedwa nyenyeswa kuchokera ku chuma chambiri ku America potengera boma ndi masitampu azakudya, koma tsopano pa Mwezi wa Akazi Mbiri, ndi mtendere ku Korea zikuwoneka zotheka kuposa nthawi iliyonse 2017, ndikamamvetsera nyimbo iyi, ndikuganiza za mayi waku Korea yemwe adagwiriridwa kale chifukwa chofuna kukondweretsa asirikali achiwawa. Ndikulingalira kuyimba kwake, "mwina sitimangofuna zopereka koma njira yopezera ndalama moona mtima. Kukhala ndi moyo? Izi sizikhala ndi moyo, ”kutanthauza kuti sakufuna kuponyedwa ndalama kwa mwamuna atamugwiririra. Amafuna kutero moyo, osati monga cholengedwa chamanyazi chopulumuka ku "zolemba" izi kuchokera kwa ochita zachiwawa kwa iye ndi akazi ena koma monga "munthu weniweni" mwachindunji cha mawu oti "zenizeni" owonetsedwa ndi azimayi achimuna a ku Japan a Hiratsuka Raicho, amene anayambitsa Buku loyamba lachikazi la Japan Seito (Bluestocking) mu 1911:

Poyamba, mkazi analidi dzuwa. Munthu weniweni. Tsopano iye ndi mwezi, wan komanso mwezi wodwala, wodalira wina, kuwonetsa kunyezimira kwa wina. (Pachiyambi, Mayi anali Dzuwa, kumasuliridwa ndi Teruko Craig, 2006)

Tangoganizani munthu wina wa ku South Korea yemwe adapulumuka pogonana, akuti, "Chonde perekani a Pulezidenti wanga kuti andisamalire" -mawu oti apereke kwa President Trump mukamamuwona.

Lolani mwezi uno, ngati mtendere ukuwoneka mochulukirapo ndipo pamene tikulimbana ndi kukweza mtengo wa chiwawa pa Peninsula ya Korea ndi kuteteza miyoyo ya ana, amayi, komanso amuna osalakwa, khalani ndi nthawi yakulira, kuthamanga, pozindikira zomwe amayi a ku Korea akhala akudutsa. Koma iyenso ikhale nthawi yothetsera kuchita gawo lathu, kuimirira ndi kujowina amayi a ku Korea akugwira ntchito mwakhama lero kuti apeze ufulu ndi mtendere. Tonsefe tingapeze chidaliro ndi kulimba mtima kuchokera ku zochita zawo ndi zolembedwa, amuna ndi akazi. Kufotokozera motsimikiza pa nkhope ya "Msungwana Wachinyamata wa Mtendere" kutsogolo kwa ambassy ya Japan ku Seoul (yomwe imatchedwanso "Chikhalidwe cha Mtsikana Wotonthoza") tsopano ikukumbutsa nthawi zonse chifukwa chake tikuyembekeza mtendere ndi kutha kwa kugonana . Mazana a zaka kuchokera pano, ziboliboli izi zikhoza kukhala zikuphunzitsa anthu ndi kulimbikitsa kulimba mtima. Monga momwe chidziwitso chikuwonekera munthu mmodzi pa nthawi, akuchulukitsa mmodzi ndi mmodzi, popeza tsopano akuwoneka ku Glendale, California; Brookhaven, Georgia; Southfield, Michigan; ndi Toronto, Canada, osati malo ena kunja kwa North America.

Anthu a ku Japan omwe anapulumuka ku "malo otonthoza" Shirota Suzuko adafalitsa mbiri yake ku 1971. N'zomvetsa chisoni kuti iye sanapindule ndi mayiko onse ku Japan, koma asanamwalire anali Mwamwayi analimbikitsidwanso podziwa kuti opulumuka ku South Korea adatuluka ndi mbiri yawo, komanso kuti adagonjetsa dziko lonse lapansi lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito polimbikitsa kulimbana ndi nkhondo komanso kuthetsa nkhanza za kugonana. Kim Hak-sun yemwe amakhalapo ku South Korea (1927-94) ndithudi adachepetsanso ululu wa anthu zikwizikwi omwe anapulumuka, m'mayiko khumi ndi awiri, pamene iye molimba mtima anapanga mbiri yake pa 1991, akuyang'aniridwa ndi East Asia Confucianist mbadwa Kusalidwa kwa amayi ogwidwa ndi kugonana-mtundu wa tsankho omwe America amagawana ndi mabungwe a kummawa kwa Asia, komwe amachitiridwa chifukwa cha chiwawa chimene amachitira.

Zomwe mwazimene akazi a ku Korea adakwaniritsa ndizo zomwe adakwanitsa chaka chatha ndikugwirizana ndi amuna a ku South Korea ku Candlelight Revolution yomwe inathetsa ulamuliro wa pulezidenti wakale Park Geun-hye, mwana wa US-backed Pulezidenti Park Chung-hee yemwe analamulira dziko kuchokera 1963 mpaka 1979. Amayi ambirimbiri a ku Korea anathandiza kuti pakhale nthawi yodziyanjanitsa pakati pa North ndi South Korea. Anthu a ku Korea ndi anthu ena opulumutsidwa ku malo otonthoza-ochokera m'mayiko ena monga Japan, China, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, ndi Indonesia-angathenso kuyamikiridwa chifukwa chokhala ndi chisangalalo pamene Pulezidenti Moon Jae adayitana wopulumuka ndi wofuna ufulu wa amayi Lee Yong-soo ku chakudya cha boma ndi Purezidenti Trump. Azimayi a ku South Korea akupita patsogolo kuti apindule ndi amayi ambiri ku Korea ndi amayi ambirimbiri kunja kwa Korea Peninsula m'mayiko ena.

Lee Yong-soo, mmodzi mwa anthu omwe sanadziwikepo kwambiri ndi nkhanza za kugonana pa mayiko ena, adakumbatira modzidzimutsa wotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse ndipo amatsogoleredwa ndi bungwe lodziwika ndi chiwawa cha kugonana-asilikali a US. Chizindikiro chake chinali chochita cholemera ndi chizindikiro chomwe chimapangitsa tsogolo la chikhululukiro, chiyanjanitso, ndi mtendere ku East Asia. Kuyanjana kwa mtsogolo kudzakwaniritsidwa ngati amuna kulikonse akugwirizana ndi utsogoleri ndi njira zomwe taphunzitsidwa, kudzinyenga, ndi kulangizidwa kuyambira ali anyamata kukhulupirira kuti kulamulira akazi, kugonana ndi njira zina zopanda chilungamo, kudzakhala wokhutiritsa ndi wamunthu kuposa akazi okonda komanso ogwirizana nawo.

Christine Ahn, mtsogoleri wamkulu wa ku America pa mtendere pa Peninsula ya Korea, posachedwapa analemba kuti "monga momwe bungwe la Trump lidzatulukira posachedwapa, amayi a ku Korea ndi ogwirizana awo akutsogolera kufotokozera mgwirizano wa dziko lawo ndi Washington ndipo adzaonetsetsa kuti ali akumva-m'misewu, kutsogolo kwa maboma, ndi kudzera m'mabuku awo. "Inde. Lero, pamene pali kuthekera kwakukulu kwa mtendere pa Peninsula ya Korea, tiyeni tikumbukire mazunzo komanso zopereka za amayi a ku Korea.