By Sayansi Yamtendere Digest, June 8, 2022
Kusanthula uku kukufotokozera mwachidule ndikuwonetsa kafukufuku wotsatirawa: Otto, D. (2020). Kuganiziranso za 'mtendere' pamalamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ndi ndale kuchokera kumalingaliro achikazi. Ndemanga Yachikazi, 126(1), 19-38. DOI:10.1177/0141778920948081
Zokambirana
- Tanthauzo la mtendere nthawi zambiri limapangidwa ndi nkhondo ndi zankhondo, zowonetsedwa ndi nkhani zomwe zimatanthauzira mtendere monga kupita patsogolo kwachisinthiko kapena nkhani zomwe zimayang'ana mtendere wankhondo.
- Mgwirizano wa UN Charter ndi malamulo apadziko lonse ankhondo amakhazikitsa malingaliro awo amtendere mwamagulu ankhondo, m'malo molimbana ndi kuthetsa nkhondo.
- Malingaliro achikazi ndi achikazi pamtendere amatsutsana ndi njira ziwiri zoganizira zamtendere, motero zimathandizira kuti tiganizirenso tanthauzo la mtendere.
- Nkhani zochokera kumagulu amtendere osagwirizana ndi dziko lonse lapansi zimathandizira kulingalira zamtendere kunja kwa nkhondo chifukwa chokana zankhondo.
Kuzindikira Kofunika Kwambiri Pazomwe Mungachite
- Malingana ngati mtendere umakhazikitsidwa ndi nkhondo ndi zankhondo, mtendere ndi omenyera nkhondo omenyera nkhondo nthawi zonse azikhala odzitchinjiriza, osasunthika pamakangano a momwe angayankhire chiwawa chachikulu.
Chidule
Kodi mtendere umatanthauzanji m’dziko lokhala ndi nkhondo zosatha ndi zankhondo? Dianne Otto akufotokoza za “zochitika zinazake za chikhalidwe ndi mbiri zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri mmene timaganizira [zamtendere ndi nkhondo].” Iye amakoka kuchokera wachikazi ndi mawonekedwe amtundu kulingalira zomwe mtendere ungatanthauze popanda dongosolo lankhondo ndi zankhondo. Makamaka, akukhudzidwa ndi momwe malamulo apadziko lonse agwirira ntchito kuti akhazikitse zida zankhondo komanso ngati pali mwayi woganiziranso tanthauzo la mtendere. Amayang'ana kwambiri njira zopewera usilikali wozama kudzera muzochita zamtendere za tsiku ndi tsiku, pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zamagulu amtendere apansi panthaka.
Malingaliro amtendere achikazi: “‘[P] mtendere’ osati kokha kusakhalapo kwa 'nkhondo’ komanso monga kukwaniritsidwa kwa chilungamo cha anthu ndi kufanana kwa aliyense… [F] malamulo oyendetsera mtendere [okhudza mtendere] akhala osasinthika: kuchotsa zida zapadziko lonse lapansi, kuchotsa asilikali, kugawanso zachuma ndi—zofunika kwambiri kuti akwaniritse zolinga zonsezi—kuthetsa ulamuliro wa mitundu yonse, kuphatikizapo magulu onse a mafuko, kugonana ndi amuna kapena akazi.”
Queer mtendere maganizo: “[T] ayenera kukayikira zikhulupiriro zamitundu yonse…ndipo kukana kuganiza kwapawiri komwe kwasokoneza ubale wathu wina ndi mnzake komanso dziko losakhala laumunthu, ndikukondwerera m'malo mwake njira zosiyanasiyana zokhalira munthu dziko. Kuganiza mozama kumatsegula kuthekera kwa 'zosokoneza' zodziwika za amuna kapena akazi zomwe zimatha kutsutsa upawiri wa amuna ndi akazi womwe umalimbikitsa usilikali ndi magulu a amuna ndi akazi pophatikiza mtendere ndi ukazi…ndi kulimbana ndi umunthu ndi 'mphamvu'.
Pokonza zokambiranazi, Otto akufotokoza nkhani zitatu zomwe zimakhala ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana amtendere potengera momwe anthu amakhalira komanso mbiri yakale. Nkhani yoyamba ikuyang'ana pa mawindo a magalasi okhala ndi magalasi omwe ali ku Peace Palace ku The Hague (onani pansipa). Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa mtendere kudzera mu "nkhani yachisinthiko ya Chidziwitso" kudzera m'magawo a chitukuko cha anthu ndikuyika amuna oyera ngati ochita zisudzo m'magawo onse a chitukuko. Otto amakayikira tanthauzo lakuchita mtendere ngati njira yachisinthiko, akunena kuti nkhaniyi imavomereza nkhondo ngati zikumenyedwa ndi "osatukuka" kapena amakhulupirira kuti zili ndi "chitukuko."
Nkhani yachiwiri ikukamba za madera omwe anthu alibe asilikali, omwe ndi DMZ pakati pa North ndi South Korea. Woyimiridwa ngati "mtendere wokakamizika kapena wankhondo ... m'malo mwamtendere wachisinthiko," DMZ yaku Korea (modabwitsa) imakhala ngati malo othawirako nyama zakuthengo ngakhale imayendetsedwa mosalekeza ndi asitikali awiri. Otto akufunsa ngati mtendere wankhondo umakhaladi mtendere pamene madera opanda usilikali apangidwa kukhala otetezedwa ku chilengedwe koma "owopsa kwa anthu?"
Nkhani yomaliza ikunena za gulu lamtendere la San Jośe de Apartadó ku Colombia, gulu lopanda usilikali lomwe lidalengeza kuti sililowerera ndale ndikukana kutenga nawo mbali pankhondo. Ngakhale kuti magulu ankhondo ndi ankhondo akuukira, anthu ammudzi amakhalabe osasunthika ndipo amathandizidwa ndi zovomerezeka zamayiko ndi mayiko. Nkhaniyi ikuyimira malingaliro atsopano amtendere, omangidwa ndi omenyera ufulu wachikazi komanso queer "kukana kusagwirizana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pankhondo ndi mtendere [komanso] kudzipereka kumasula zida zonse." Nkhaniyo imatsutsanso tanthauzo la mtendere losonyezedwa m’nkhani ziŵiri zoyamba mwa “kuyesayesa kukhazikitsa mikhalidwe ya mtendere mkati mwa nkhondo.” Otto akudabwa kuti njira zamtendere zapadziko lonse kapena zadziko zidzagwira ntchito liti "kuthandizira midzi yamtendere."
Potembenukira ku funso la momwe mtendere umakhalira m'malamulo apadziko lonse, wolembayo akuyang'ana bungwe la United Nations (UN) ndi cholinga chake choyambitsa nkhondo ndi kukhazikitsa mtendere. Amapeza umboni wankhani yosinthika yamtendere komanso mtendere wankhondo mu UN Charter. Mtendere ukaphatikizidwa ndi chisungiko, umasonyeza mtendere wankhondo. Izi zikuwonekera mu udindo wa Security Council wogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zankhondo, zokhazikika mumalingaliro a amuna / owona zenizeni. Lamulo lapadziko lonse lankhondo, monga momwe likukhudzidwira ndi Tchata cha UN, “limathandiza kubisa chiwawa cha lamulo lenilenilo.” Kawirikawiri, malamulo apadziko lonse kuyambira 1945 akhala akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nkhondo "yaumunthu" osati kuyesetsa kuthetsa. Mwachitsanzo, kupatulapo kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwakhala kofooka pakapita nthawi, komwe kunali kovomerezeka pazochitika zodzitchinjiriza mpaka tsopano kukhala zovomerezeka " kuyembekezera za nkhondo.”
Kufotokozera zamtendere mu Charter ya UN zomwe sizinaphatikizidwe ndi chitetezo zingapereke njira yoganiziranso mtendere koma kudalira nkhani yachisinthiko. Mtendere umagwirizanitsidwa ndi kupita patsogolo kwachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kumene, m’chenicheni, “kumagwira ntchito monga projekiti ya ulamuliro osati yaufulu.” Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza kuti mtendere umapangidwa “m’chifaniziro cha Kumadzulo,” umene “uli wokhazikika m’ntchito yamtendere ya mabungwe ndi opereka ndalama m’mayiko osiyanasiyana.” Nkhani za kupita patsogolo zalephera kukhazikitsa mtendere chifukwa zimadalira kukonzanso “mayanjano a ufumu wa ulamuliro.”
Otto akumaliza ndi kufunsa kuti, “Kodi zolingalira zamtendere zimayamba kuoneka bwanji ngati tikana kukhala ndi mtendere kudzera m’nkhondo?” Pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zina monga gulu lamtendere la Colombia, amapeza kudzoza m'magulu amtendere omwe sali ogwirizana omwe amatsutsa mwachindunji zankhondo - monga Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi zolimbana ndi zida za nyukiliya kapena Jinwar Free. Mudzi Wachikazi womwe umapereka chitetezo kwa amayi ndi ana kumpoto kwa Syria. Ngakhale kuti ali ndi cholinga chofuna mtendere, madera otsikawa amagwira ntchito (d) moika moyo wawo pachiswe kwambiri, ndipo mayiko akusonyeza kuti maguluwa ndi “oopseza, achiwembu, achiwembu, achigawenga—kapena aukali, ‘achiwembu’, ndi aukali.” Komabe, olimbikitsa mtendere ali ndi zambiri zoti aphunzire kuchokera m’magulu amtendere apansi panthaka ameneŵa, makamaka m’chizoloŵezi chawo chadala cha mtendere watsiku ndi tsiku pofuna kukana mkhalidwe wankhondo.
Kudziwitsa
Omenyera mtendere ndi odana ndi nkhondo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo odzitchinjiriza pamakangano amtendere ndi chitetezo. Mwachitsanzo, Nan Levinson analemba mu Tiye Nation kuti anthu odana ndi nkhondo akukumana ndi vuto la makhalidwe poyankha kuukira kwa Russia ku Ukraine, kufotokoza kuti "maudindo adayambira pakuimba mlandu United States ndi NATO chifukwa choyambitsa kuwukira kwa Russia kuti apereke mlandu Washington osakambirana mwachikhulupiriro, kuda nkhawa kuti akwiyitsa Purezidenti wa Russia Putin kuti adziteteze. mafakitale ndi otsatira awo [kuti] ayamikire anthu aku Ukraine chifukwa cha kukana kwawo ndikutsimikizira kuti anthu alidi ndi ufulu wodziteteza. " Yankho litha kuwoneka ngati lobalalika, losagwirizana, komanso, poganizira za milandu yankhondo ku Ukraine, yopanda chidwi kapena yopanda nzeru kwa anthu aku America omwe ali kale. analimbikitsidwa kuthandizira nkhondo. Vutoli lamtendere ndi odana ndi nkhondo likuwonetsa zonena za Dianne Otto kuti mtendere umapangidwa ndi nkhondo komanso momwe usilikali ulili. Malingana ngati mtendere umakhazikitsidwa ndi nkhondo ndi zankhondo, omenyera ufulu adzakhala nthawi zonse podzitchinjiriza, kuchitapo kanthu pokambirana za momwe angayankhire chiwawa cha ndale.
Chifukwa chimodzi chomwe kulimbikitsa mtendere kwa omvera aku America ndizovuta kwambiri ndikusowa chidziwitso kapena kuzindikira zamtendere kapena kukhazikitsa mtendere. Lipoti laposachedwa ndi Frameworks pa Kukonzanso Mtendere ndi Kumanga Mtendere imazindikiritsa malingaliro omwe anthu ambiri aku America ali nawo pa zomwe kumanga mtendere kumatanthauza ndikupereka malingaliro amomwe angalankhulire bwino zamtendere. Malingaliro awa amapangidwa pozindikira kuti pali zida zankhondo zomwe zachitika pakati pa anthu aku America. Malingaliro odziwika pakupanga mtendere amaphatikizanso kulingalira za mtendere "monga kusowa kwa mikangano kapena bata lamkati," kuganiza kuti "nkhondo ndiyofunika kwambiri pachitetezo," kukhulupirira kuti mikangano yachiwawa ndi yosapeweka, kukhulupirira zachilendo zaku America, komanso kudziwa pang'ono zomwe zikubwera. kukhazikitsa mtendere kumaphatikizapo.
Kuperewera kwa chidziwitsoku kumapereka mwayi kwa olimbikitsa mtendere ndikulimbikitsa kuti agwiritse ntchito nthawi yayitali, mwadongosolo kuti akonzenso ndikulengeza zakulimbikitsa mtendere kwa omvera ambiri. Frameworks amalimbikitsa kuti kutsindika kufunika kwa kulumikizana ndi kudalirana ndi nkhani yothandiza kwambiri pomanga chithandizo chokhazikitsa mtendere. Izi zimathandiza kuti gulu lankhondo limvetsetse kuti ali ndi gawo lazotsatira zamtendere. Mafelemu ena ofotokoza nkhani omwe akulangizidwa akuphatikizapo “kutsindika [kutsindika] mchitidwe wolimbikira ndi wopitirizabe wa kukhazikitsa mtendere,” pogwiritsa ntchito fanizo la kumanga milatho kufotokoza momwe kulimbikitsa mtendere kumagwirira ntchito, kutchula zitsanzo, ndi kukhazikitsa mtendere monga njira yochepetsera ndalama.
Kumanga chithandizo cha kulingaliranso kofunikira kwa mtendere kungalole mtendere ndi omenyera nkhondo kuti akhazikitse mikangano pa mafunso okhudza mtendere ndi chitetezo, m'malo mobwerera ku malo odzitchinjiriza ndi ochitapo kanthu kuyankha kwankhondo ku ziwawa zandale. Kupanga kulumikizana pakati pa ntchito yayitali, yokhazikika komanso zofunikira zatsiku ndi tsiku zakukhala m'gulu lankhondo lankhondo ndizovuta kwambiri. Dianne Otto angakulimbikitseni kuyang'ana pazochitika zamtendere za tsiku ndi tsiku kukana kapena kukana usilikali. Zoonadi, njira zonse ziwiri - kukonzanso kwanthawi yayitali, mwadongosolo komanso zochita zatsiku ndi tsiku za kukana mwamtendere - ndizofunikira kwambiri pakumanganso zankhondo ndikumanganso anthu amtendere komanso achilungamo. [KC]
Mafunso Ofunsidwa
- Kodi omenyera mtendere ndi omenyera ufulu angalankhule bwanji masomphenya osinthika amtendere omwe amakana zankhondo (komanso zokhazikika) pomwe usilikali umathandizira anthu?
Anapitiriza Kuŵerenga, Kumvetsera, ndi Kupenya
Pineau, MG, & Volmet, A. (2022, April 1). Kumanga mlatho wamtendere: Kukonzanso mtendere ndi kukhazikitsa mtendere. Zojambula. Zabwezedwa June 1, 2022, kuchokera https://www.frameworksinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/FWI-31-peacebuilding-project-brief-v2b.pdf
Hozić, A., & Restrepo Sanín, J. (2022, May 10). Kuganiziranso zotsatira za nkhondo, tsopano. Chithunzi cha LSE blog. Zabwezedwa June 1, 2022, kuchokera https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/wps/2022/05/10/reimagining-the-aftermath-of-war-now/
Levinson, N. (2022, May 19). Anthu olimbana ndi nkhondo akukumana ndi vuto la makhalidwe. Nation. Zabwezedwanso June 1, 2022, kuchokera https://www.thenation.com/article/world/ukraine-russia-peace-activism/
Müller, Ede. (2010, July 17). Kampasi yapadziko lonse lapansi ndi Peace Community San José de Apartadó, Colombia. Associação para um Mundo Humanitario. Zabwezedwa June 1, 2022, kuchokera
https://vimeo.com/13418712BBC Radio 4. (2021, September 4). Zotsatira za Greenham. Yabwezedwa pa June 1, 2022, kuchokera https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000zcl0
Akazi Kuteteza Rojava. (2019, Disembala 25). Jinwar – Ntchito yakumudzi kwa amayi. Yabwezedwa pa June 1, 2022, kuchokera
Mipingo
KodiPink: https://www.codepink.org
Women Cross DMZ: https://www.womencrossdmz.org
Keywords: chitetezo chochotsa usilikali, zankhondo, mtendere, kumanga mtendere
Chithunzi chojambulidwa: Banksy
