ndi Gar Smith, Berkeley Daily Planet, June 16, 2021
Dziko lomwe akazi angalembedwe? Izi sizilembetsa.
Dongosolo losalowerera ndale limachitidwa sawatcha (m'malo ena) ngati kupambana kwa ufulu wa amayi, khomo lotseguka lomwe limalonjeza mwayi watsopano wopezera mwayi wofanana ndi amuna. Poterepa, mwayi wofanana wowombera, kuphulitsa bomba, kuwotcha ndikupha anthu ena.
Akazi atha kukumana ndi lamulo latsopano loti akalembetse ku Pentagon akadzakwanitsa zaka 18. Monga amuna.
Koma azimayi aku America kale ndi ufulu wofanana ndi womwe amuna angalembetse ndikuchita ntchito yankhondo. Ndiye ndichifukwa chani zogonana kapena zopanda chilungamo kuti atsikana sakakamizidwa kulembetsa usitikali wankhondo wa Pentagon (wopuma pantchito koma wotsitsimutsidwa)? Kodi mukuganiza chiyani apa? "Chilungamo chofanana motsatira malamulo"?
In February 2019, woweruza milandu ku US analamulira kuti kulembedwa kwa amuna okhaokha kunali kosagwirizana ndi malamulo, kuvomereza zonena za wodandaula kuti zomwe adalemba zidalimbikitsa "kusankhana pazakugonana" kuphwanya lamulo la 14th Amendment la "chitetezo chofanana".
Ili ndiye gawo lofanana la "chitetezo chofanana" chomwe chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo ndikukakamiza ufulu wobereka, ufulu wa zisankho, kufanana mitundu, chilungamo pazisankho, ndi mwayi wamaphunziro.
Polemba 14th Kusintha komveka kololeza kukakamizidwa kulowa usilikali kumawoneka ngati kutsutsana ndi lingaliro la "chitetezo." Sangokhala "mwayi wofanana" komanso "chiopsezo chofanana."
Zolemba za amuna okha adayitanidwa “Limodzi mwa magawo omalizira pokhudzana ndi kugonana m'malamulo aboma.” Chojambulachi chimatchulidwanso kuti "kirediti kadi yamadyedwe." Chilichonse chomwe mungafune kuyitanitsa, Khothi Lalikulu ku United States lasankha kuti lisapereke chigamulo pofika pomwe ndondomekoyi yasankhidwa, posankha kudikirira kanthu kuchokera ku Congress.
Maloya a American Civil Liberties Union ndi omwe adatsogolera kufunsa kuti amayi ndi abambo azichitiridwa chimodzimodzi zikalembetsa kulembetsa.
Ndikuvomereza mfundo ya ACLU yoti chikalatachi chiyenera kugwiranso ntchito kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha - koma mgwirizanowu umadza ndi ziyeneretso zofunika: Ndikukhulupirira kuti ngakhale anthu kapena azimayi ayenera kukakamizidwa kulembetsa usilikali.
Selective Service System (SSS) siyotsutsana ndi malamulo osati chifukwa safuna kuti azimayi aphunzitsidwe kumenya ndikupha: ndizosemphana ndi malamulo chifukwa zimafunikira nzika iliyonse kulembetsa kuti aphunzitsidwe kumenya ndi kupha.
Ngakhale kutamandidwa, SSS si "ntchito" koma "ntchito" ndipo "imangosankha" kumene olemba anzawo ntchito, osati "osankhidwa" ndi omwe angatenge nawo mwayi.
Ukapolo Wotetezedwa Padziko Lonse
Zolembazo ndi mtundu wa ukapolo wokakamizidwa. Mwakutero, sayenera kukhala ndi gawo m'dziko lomwe limanena kuti lakhazikitsidwa ndi lonjezo la "moyo, ufulu komanso kusangalala." Malamulo akuwonekeratu. The 13th Gawo Lotsatira Amendment likunena kuti: “Kapolo kapena ukapolo wosachita kufuna. . . idzakhalapo m'dziko la United States, kapena malo aliwonse olamulidwa ndi iwo. ” Kukakamiza anyamata kuti akhale asirikali asakufuna (kapena kuwalanga m'ndende kwa nthawi yayitali chifukwa chokana kulembedwa) zikuwonekeratu kuti "ukapolo wosachita kufuna."
Koma dikirani! Malamulo alidi osati zomveka bwino.
Wotsutsayo ali mu ellipsis, zomwe zikuphatikizapo kukhululukidwa komwe kumanena kuti nzika zitha kuchitidwa ngati akapolo "monga chilango chazophwanya chipani chomwe aweruzidwa moyenera."
Malinga ndi Gawo 1, zikuwoneka kuti nzika zokhazokha zaku US zomwe zingakakamizidwe kuteteza "nyumba ya olimba mtima" mwa kukakamizidwa kulowa usilikali ndiomwe amangidwa kundende zaku US.
Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, "dziko la mfulu" ndi kwawo kwa akapolo ambiri padziko lapansi, ndi akaidi 2.2 miliyoni - gawo limodzi mwa anayi mwa akaidi omwe ali mndende padziko lapansi. Ngakhale lamulo lalamulo lokakamiza ukapolo komanso kufunika kwa Pentagon kwa asitikali, akaidi aku US sakulandidwa msanga posinthana ndi kulowa nawo Gulu Lankhondo.
Pachikhalidwe, anthu aku America omwe ali m'ndende amangokakamizidwa kuti apange misewu yakumadera ndikumenya moto - osati kuti apange magulu ankhondo ndikumenya nkhondo. (Idasewera mosiyanasiyana munkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse pomwe akaidi aku Germany adatumizidwa kukamenya nkhondo Zojambula kapena "magulu omenyera nkhondo.")
US Economy and Corporate Kulembetsa
M'ndende ya masiku ano ya Industrial-Complex, m'malo motumizidwa ku "malo otsogola," akaidi amatumizidwa kukagwira "kumbuyo," ndikupereka ntchito zaulere ku Corporate America. Prison-Industrial Complex ndiye wolemba wamkulu kwambiri wachitatu mdziko lapansi ndi wolemba wamkulu wachiwiri ku US.
Ukapolo wa ndende wosalipidwa (kapena "senti-paola") ukhoza kuphatikiza ntchito zantchito zaku migodi ndi zaulimi popanga zida zankhondo, kugwira ntchito ngati oyimba mafoni, ndi kusoka zovala zamkati za Victoria Secret. Makampani apamwamba aku US omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ndende ndi Wal-Mart, Wendy's, Verizon, Sprint, Starbucks, ndi McDonald's. Akaidi omwe akakamizidwa kulowa usilikali amakana ntchitozi, atha kulangidwa ndi kutsekeredwa m'ndende, kutayika ngongole chifukwa cha "nthawi yotumizidwa," kapena kuyimitsidwa koyendera mabanja.
Mu 1916, Khothi Lalikulu linagamula (Butler v. Perry) kuti nzika zaulere zitha kulembedwa kuti zikagwire ntchito yopanda malipiro pakumanga misewu yaboma. M'malo mwake, chilankhulo cha 13th Kusintha kunakopedwa kuchokera pamalamulo a 1787 kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa madera omwe adaletsa ukapolo koma amafuna kuti "amuna onse okhala ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi zakubadwa" wokhalamo akhoza kukhala wawo. ” (Ndipo, inde, akaidi ambiri omwe adagwirapo "magulu azigawenga" mpaka 20th Century, anali kugwira ntchito yolipidwa pamsewu.)
Kukonzanso kwa ntchito yokonza misewu mu 1792 kunachepetsa chiwerengerocho kufika pa amuna azaka zapakati pa 21-50, ndikuchepetsa nthawi yaukapolo "kugwira ntchito masiku awiri m'misewu yaboma."
Kulembetsa Padziko Lonse Lapansi
Lamulo la 1917 lomwe limakhazikitsa Selective Service System linali lolimba. Kulephera "kulembetsa" pantchitoyi kunalangidwa mpaka zaka zisanu m'ndende komanso ndalama zokwana $ 250,000.
A US sali okha okakamiza "nzika zaulere" kuti zigwire ntchito yankhondo. Pakadali pano, Maiko a 83 - ochepera gawo limodzi mwamagawo atatu apadziko lonse lapansi - ali ndi chikalata cholemba. Ambiri samapatula azimayi. Mayiko asanu ndi atatu omwe amalembera azimayi ndi awa: Bolivia, Chad, Eritrea, Israel, Mozambique, North Korea, Norway, ndi Sweden.
Mayiko ambiri okhala ndi zida zankhondo (kuphatikiza ambiri NATO ndi mgwirizano wamayiko aku Ulaya sayenera kudalira kukakamizidwa kukakamiza omwe adalembetsa. M'malo mwake, amalonjeza kuti adzagwira ntchito yankhondo yolipira bwino kuti akope omwe adzalembedwe usilikali.
Dziko la Sweden, lomwe ndi "lokonda akazi" lomwe linathetsa ntchitoyo mu 2010, posachedwapa linatsitsimutsa ntchito yokakamiza yankhondo poyambitsa chikalata chomwe, kwa nthawi yoyamba, chimagwira amuna ndi akazi. Boma likuti "kukakamizidwa kulowa usilikali sikulowerera ndale ndipo kudzaphatikizira azimayi ndi abambo" koma, malinga ndi nduna ya zachitetezo ku Sweden, chifukwa chenicheni chosinthira sichinali kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi koma kulembetsa chifukwa cha "malo otetezeka achitetezo ku Ulaya ndi ku Sweden konse. ”
Kugwirizana Kwa Conundrums
Kutsutsana kwa equility kwa ACLU kumadza ndi zovuta. Ngati amayi ndi abambo akuyeneranso kulembetsa usilikali (kapena kumangidwa chifukwa chokana kulowa usilikali), izi zingakhudze bwanji nzika za dziko lathu zomwe zimagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha?
Pa Marichi 31, Pentagon anasintha chiletso cha nthawi ya Trump yomwe idaletsa nzika za transsexual kuti azigwira ntchito yankhondo. Kodi malamulo atsopano osalowerera jenda angapangitsenso anthu aku America omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuti alembetse nawo kuti apewe kundende kapena chindapusa?
Malinga ndi National Center ya Transgender Equality, Kulembetsa Ntchito Zosankha pakadali pano sikuphatikiza "Anthu omwe adapatsidwa akazi pobadwa (kuphatikiza ma transmen). ” Mbali inayi, Selective Service Kumafuna kulembetsa kwa "Anthu omwe amapatsidwa amuna pakubadwa."
Ngati "kukonzekera-kusinthana" kungakhale njira yatsopano yokhudza kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, Khothi Lalikulu tsiku lina lidzaitanidwa kuti liganizire ngati lingafune National Soccer League kuloleza azimayi kulembetsa nawo fomu ya NFL. Musanakumane ndi izi, kungakhale koyenera kufunsa ngati amayi aliwonse kapena ayi anafuna kuti ayambe kujambulira anthu okwana mapaundi 240. Monga momwe zimakhalira kufunsa mkazi aliyense - kapena mwamuna - ngati akufuna kuwombera zipolopolo, mabomu, ndi mivi kwa anthu osawadziwa omwe akuvutika kuti apulumuke kudziko lina lakutali, losakazidwa ndi nkhondo.
Pofuna kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, tiyeni tithetse kulembetsa kwa onse akazi ndi amuna. Congress ikuyenera kukhala ndi mawu posankha nkhondo ndi mtendere. Mu demokalase, anthu ayenera kukhala omasuka kuti adziwe ngati akufuna kuthandizira nkhondo kapena ayi. Ngati okwanira akana: palibe nkhondo.
Pewani Zoyeserera
Pali kampeni yomwe ikukula yothetsa ntchito zankhondo ku US - ndipo sikanakhala koyamba. Purezidenti Gerald R. Ford anamaliza kulembetsa kulembetsa mu 1975, koma Purezidenti Jimmy Carter adatsitsimutsanso lamuloli mu 1980.
Tsopano, atatu a Oregon Congressmen - Ron Wyden, Peter DeFazio ndi Earl Blumenauer - akuthandizira Ntchito Yosankha Kubwezeretsa Ntchito ya 2021 (HR 2509 ndi S. 1139), yomwe ingathetse dongosolo lomwe DeFazio amalitcha "ofesi yachikale, yowononga" yomwe imalipira okhometsa misonkho aku America $ 25 miliyoni pachaka. Kuchotsa kumeneku kuli ndi othandizira angapo a Republican, kuphatikiza Senator Rand Paul ndi Oyimira a Thomas Massie aku Kentucky ndi a Rodney Davis aku Illinois.
Kuthetsa ntchitoyo ndikubwerera ku gulu lankhondo lodzipereka kungathetse ntchito yokakamiza - kwa amuna ndi akazi. Gawo lotsatira? Pewani nkhondo.
