"Mwina nkhondo yaku Afghanistan ingawoneke ngati njira zochepa zoyendetsera alendo ochokera kumaulendo achidule ndi zomwe amachita patsogolo" - Rory Stewart
Wolemba Hanna Qadir, Columbia University (Excellence Fellow), Julayi 15, 2020
Kulengeza ku Washington posachedwa kutulutsidwa kwa asitikali omaliza aku America ku Afghanistan pa Ogasiti 31, kwadzetsa malingaliro ogawika aku America, pomwe Kafukufuku wa Yunivesite ya Quinnipiac akuwonetsa opitilira theka la anthu aku America akuti akuvomereza chisankhochi, 29% sakuvomereza ndipo 9% ikupereka wopanda lingaliro.[1] Pa ntchito yothandiza anthu chisankhochi (komanso zotsatira za kafukufuku) chikufuna kuwunikiridwa mozama pa njira yolowerera asitikali aku USA ndikuwunikanso mozama kwakanthawi kopitilira zaka makumi awiri zakutumizidwa kwamgwirizano waku Western ku Afghanistan. Ndi ndalama za $ 2trn pankhondo,[2] kutayika kwa asitikali ankhondo akumadzulo komanso kufa kwa anthu zikwizikwi a Afghans (asitikali ndi anthu wamba), wina ayenera kuwunika ngati nkhondo ku Afghanistan ikuyenera kumenyedwa, ngakhale Biden akuvomereza kuti sipadzakhala "ntchito yokwaniritsidwa" mphindi kondwerera. Kodi nchiyani chomwe chimakhudza nkhondo yanthawi yayitali kwambiri m'mbiri yonse ndikuwunika ngati kusintha kwachikhalidwe kukadatha kupezeka mosavuta kudzera mu njira yolimbikitsa mtendere yoyang'ana mtendere "kuchokera pansi? ”[3] Kodi anthu am'deralo omwe akuchita nawo zokambirana zokhazikitsa mtendere akadakhala njira yabwinoko yolimbana ndi nkhondo yowononga komanso yamagazi yomwe yatenga zaka makumi awiri?
Stewart, wophunzira ku Britain komanso nduna yakale ya zakumidzi, akufotokoza za nkhondo yaku Afghanistan komanso zomwe zidachitika pambuyo pake pomenya nkhondo ngati "njira zochepa zoyendetsera alendo ochokera kumaulendo achidule ndi zomwe amakonda," [4] akukhulupirira kuti kuponderezedwa ndi asitikali ankhondo aku America kwakhala kopanda phindu, zomwe zimapangitsa kukula m'malo mochepera zachiwawa. Kuchita izi ndikuwunikiranso kumapangitsa kuti pakhale njira ina yomangira mtendere ndi njira zoyang'ana umwini wakomweko ndikuyamikira momwe mphamvu ndi kusalingana pakati pa ochita masewera apadziko lonse lapansi komanso anthu wamba mmaiko ndi mabungwe aboma akuyenera kuyesedwa bwino kuti alole pakuchita bwino pakusintha mikangano.
Ngati wina abwereranso m'mbiri, ndikosavuta kufotokozera zolephera zomwe zachitika pakulowererapo kwa asitikali ngakhale atakhala ndi malingaliro osaneneka onena kuti nkhondo ndiyosapeweka, yofunikira komanso yolungamitsidwa. Pankhani ya Afghanistan, wina atha kunena kuti kugulitsa ndalama ndi zinthu zina kuvulaza dzikolo, kwasokoneza anthu aku Afghanistan ndikufulumizitsa kukhazikitsa ziphuphu ndi zinyalala. Kugwiritsa ntchito mandala amphamvu zamagetsi kumawunikira gawo lodziwika pothetsa mikangano yachiwawa. Udindo woterewu umakhulupirira mwamphamvu kugwiritsa ntchito zida zikhalidwe zothetsera kusamvana komanso njira yopepuka popanga njira zothandizirana ndi mayiko ena, pofunafuna chilungamo chabungwe. Kuphatikiza apo, maubale pamagetsi akuyenera kuwonetsa bwino gawo lomwe kudalirana pakati pa ma NGO akunja (nthawi zambiri ndi ndalama za omwe amapereka) ndi omwe akuchita; kukhala ndi chuma chambiri chakomweko koma osasowa ndalama. Kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwakukhudzika ndi kulumikizana pakati pa zoyesayesa zamtendere zamayiko ndi zakomweko, ndikuchita bwino kwa omwe akuwonjezera mwayi wopambana mwa wina, zitha kukhala zothandiza. Kukhazikitsa bata mdera siwopanga matsenga ndipo kuti achite bwino pamafunika kuyamikira zoperewera monga zomwe zingalimbikitse machitidwe olamulira anzawo; komanso kulumikiza kukhudzika kwa ndale ndi ndale ku Afghanistan pakupanga mfundo zamtsogolo.
Yakwana nthawi yotsutsa kuyambira pamwamba kutsika Paradigm ya achitetezo achitetezo ochokera kunja omwe angatsegule mwayi woti pakhale kusamvana kopitilira muyeso ndi njira yokonzanso kukweza kufunika kwa njira zothetsera kusamvana kwakunyumba komanso mgwirizano womwe udalipo kwanuko.[5] Pachifukwa ichi mwina olondera enieni pakupanga njira zokuthandizira ku Afghanistan ndi akatswiri amitu ya Afghani omwe amadziwa zamakhalidwe akomweko, kutenga nawo gawo kwa utsogoleri wam'madera ndi osokonekera kwanuko, osati asirikali akunja. Malinga ndi Autesserre, wolemba komanso wofufuza waku France-America: "Ndi kudzera pakungoyang'anitsitsa zoyambira, zoyambitsa udzu, zomwe nthawi zambiri timagwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe maiko akunja amakonda kuzinyalanyaza, kuti titha kusintha momwe timaonera ndikumanga mtendere. ” [6]
[1] Sonmez, F, (2021, July) "Geroge W. Bush akuti kuthetsa ntchito zankhondo zaku US ku Afghanistan ndikulakwitsa." Kuchokera ku The Washington Post.
[2] Economist, (2021, Julayi) "Nkhondo yaku America ku Afghanistan ikutha posachedwa." Kuchokera ku https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/07/10/americas-longest-war-is-ending-in-crushing-defeat
[3] Reese, L. (2016) "Mtendere kuchokera Kumunsi: Njira ndi Zovuta Zokhalira Ndi Umwini M'malo Othandizana Pokhazikitsa Mtendere" mu Shifting Paradigms, lolembedwa ndi a Johannes Lukas Gartner, 23-31. New York: Humanity in Action Press.
[4] Stewart, R. (2011, Julayi). "Nthawi yothetsa nkhondo ku Afghanistan" [Video File]. Kuchokera ku https://www.ted.com/talks/rory_stewart_time_to_end_the_war_in_afghanistan?language=en
[5] Reich, H. (2006, Jan 31). "'Umwini Wakomweko' mu Ntchito Zosintha Kusamvana: Mgwirizano, kutenga nawo mbali kapena kuthandizira ena?" Pepala Lophatikiza la Berghof, Na. 27 (Berghof Research Center for Construct Conflict Management, Sep. 2006), Kuchokera ku http://www.berghoffoundation.org/fileadmin/ redaktion / Publications / Mapepala / Nthawi
[6] Autesserre, S. (2018, Oct 23). "Pali Njira Yina Yokhazikitsira Mtendere ndipo Sichichokera Kumtunda." Kuchokera ku Monkey Cage ya The Washington Post.
