Ndi Terry Crawford-Browne, February 19, 2018
Zolinga zotsutsana ndi chiwawa cha azimayi ku South Africa, malinga ndi zomwe wolembayo ananena, ndizochitika zokha pamene zoletsedwa zakwaniritsa cholinga chawo. Iwo amathandizidwanso ndi mabungwe a anthu osati m'malo mwa maboma.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, chilango cha US kuyambira 1950s pa Cuba, Iraq, Iran, Venezuela, Zimbabwe, North Korea ndi mayiko ena ambiri zakhala zolephera. Choipa kwambiri, iwo apweteka chisoni chosaneneka pa anthu omwe iwo amati iwo akufuna kuwathandiza.
Mlembi wakale wa dziko la United States, Madeleine Albright, adakali ndi mbiri yokhudza televizioni yonena kuti imfa ya ana zikwi mazana asanu ndi anayi a Iraq ndi mtengo wotsika mtengo wotsutsana ndi boma la Iraq ndi Saddam Hussein. Mtengo wokonzanso zomangamanga chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwa Iraq kuyambira 2003 ukuyembekezeka ku US $ 100 biliyoni.
Funso ndiloti ngati ziletso zaboma la US zikuyenereradi kuti zikwaniritse cholinga chilichonse, kapena kungonena kuti "kumva bwino" kuti zikwaniritse omvera andale? Zomwe zimatchedwa "zilango zanzeru" - kuziziritsa katundu komanso kuletsa kuyenda kwa oyang'anira maboma akunja - zawonetsanso kuti sizothandiza.
Zochitika ku South Africa: Kunyanyala masewera ndi kunyanyala zipatso motsutsana ndi tsankho ku South Africa kwazaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu kuyambira 1960 mpaka 1985 kudalimbikitsa kuzindikira za kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu ku South Africa, koma sizinathetse boma lachiwawa. Kunyanyala kwa malonda kumadzaza ndi ziphuphu. Pali amalonda omwe nthawi zonse amakhala, okonzeka kuchotsera kapena kulipiritsa, ali okonzeka kutenga chiopsezo chonyalanyaza malonda, kuphatikiza ziletso zankhondo.
Zotsatira zake zili choncho, chifukwa anthu wamba omwe ali m'dziko lopanda chiwongoladzanja ndiwo malipiro a antchito akudulidwa (kapena ntchito zowonongeka) kuti awononge kuchepetsa katundu wogulitsa katundu kapena, malingana ndi kuti, mitengo ya katundu wotumizidwa ikugwedezeka ndi malipiro omwe amaperekedwa kwa wogulitsa kunja kuti aswe.
Mu "chidwi chadziko," mabanki ndi / kapena zipinda zamalonda amakhala okonzeka nthawi zonse kupereka zilembo zachinyengo kapena zikalata zoyambira kuti zilepheretse zolinga zamalonda. Mwachitsanzo, Nedbank munthawi ya masiku a UDI a Rhodesian kuyambira 1965 mpaka 1990 idapereka maakaunti ama dummy ndi makampani akutsogolo ku subsidiary yake ya Rhodesia, Rhobank.
Momwemonso, ziphaso za ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto kwa malonda a zida sizofunika-pamapepala - adalembedwera chifukwa andale achinyengo amalipilidwa chifukwa chonyalanyaza zida zankhondo. Monga chitsanzo china, wolamulira mwankhanza ku Togo, Gnassingbe Eyadema (1967-2005) anapindula kwambiri ndi "miyala ya dayimondi yamagazi" yogulitsa zida zankhondo, ndipo mwana wake wamwamuna Faure adapitilizabe kulamulira kuyambira pomwe abambo ake adamwalira ku 2005.
Bungwe la United Nations Security Council mu Novembala 1977 lidatsimikiza kuti kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe ku South Africa kumabweretsa chiwopsezo pamtendere ndi chitetezo chamayiko, ndikukhazikitsa lamulo loyenera. Panthawiyo, chigamulochi chidayamikiridwa ngati kupitilira kwakukulu mu 20th mgwirizano wazaka zana.
Komabe monga nkhani mu Daily Maverick pa phindu lachigawenga (kuphatikizapo 19 zowonongeka zapitazo) zofalitsidwa pa December 15, zizindikiro za 2017, ma US, British, Chinese, Israeli, French ndi maboma ena, kuphatikizapo mikangano yosiyanasiyana, anali okonzeka kutsutsana ndi malamulo apadziko lonse kuthandizira boma lachigawenga ndi / kapena kupindula ndi zochitika zoletsedwa.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri, kuphatikizapo zida za nyukiliya - kuphatikiza ndalama zoposa $ 25 biliyoni zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kupyola zilango zamafuta - pofika 1985 zidadzetsa mavuto azachuma, ndipo South Africa idalipira ngongole zakunja kwa US $ 25 biliyoni mu Seputembala chaka chimenecho . South Africa inali yodzidalira kupatula mafuta, ndipo amaganiza kuti, monga wopanga golide wamkulu padziko lapansi, sizingatheke. Dzikoli, komabe, linali pachangu pa nkhondo yapachiweniweni komanso kuphedwa kwamafuko.
Kuwonetserana kwa pa TV ndikumayendayenda padziko lonse lapansi kunayanjanitsidwa ndi mayiko a chiwawa, ndipo pakati pa anthu a ku America adayanjananso ndi ufulu wa anthu. Zola zoposa ziwiri mwa magawo atatu a ngongole ya ku South Africa inali yaifupi ndipo izi zimabwezedwa m'chaka chimodzi, choncho vuto la ngongole yachilendo linali vuto la ndalama m'malo mowononga ndalama.
Zida zonse za nkhondo, kuphatikizapo zida za nyukiliya, zakhala zopanda phindu poteteza chisankho
Poyankha kukakamizidwa ndi anthu, Chase Manhattan Bank mu Julayi idachepetsa "kuyimitsidwa kwa ngongole" polengeza kuti siyikonzanso $ 500 miliyoni ya ngongole yomwe idalipira ku South Africa. Mabanki ena aku US adatsata, koma ngongole zawo zonse zopitilira US $ 2 biliyoni zinali zokha kuposa zomwe Barclays Bank, wobwereketsa wamkulu. Komiti yosinthiratu, motsogozedwa ndi Dr Fritz Leutwiler waku Switzerland, idakhazikitsidwa kuti ikonzenso ngongolezo.
Kupatukana ndi yankho lachimereka ku America lomwe linapatsidwa udindo wa ndalama zapenshoni ku New York Stock Exchange, ndi chiwonetsero cha chigawenga. Mwachitsanzo, Mobil Oil, General Motors ndi IBM adachoka ku South Africa akukakamizidwa ndi amishonale a ku America, koma anagulitsa mabungwe awo a ku South Africa pa "malonda a malonda" ku Anglo-American Corporation ndi makampani ena omwe anali opindula kwambiri ndi ndondomeko ya chigawenga.
"Kuyimitsidwa kwa ngongole" kunapatsa bungwe la South Africa Council of Churches ndi anthu ena omenyera ufulu wawo mwayi wokhazikitsa kampeni yoletsa kubanki ku United Nations mu Okutobala 1985. Zinali zopempha mabanki apadziko lonse lapansi [nthawi imeneyo] Bishop Desmond Tutu ndi Dr Beyers Naude kupempha mabanki omwe akutenga nawo gawo pokonzanso zomwe: -
"Kukonzanso ndondomeko ya ngongole ya ku South Africa kuyenera kukhazikitsidwa potsata ufulu wa boma lino, komanso kubwezeretsedwa ndi boma lomwe likukhudzidwa ndi zosowa za anthu onse a ku South Africa."
Monga njira yomaliza yopewera nkhondo yapachiweniweni, pempholo, lidafalikira kudzera ku US Congress, ndipo lidaphatikizidwa mu lamulo la Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act. Purezidenti Ronald Reagan adavomera ndalamazo, koma veto yake idasinthidwa ndi Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku US mu Okutobala 1986.
Kukonzekera kwa South Africa ngongole kunakhala njira yopititsira pulogalamu ya malipiro a mabanki a New York, chinthu chovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha udindo wa dola ya US monga ndalama yothetsera kusinthanitsa. Popanda kulandira mabanki asanu ndi awiri akuluakulu a New York, South Africa sakanatha kulipiritsa ndalama zogulitsa kapena kulandira malipiro a zogulitsa kunja.
Atapatsidwa mphamvu ndi Archbishop Tutu, mipingo yaku US idakakamiza mabanki aku New York kuti asankhe pakati pa bizinesi yakubanki ya tsankho ku South Africa kapena bizinesi yamapensheni azipembedzo zawo. David Dinkins atakhala Meya wa New York City, bomali lidawonjezera chisankho pakati pa South Africa kapena maakaunti olipirira a Mzindawu.
Cholinga cha ndondomeko ya chigwirizano cha mabanki padziko lonse chinalengezedwa mobwerezabwereza:
- Mapeto a dziko ladzidzidzi
- Kutulutsidwa kwa akaidi andale
- Kusagwirizana kwa mabungwe andale
- Kuchepetsa malamulo a chigawenga, ndi
- Kuyankhulana kwalamulo kumbali ya South Africa yosagwirizana ndi mafuko, demokrasi ndi ogwirizana.
Panali masewera omaliza oyeserera, ndi njira yotuluka. Nthawiyi inali yongopeka. Cold War inali itatsala pang'ono kutha, ndipo boma lachigawenga silinathenso kunena "chiwopsezo chachikomyunizimu" popempha boma la US. Mtsogoleri wa Purezidenti George Bush adalowa m'malo mwa Reagan mu 1989 ndipo adakumana ndi atsogoleri ampingo mu Meyi chaka chomwecho, pomwe adalengeza kuti wakhumudwitsidwa ndi zomwe zimachitika ku South Africa ndipo amuthandiza.
Atsogoleri a Congression anali atayamba kale kulingalira malamulo panthawi ya 1990 kuti atseke kumbuyo kwa C-AAA ndikuletsa ndalama zonse za ku South Africa ku US. Chifukwa cha ntchito ya dola ya US, izi zikanakhudzanso malonda a dziko lachitatu ndi mayiko monga Germany kapena Japan. Kuonjezerapo, bungwe la United Nations linakhazikitsa June 1990 ngati nthawi yomalizira kuthetsa chiwawa.
Boma la Britain motsogozedwa ndi Akazi a Margaret Thatcher adayesera - osapambana - kulepheretsa izi poyambitsa mu Okutobala 1989 kuti molumikizana ndi South African Reserve Bank adakulitsa ngongole yakunja kwa South Africa mpaka 1993.
Pambuyo pa Cape Town March wa Mtendere mu September 1989 motsogoleredwa ndi Bishopu Wamkulu Tutu, Mlembi Wachiwiri Wachiwiri wa United States ku Africa Affairs, Henk Cohen adalamula kuti boma la South Africa likwaniritse chigamulo cha chigamulo cha February 2011 1990.
Ngakhale kuti boma la Adeheid likutsutsa, izi ndizochokera kwa Pulezidenti FW de Klerk kulengeza za 2 February 1990, kumasulidwa kwa Nelson Mandela patatha masiku asanu ndi anayi, komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa mgwirizano wa malamulo kuti athetsa chiwawa. Nelson Mandela adavomereza kuti chipolowe chotsutsana kwambiri cha azunziti chinachokera ku mabanki a ku America, akuti:
"Adali atathandizira ndalama zothandizira boma la South Africa, koma tsopano adachotsa ngongole zawo ndi ndalama zawo."
Mandela sanayamikire kusiyana pakati pa ngongole ndi njira yolipirira mabanki ku New York, koma nduna ya zachuma ku South Africa idavomereza kuti "South Africa siyingapange ndalama." Popanda mwayi wolipira mabanki aku New York, chuma chikadatha.
Potsata malonda a boma la chigawenga pa 2 February 1990, sizinali zofunikira kuti US Congress ikwaniritse cholinga choletsedwa cha South African kupeza ndalama za America. Njira imeneyi idakhala yotseguka, komabe kukambirana pakati pa boma lachigawenga ndi African National Congress zikulephera.
“Zolemba zake zinali pakhoma.” M'malo moika pachiwopsezo chuma ndi zomangamanga komanso kuphana kwa mafuko, boma lachigawenga lidasankha zokambirana kuti lithandizane ndikukhala pagulu lademokalase. Izi zafotokozedwa m'mawu oyambilira a Constitution omwe amafotokoza kuti:
Ife, anthu a ku South Africa.
Zindikirani kupanda chilungamo komwe tinakhala nako,
Lemekezani omwe adamva zowawa chifukwa cha chilungamo ndi ufulu m'dziko lathu,
Lemekezani omwe agwira ntchito yomanga ndikulitsa dziko lathu, ndipo
Khulupirirani kuti South Africa ndi ya onse okhala mmenemo, ogwirizana mu zosiyana zathu. "
Ndi zilango zakubanki zomwe "zidasinthasintha" pakati pa zipani ziwirizi, zokambirana zalamulo zidapitilira pakati pa boma lachiwawa, ANC ndi nthumwi zina zandale. Panali zopinga zambiri, ndipo zinali kumapeto kwa 1993 pomwe Mandela adaganiza kuti kusintha kwa demokalase sikungasinthike, ndikuti zilango zachuma zitha kuchotsedwa.
Popeza kupambana kwa ziletso pakumaliza tsankho, panali chidwi chochulukirapo pazaka zingapo monga njira zothetsera mikangano ina yapadziko lonse lapansi. Pakhala pali kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika, komanso kunyoza komwe kwachitika, ndi zilango zopangidwa ndi US ngati chida chotsimikizira kuti azankhondo aku America and hemmony padziko lapansi.
Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi chigamulo cha US ku Iraq, Venezuela, Libiya ndi Iran, zomwe zinkafuna kuti ndalama zogulitsa mafuta zitsagulidwe ndi ndalama zina komanso / kapena golidi m'malo mwa ndalama za US, ndipo kenako ndi "kusintha kwa boma."
Mapulogalamu a mabanki apita patsogolo kwambiri mzaka makumi atatu kuchokera pamene polojekiti ya ku South Africa inkagwiritsidwa ntchito. Malo opatsirana amalephera ku New York, koma ku Brussels kumene Society for World Inter-Bank Financial Telecommunications (SWIFT) ili ndi udindo waukulu.
SWIFT kwenikweni ndi kompyuta yayikulu yomwe imatsimikizira malangizo olipirira mabanki opitilira 11 000 m'maiko opitilira 200. Banki iliyonse imakhala ndi khodi ya SWIFT, yomwe ili yachisanu ndi yachisanu ndi chimodzi yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi yomwe amakhala.
Palestine: Movement ya Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) idakhazikitsidwa ku 2005, ndipo imayang'aniridwa ndi zomwe South Africa idakumana nazo. Ngakhale zidatenga zaka zopitilira 25 kuti ziletso zotsutsana ndi tsankho ku South Africa zithandizire kwambiri, boma la Israeli likudandaula kwambiri za BDS yomwe, mwa zina, yasankhidwa kukhala Mphotho Yamtendere ya Nobel ya 2018.
N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mphoto ya Nobel Peace Prize ya 1984 kwa a Desmond Tutu idalimbikitsa kwambiri mgwirizano wapadziko lonse ndi gulu lotsutsana ndi tsankho. Norway Pension Fund, yomwe imapereka ndalama zoposa $ 1 trilioni imodzi, yasankha kampani yayikulu yaku Israeli, Elbit Systems.
Mabungwe ena aku Scandinavia ndi Dutch atsatira zomwezo. Ndalama zapenshoni za tchalitchi ku US zikuchitanso nawo chidwi. Achichepere komanso achichepere achiyuda aku America akudziyandikira kwambiri kuchokera kuboma lamapiko lamanja la Israeli, komanso akumvera chisoni ma Palestina. Maboma aku Europe ku 2014 adachenjeza nzika zawo pazakuwopsa kwakanenedwe komanso ndalama pakuchuluka kwamabizinesi ndi malo okhala Israeli ku West Bank.
Bungwe la United Nations Human Rights Council mu January 2018 lidalemba mndandanda wa makampani opambana a 200 Israeli ndi America omwe akugwira nawo ntchito ndikuthandizira ndikugwira ntchito kuntchito za Palestina Territories potsutsa Mipangano ya Geneva komanso zida zina za malamulo apadziko lonse.
Poyankha, boma la Israeli lapereka ndalama zochulukirapo komanso zinthu zina pamagwiridwe amilandu - mkati mwa Israeli komanso padziko lonse lapansi - kuphwanya mphamvu za BDS, ndikupeputsanso gululi ngati anti-Semitic. Izi, komabe, zikuwonetsa kuti ndizopanda phindu, monga zikuwonetsedwa ndi zotsutsana komanso milandu yamilandu ku US.
American Civil Liberties Union yatsutsa mayeserowa, mwachitsanzo ku Kansas, ponena za kuphwanya Lamulo Loyamba lokhudza ufulu wolankhula, kuphatikiza miyambo yayitali ku US - kuphatikiza chipani cha Boston Tea ndi kampeni yokhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe - kunyanyala Kupititsa patsogolo zandale.
Makalata IL omwe ali mu code ya SWIFT amadziwika mabanki aku Israeli. Mwadongosolo, ingakhale nkhani yosavuta kuyimitsa zochitika ku akaunti za IL. Izi zitha kuletsa kulipira ndalama zogulitsira katundu komanso kulandira ndalama zogulitsa ku Israel. Kuvuta ndiko kufuna kwandale, komanso kukopa kwa alendo ku Israeli.
Zomwe zakhala zikuyendera komanso zothandiza pa zilango za SWIFT zidakhazikitsidwa kale ku Iran. Mokakamizidwa ndi US ndi Israel, European Union idalamula kuti SWIFT ileke ntchito zawo ndi mabanki aku Iran kuti akakamize boma la Iran kuti likambirane za mgwirizano wa zida zanyukiliya ku 2015.
Tsopano zavomerezedwa kuti zomwe zimadziwika kuti "njira zamtendere" zomwe boma la United States limayimira pakati zinali chabe chophimba chofutukula Ntchito ndi kupititsa patsogolo madera aku Israeli "kupitirira mzere wobiriwira." Chiyembekezo tsopano cha zokambirana zatsopano motsogozedwa ndi United Nations pakati pa Palestine ndi Israeli chikutsutsa mayiko akunja kuti athandizire pakuwonetsetsa kuti zokambirana zotere zikuyenda bwino.
Pofuna kukambirana zoterezi poyesa miyeso, zimatanthawuza kuti chilango chotsutsana ndi mabanki a Israeli chidzakantha anthu a Israeli ndi ndalama zandale, omwe ali ndi mphamvu zolimbikitsa boma la Israeli kuti lizigwirizana ndi zigawo zinayi zomwe zikufotokozedwa:
- Kuti amasulire mwamsanga akaidi onse a Palestina,
- Kuthetsa ntchito yake ya West Bank (kuphatikizapo East Jerusalem) ndi Gaza, ndipo kuti idzathetsa "khoma lachigawenga,"
- Kuzindikira ufulu wofunikira wa Aarabu ndi Palestina kuti akhale olingana kwathunthu mu Israeli-Palestina, ndi
- Kuvomereza kulondola kwa kubwerera kwa Palestina.
