Nkhani yodabwitsa ikupezeka mu June 2014 nkhani ya Buku Lopatulika la Umoyo Wathanzi. (Komanso ikupezeka ngati PDF yaulere Pano.)
Olemba, akatswiri paumoyo waumoyo, adatchulidwa ndi zilembo zawo zonse: William H. Wiist, DHSc, MPH, MS, Kathy Barker, PhD, Neil Arya, MD, Jon Rohde, MD, Martin Donohoe, MD, Shelley White, PhD, MPH, Pauline Lubens, MPH, Geraldine Gorman, RN, PhD, ndi Amy Hagopian, PhD.
Zina mwazikulu ndi ndemanga:
“Mu 2009 bungwe la American Public Health Association (APHA) adavomereza mfundo zake, 'Udindo wa Ogwira Ntchito za Zaumoyo Padziko Lonse, Ophunzira, ndi Othandizira Pofotokoza Kulimbana Nkhondo ndi Nkhondo. ' . . . Poyankha ndondomeko ya APHA, mu 2011, gulu logwira ntchito pa Teaching the Primary Prevention of War, lomwe limaphatikizapo olemba nkhani iyi, lidakula. . . . ”
“Chiyambireni kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, pakhala pali nkhondo 248 m'malo 153 padziko lonse lapansi. United States idakhazikitsa magulu ankhondo aku 201 kunja ochokera kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse mpaka 2001, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo, ena, kuphatikiza Afghanistan ndi Iraq. M'zaka za zana la 20, anthu mamiliyoni 190 amamwalira atha kukhala okhudzana ndi nkhondo mwachindunji kapena ayi, kuposa zaka 4 zapitazo. ”
Izi, zomwe zidalembedwa munkhaniyi, ndizothandiza kwambiri kuposa kale pakuyang'ana kwamaphunziro ku United States olengeza zakufa kwa nkhondo. Pogawa nkhondo zambiri monga zinthu zina, kuchepetsa kuwerengera kwaimfa, ndikuwona imfa ngati kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi osati kuchuluka kwa anthu wamba kapena kuchuluka kwathunthu, olemba osiyanasiyana ayesa kunena kuti nkhondo ikutha. Zachidziwikire, nkhondo ikhoza kutha ndipo iyenera kutha, koma izi ndizotheka kuchitika ngati tipeze zoyendetsa komanso zofunikira kuti zichitike.
"Amakambirana za kuchuluka kwa anthu wamba komanso njira zosankhira anthu wamba ngati anthu wamba, koma kufa kwa anthu wamba ndi 85% mpaka 90% ya ovulala chifukwa cha nkhondo, ndipo anthu wamba pafupifupi 10 amafera womenya nkhondo aliyense wophedwa pankhondo. Chiwerengero cha omwalira (makamaka anthu wamba) chifukwa cha nkhondo yaposachedwa ku Iraq akutsutsidwa, ndikuyerekeza kuti 124,000 mpaka 655,000 kupitilira miliyoni, ndipo pomaliza pake akwanitsa pafupifupi theka miliyoni. Anthu wamba aweruzidwa kuti aphedwe komanso amachitiridwa nkhanza zogonana m'mikangano ina yamasiku ano. 90% mpaka 110% ya omwe adazunzidwa ndi mabomba okwirira okwanira 1960 miliyoni omwe adabzalidwa kuyambira 70 m'maiko XNUMX anali anthu wamba. ”
Izi, nazonso, ndizofunikira, monga nkhondo yowonjezereka ya nkhondo ndikuti iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza chinthu china choyipa, chotchedwa genocide. Osati kokha kuti nkhondo ikupanga chiwawa m'malo molepheretsa, koma kusiyana pakati pa nkhondo ndi chiwawa ndi zabwino kwambiri. Nkhaniyi ikupitiriza kufotokozera za zotsatira za thanzi la nkhondo, zomwe ndizitchulapo mfundo zina izi:
“Bungwe la World Health Organisation (WHO) Commission on the Social Determinants of Health linanena kuti nkhondo imakhudza thanzi la ana, imabweretsa kusamutsidwa komanso kusamuka, komanso imachepetsa zokolola zaulimi. Kufa kwa ana ndi amayi, kuchuluka kwa katemera, zotsatira za kubadwa, ndi madzi ndi ukhondo ndizovuta kwambiri m'malo opikisana. Nkhondo yathandizira kupewa kuthana ndi poliyo, itha kufalitsa kufala kwa HIV / AIDS, ndikuchepetsa kupezeka kwa akatswiri azaumoyo. Kuphatikiza apo, mabomba okwirira amatulutsa zovuta zamaganizidwe ndi thupi, ndipo zimawopseza chitetezo chamasamba posandutsa nthaka yaulimi kukhala yopanda ntchito. . . .
"Pafupifupi zida za zida za nyukiliya 17,300 pakadali pano zatumizidwa m'maiko osachepera 9 (kuphatikiza zida za 4300 US ndi Russia, zambiri zomwe zitha kuyambitsidwa ndikufikira zolinga zawo pasanathe mphindi 45). Ngakhale kuwombera mwangozi mwangozi kumatha kubweretsa tsoka lalikulu padziko lonse lapansi m'mbiri yakale.
"Ngakhale pali zovuta zambiri zankhondo, palibe ndalama zoperekedwa kuchokera ku Centers for Disease Control and Prevention kapena National Institutes of Health yodzitchinjiriza pankhondo, ndipo masukulu ambiri azaumoyo samaphatikizira kupewa nkhondo maphunziro. ”
Tsopano, Apo ndi mpata waukulu mdera lathu womwe ndimawerengera kuti owerenga ambiri sanazindikire, ngakhale zinali zomveka bwino ndikofunikira! Chifukwa chiyani akatswiri azaumoyo akuyenera kuyesetsa kupewa nkhondo? Olembawo anafotokoza kuti:
“Ogwira ntchito zaumoyo ndiwodziwika bwino pantchito yopewera nkhondo potengera luso lawo la matenda; kuzindikira zoopsa ndi zoteteza; kukonza, kukhazikitsa, kuwunikira, ndikuwunika njira zopewera; kuyang'anira mapulogalamu ndi ntchito; kusanthula ndondomeko ndi chitukuko; kuwunika zachilengedwe ndikukonzanso; komanso kulimbikitsa zaumoyo. Ogwira ntchito zaumoyo ena amadziwa zamphamvu zankhondo chifukwa chokhudzidwa ndi mikangano yachiwawa kapena kugwira ntchito ndi odwala komanso madera akumenya nkhondo. Zaumoyo waboma zimaperekanso maziko omwe magulu ambiri amafunitsitsa kuti abwere pamodzi kuti apange mgwirizano popewa nkhondo. Mau azaumoyo waboma nthawi zambiri amamvedwa ngati othandizira anthu. Kupyolera mukusonkhanitsa nthawi zonse ndikuwunika zisonyezo zaumoyo thanzi la anthu limatha kupereka machenjezo oyambilira pangozi yakumenyana. Zaumoyo wa anthu amathanso kufotokozera zovuta zankhondo, kupanga zokambirana pazankhondo komanso ndalama zawo. . . ndikuwonetsa zankhondo zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa nkhondo komanso zimalimbikitsa chidwi cha anthu pankhondo. ”
Pafupi ndi nkhondo imeneyo. Ndi chiyani?
“Zankhondo ndikulimbikitsa dala zolinga zankhondo ndikukhala ndi cholinga chokhazikitsa chikhalidwe, ndale, komanso chuma cha moyo wa anthu wamba kuti nkhondo ndi kukonzekera nkhondo zizikhala zofananira, ndikukhazikitsa ndi kusamalira mabungwe ankhondo. Militarism ndikudalira kwambiri gulu lankhondo lamphamvu ndikuwopseza kukakamizidwa ngati njira yovomerezeka yokhazikitsira zolinga m'mayanjano ovuta padziko lonse lapansi. Imalemekeza ankhondo, imapatsa mphamvu kukhulupirika kunkhondo monga chitsimikiziro chachikulu cha ufulu ndi chitetezo, ndipo imalemekeza mikhalidwe yankhondo yankhondo monga oyenera kutsutsidwa. Nkhondo imalimbikitsa anthu wamba kutsatira mfundo zankhondo, zizolowezi zawo, zonena zawo, komanso chilankhulo. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kumenya nkhondo kumalumikizidwa ndi Conservatism, kukonda dziko lako, kupembedza, kukonda dziko lako, komanso kukhala wolamulira mwankhanza, komanso zosagwirizana ndi kulemekeza ufulu wachibadwidwe, kulolerana kosagwirizana, mfundo za demokalase, kumvera ena chisoni komanso osauka, komanso thandizo lakunja kwa mayiko osauka. Zankhondo zimayang'anitsitsa zikhalidwe zina, kuphatikizapo zaumoyo, osati zankhondo. ”
Ndipo kodi United States akuvutika nacho?
“Zankhondo zimasiyanasiyana m'mbali zambiri za moyo ku United States ndipo, popeza ntchito ya usirikali idachotsedwa, zimangopatsa anthu zofuna zochepa kupatula ndalama zomwe amalandila okhometsa misonkho. Kufotokozera, kukula kwake, ndi tanthauzo lake zakhala zosawoneka kwa anthu ambiri, osazindikira kwenikweni mtengo waumunthu kapena chithunzi cholakwika chomwe mayiko ena ali nacho. Zankhondo akuti ndi 'matenda amisala,' zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zithandizire anthu ambiri. . . .
“United States ndiye ikuyang'anira 41% ya ndalama zonse padziko lapansi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomenya nkhondo. Omwe akugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ndi China, akuwerengera 8.2%; Russia, 4.1%; ndi United Kingdom ndi France, onse ndi 3.6%. . . . Ngati onse ankhondo. . . ndalama zimaphatikizidwa, ndalama zonse [ku US] pachaka zimakhala $ 1 thililiyoni. . . . Malinga ndi lipoti la dongosolo lazachuma la DOD chaka cha 2012, 'DOD imayang'anira malo apadziko lonse lapansi opitilira 555,000 m'malo opitilira 5,000, okhala ndi maekala opitilira 28 miliyoni.' United States imakhala ndi malo ankhondo 700 kapena 1000 m'malo opitilira 100. . . .
“Mu 2011 dziko la United States ndilo linakhala loyamba kugulitsa zida zankhondo padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo linakwana 78% ($ 66 biliyoni). Russia inali yachiwiri ndi $ 4.8 biliyoni. . . .
"Mu 2011-2012, makampani 7 apamwamba opanga zida zankhondo aku US adapereka $ 9.8 miliyoni pantchito zampikisano. Mabungwe asanu mwa oyendetsa ndege [10] apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi (3 US, 2 UK ndi Europe) adawononga $ 53 miliyoni kukakamiza boma la US mu 2011.. . .
“Gwero lalikulu la kulembedwa kwa achinyamata ndi masukulu aboma aku US, komwe kulemba anthu ntchito kumayang'ana kwambiri achinyamata akumidzi ndi osauka, motero amapanga njira yolembetsera umphawi yomwe mabanja ambiri apakati komanso apamwamba sangawone. . . . Potsutsana ndi siginecha ya United States pa Optional Protocol yokhudza Kuphatikizidwa kwa Ana Mgwirizano Wankhondo, asitikali amatenga ana m'masukulu apamwamba aboma, ndipo sawadziwitsa ophunzira kapena makolo ufulu wawo wopewa zambiri zakunyumba. Bungwe la Armed Services Vocational Battery limaperekedwa m'masukulu apamwamba ngati mayeso oyenerera pantchito ndipo ndilololedwa m'masukulu ambiri apamwamba, zomwe ophunzira amatumizira asitikali, kupatula ku Maryland komwe nyumba yamalamulo ya boma idalamula kuti masukulu asamangotumiza zambiri. ”
Ovomerezeka zaumoyo a boma amalimbikitsanso tradeoffs mu mitundu yofukufuku yomwe United States inayesa:
“Zida zomwe asirikali amadya. . . kafukufuku, kupanga, ndi ntchito zimasokoneza ukadaulo waumunthu kutali ndi zosowa zina zachitukuko. DOD ndiwopereka ndalama zambiri pakufufuza ndikukula m'boma. National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, ndi Centers for Disease Control and Prevention amapereka ndalama zambiri kumapulogalamu monga 'BioDefense.' . . . Kuperewera kwazinthu zina zopezera ndalama kumapangitsa ofufuza ena kufunafuna ndalama zankhondo kapena zachitetezo, ndipo ena pambuyo pake amasowa chidwi ndi zomwe asitikali. Yunivesite ina yotsogola ku United Kingdom yalengeza posachedwa, komabe, ithetsa ndalama zake za $ 1.2 miliyoni mu. . . kampani yomwe imapanga ma drones owopsa ku US chifukwa akuti bizinesiyo 'siili pagulu'. ”
Ngakhale m'masiku a Purezidenti Eisenhower, zankhondo zinali paliponse: "Mphamvu zonse - zachuma, zandale, ngakhale zauzimu - zimamveka mumzinda uliwonse, nyumba zonse zaboma, maofesi onse aboma." Matendawa afalikira:
“Ndondomeko zankhondo komanso njira zankhondo zalowerera muntchito zachitetezo cha anthu wamba. . . .
“Mwa kulimbikitsa mayankho ankhondo pamavuto andale ndikuwonetsa kuti nkhondo sizingapeweke, gulu lankhondo nthawi zambiri limalimbikitsa kufalitsa nkhani, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azivomereza nkhondo kapena chidwi chankhondo. . . . ”
Olembawo akulongosola mapulogalamu omwe ayamba kugwira ntchito popewera nkhondo kumbali ya thanzi labwino, ndipo amatha ndi ndondomeko za zomwe ziyenera kuchitidwa. Yang'anani.
