Pulojekiti YABWINO: Kudutsa Vietnam ya Malamulo Osadziwika

ZOKHUDZA KWA CHUCK, VVA Veteran

Kwa Ambiri ambiri, nkhondo ya Vietnam inatha mu 1975. Koma kwa Vietnamese zambiri, nkhondo siidathe pomwepo. Anapitiriza kuvutika ndi imfa, kuvulala, ndi kulemala kwa moyo kuchokera kumapiri omwe anakhalapo pansi kapena pansi. Zida zimenezi zikanakhala zoopsa kwa anthu osadziwika m'dziko lonselo-koma makamaka pa malo omwe kale anali owonongeka.

Mu 2001, pamene Project RENEW inayambika, Province la Quang Tri linali ndi ngozi zosayembekezeka makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu (UXO) chaka chilichonse nkhondo itatha. Bungwe la Antchito la Vietnam, Zosavomerezeka, ndi Zamakhalidwe Abwino linanena kuti anthu oposa 100,000 Vietnamese anaphedwa kapena kuvulala m'dziko lonse ndi mabomba ndi migodi.

Patapita zaka khumi ndi zisanu, ntchito ya Project RENEW - pogwirizana ndi mabungwe ena a boma ndi mabungwe a boma - adalipira. Mu 2016 panali ngozi imodzi yokha ku Province la Quang Tri.

M'gulu la 2000 kuchokera ku Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund (VVMF) anapita ku Vietnam. Pamapeto a ulendo umenewu, VVMF inaganiza zothandiza Vietnam kuti apeze zotsatira za nkhondo. Boma la Quang Tri Province linapempha VVMF kuti ikhale ndi njira yosiyana ndi yowonjezera ya vuto la UXO m'deralo. Anapanga chisankho chofutukula ndi kuyendetsa patsogolo ntchito zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kale ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse omwe akugwira ntchito m'migodi ndi asilikali a Vietnamese.

Boma linapanga kuti VVMF ipangire dongosolo "lophatikizana ndi lophatikizidwa" polimbana ndi mabomba ndi migodi. Cholinga chawo chidzakhala kufunika koyenera komanso kusamala bwino, pophunzitsa ana ndi akulu momwe angakhalire otetezeka komanso kuteteza mabanja awo ndi midzi yawo, komanso kuthandiza anthu omwe ali ndi zolemala chifukwa cha bomba ndi zanga.

ZINTHU ZOFUNIKA KWAMBIRI

Ndinabwerera ku Vietnam mu January 1995 nditatumikira ku United States Army monga katswiri wa zanzeru ku Saigon, ku 1967-68. Veterans of America Foundation (VVAF) adalandira ndalama za $ 1 miliyoni kuchokera ku US Agency for International Development (USAID) kukonza ndi kukonza msonkhano ku chipatala cha Swedish Children's Hospital ku Hanoi. Pulezidenti Bobby Muller anandipatsa ntchito ya ma polojekiti. Ntchitoyo inali yopititsa patsogolo ndikukulitsa kupanga mankhwala a mafupa kwa ana omwe ali ndi polio, ubongo, ndi mavuto ena.

Tinayenera kumanganso ndi kukonzanso gawo lalikulu la dipatimenti ya rehab ku Children's Hospital, kuika ma-routers, ma-band, mavuni, ndi mabenchi ogwira ntchito, ndikukonzekera mpweya wokwanira, ndikuphunzitsanso Vietnamese kuti apange zowonjezera zopangidwa ndi zowonjezera zopangidwa ndi zopangidwa ndi mwambo. kwa ana olumala.

Pamene ntchitoyi inatsegulidwa ku 1996, madokotala ndi akatswiri mwamsanga anafika pochiza odwala, omwe akubwera kuchokera kutali kwambiri kuti afufuzidwe ndikugwirizana ndi zipangizo zothandizira. Posakhalitsa antchitowa anali kuchiza odwala makumi atatu ndi makumi anai pa mwezi, kuwapatsa zipangizo zamakono zomwe zinathandiza ambiri a iwo kuyenda popanda thandizo kwa nthawi yoyamba.

Pazaka zoyambirira zimenezo, adakambirana ndi abwenzi anga a ku Vietnamese omwe anali adokotala komanso ogwira ntchito zachipatala za mabomba ndi migodi komanso kuwonongeka kwa mabomba kumeneku kunkachitika ku Vietnam. Timawerenga nkhani za nyuzipepala mlungu uliwonse za ngozi ndi zoopsa m'dziko lonselo. Asilikali a ku Vietnam, omwe anapatsidwa ntchito yoyeretsa nkhondo, anali osakonzekera komanso osamalipira ndalama. Kuwonjezera apo, sizinali zoyambirira. Ambiri a ku Vietnam, kuphatikizapo akuluakulu ena, adawoneka kuti avomereza kuti ichi chinali vuto lomwe sichidzatha chifukwa vuto linali lalikulu.

Kuwonongedwa kwa nkhondo kunali kwakukulu. Ndinadziŵa kuti malamulo osadziŵika, ngakhale zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, anali oopsa kwa alimi, ana a sukulu, ndi anthu osalakwa omwe akugwira ntchito zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku. Mauthengawa anali kawirikawiri osanyalanyaza.

Ndinazindikiranso kuti Agent Orange anali nthano yonyenga ya nkhondo. Ankhondo a ku America anali akuvutika kwambiri podziwa zotsatira zaumoyo zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi Agent Orange. Koma boma la US linakana, ndipo boma la Vietnamese linkawoneka ngati likukayikira kukankhira.

Tidafunsanso chifukwa chake dziko la US silinali kulandira udindo wochuluka wa zochitika za nkhondo zomwe zinasokoneza miyoyo ya mibadwo yambiri ya ku Vietnam yomwe inabadwa nthawi yaitali nkhondo itatha. Anthu ena a Congress - omwe ali ndi zida zankhondo ndi mabungwe ambiri-adakakamiza kuti agwirizane kwambiri ndi US. Mmodzi mwa atsogoleri oyang'anira anali Sen. Patrick Leahy (D-Vt.). Ndalama Yowonongedwa ndi Nkhondo, yomwe inathandizira kukhazikitsa ndipo kenako inadzatchedwanso Leahy War Victims Fund, inapereka ndalama zothandizira pulojekiti zothandizira zogwiridwa ndi VVAF ndi mabungwe ena osapindulitsa.

Dipatimenti ya State of Humanitarian Demining inasonyezeratu chidwi chachikulu chotheka kuti mgwirizano wa US ukugwirizana ndi Vietnam pokonza kuipitsidwa kwa UXO. Pang'onopang'ono, chitseko chinatsegulira ndalama kuchokera ku US kupita ku Ministry of Defense ya Vietnam. Zipangizo zamakono zinaperekedwa, ndipo ndalama zinayamba kupezeka kwa maboma omwe ali ndi luso lodziletsa ndi UXO kuchepetsa.

Mabungwe ochepa a ku Hanoi omwe ali ndi chidwi pa mavutowa anapanga Gulu Loyang'anira Landmine kuti apeze njira zogwirira ntchito. Boma la Quang Tri linali lofunitsitsa kuthandizira kuthetsa vutoli.

Bungwe la Seattle, PeaceTrees, linalima mitengo kuzungulira dziko lonse m'madera omwe kale anali nkhondo, tsoka, komanso kuwonongeka kwa zachilengedwe. Omwe anayambitsa Jerilyn Brusseau ndi Danaan Parry anabwera ku Vietnam kuti apange ntchito yomweyi. Ndinalimbikitsa iwo kuti ayendere ku Quang Tri. Boma lamapirilo analandira lingalirolo, koma adanena kuti kuyesayesa kwa mtengo kulikonse koyamba kudzafuna kusamalidwa bwino kwa mabomba ndi migodi kudera limenelo. Izi zinatsegula chitseko choyamba cha ku US kumayambiriro kwa mabomba ndi migodi: kuteteza malo okwana mahekitala asanu ndi limodzi ndi asilikali a Vietnamese, omwe amathandizidwa ndi PeaceTrees, ndikutsatiridwa ndi kubzala mitengo yoposa chikwi.

Pasanapite nthawi bungwe la Germany, SODI-Gerbera, linaloŵererapo, lotsatidwa ndi bungwe lalikulu la Britain, Mines Advisory Group (MAG), Clear Path International, ndi Golden West Humanitarian Foundation. Zomwezo zinali tsopano zakupsa poyambitsa mfundo yomwe inakhala Project RENEW.

KUCHITA ZINTHU

Chisankho choyambitsa Project RENEW chinadalira kukulitsa $ 500,000 kutsimikizira zaka ziwiri zokwanira za ndalama zokwanira kuti polojekiti ikhale yeniyeni. Jan Scruggs, pulezidenti wa VVMF, adamuthandiza Christos Cotsakos, msilikali wa ku Vietnam amene anavulala mu Quang Tri, kuti akhale ndi ndalama zokwanira theka. Cotsakos anali atapambana kwambiri ndi E * Trade Online Financial Services. Ndinayandikira Foundation ya Freeman, yomwe inkagwirizana ndi zopereka za Cotsakos ndi $ 250,000. Ntchito RENEW idayambika.

Mnyamata watsopano wogwira ntchito, Hoang Nam, ndi ine tinatsogolera pakukhazikitsa Project RENEW. Tinagwiritsa ntchito antchito oyambirira, tinapatsa bajeti zina kuti tibweretse katswiri wodziwa zapamwamba, Bob Keeley wa European Landmine Solutions, kuti atithandize kupanga ntchito ndi kuphunzitsa antchito, ndipo tinayang'ana pa maphunziro oopsya-kuphunzitsa anthu momwe angatetezere, kupeŵa ngozi ndi kuvulala, ndi kufotokoza malamulo monga iwo anazipeza.

Posakhalitsa tinaphunzira kuti popanda antchito ophunzitsidwa kuti awononge bwinobwino kapena kuchotsa malamulo oopsa pamene akuyitanitsa thandizo, khama lathu linali kutayika mwamsanga ndi anthu amderalo. Tinafunika kuyesetsa kwambiri kuti tipeze ndalama zogwiritsa ntchito timagulu ta Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) kuti tiyankhe maulendo opempha thandizo mwamsanga.

Pulojekiti RENEW inkafunafuna ndalama, kuchokera ku bungwe la United States ku boma la Norway, lomwe linasandulika kwambiri.

Mu 2008 gulu lochokera ku Norway People's Aid (NPA) linafika ku Quang Tri, ndikuyang'ana ku Vietnam ndi ntchito yanga yodabwitsa kwambiri padziko lonse, ndipo inagwirizana ndi Project RENEW. Boma la Norway linapereka ndalama zambiri komanso zothandizira kwambiri. Izi zinali panthawi yomwe tsogolo la Project RENEW linali losatsimikizika chifukwa cha chisankho cha VVMF ku 2011 kuchotsa mgwirizano wa zaka khumi. VVMF inkafuna kuyang'ana pa $ 100 million Center of Education.

Ndalama za ku Norway zinali zofunika. Pasanapite nthawi, Dipatimenti ya Boma inalonjeza ndalama zina, kudzera mu NPA, ndi ndalama zothandizira Mines Advisory Group ndi PeaceTrees. Project RENEW ndi NPA adalandira $ 7.8 miliyoni kwa zaka zitatu. MAG adalandira ndalama zoposa $ 8 milioni.

Tsopano tikutsatira ndondomeko yomwe inakhazikitsidwa ndi mkulu wa dziko la NPA, Jonathon Guthrie, yemwe ndi Cluster Munitions Remnants Survey (CMRS). Cholinga chimenecho chimaphatikizapo kufufuza malo a UXO, kufunsa anthu okhala mmudzimo, kufotokoza zolemba za mabomba zomwe zinayang'aniridwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo, ndikugwiritsa ntchito deta kuti atumize magulu omwe amachotsa kapena kuwononga malamulo m'madera amenewo. Pomwe miyendo yamagulu a masango amachepetsedwa ndi kuchepetsedwa, ndi zina zonse zomwe zikuchitika m'deralo zimatulutsidwa, zidziwitso zozikidwa pazowonazi zikupita kuzinthu zambiri zomwe zimapezeka kwa anthu onse omwe amafunikira chidziwitso.

ZINTHU ZOPHUNZITSIDWA

Pali mgwirizano waukulu mu Province la Quang Tri pakati pa anthu onse ofunika kwambiri, kuphatikizapo maboma omwe ndi asilikali a Vietnam. Mgwirizanowu ndiwomwe sungakhalepo ndipo ndi chisonyezero chosonyeza kuti tikusunthira tsikuli, patangopita zaka zingapo, pamene vuto lidzayendetsedwa ndipo likhoza kutembenuzidwa kwathunthu ku Vietnamese. A US akhoza kudzinenera, ndi choonadi ndi kukhutira, kuti potsiriza tachita chinthu choyenera.

Kusintha kwa kulingalira kwachangu kwakhala kochedwa komanso kovuta. Pa Project RENEW timakhulupirira kuti n'zosatheka kuyeretsa bomba lililonse ndi langa. Mayiko a US adasiya maulamuliro a 8 miliyoni panthawi ya nkhondo, zomwe Pentagon yanena za 10 peresenti sizinawonongeke. Ndiwo kuchuluka kwa malamulo omwe akadali pansi-osatheka kuyeretsa m'badwo.

Komabe, n'zotheka kupanga Vietnam kukhala otetezeka. Tikuwonetsa kuti tsiku liri lonse mu Province la Quang Tri. Kuphatikizidwa kwa magulu ophunzitsidwa, okonzekera, ogwira ntchito komanso akatswiri a EOD, malo ogwiritsidwa ntchito odalirika, ndi anthu odziwa bwino komanso odziwa bwino amatha kukhalabe otetezeka.

Zili kuchitika ku Germany ndi m'mayiko ena a ku Ulaya, omwe amatsuka mabomba masauzande chaka chilichonse kuchokera pa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse ndi nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Mu Province la Quang Tri, kubwerera ku 1996, Project RENEW ndi mabungwe ena omwe awononga mabomba a 600,000. Chaka chatha magulu a EOD omwe anatsogoleredwa ndi Project RENEW ndi NPA anapanga ntchito zapakhomo za 723 popempha anthu ochokera kumalo awo, zomwe zinachititsa kuti zinthu za 2,383 za UXO ziwonongeke. Zonsezi, zoposa zinthu za 18,000 zinapezeka ndikuwonongedwa panthawi ya kufufuza ndi kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga ku mauthenga a UXO. Mwa iwo, 61 peresenti anali magulu omangira.

NKHANI YA ORANGE YAMAGAZINI

Lamulo lina lowawa la nkhondo ku Vietnam ndi Orange Orange. Anthu a Chivietinamu sanafike pafupi ndi thandizo lililonse lothandiza polimbana ndi mavuto oopsa a zachipatala, zaumoyo, ndi zowonongeka omwe amachitidwa ndi poizoni woipa.

Boma la US likugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoposa $ 100 miliyoni kuti ziyeretsedwe ku dothi la ndege la Da Nang, ndipo pali zizindikiro zakuti kale ndege yotchedwa Bien Hoa ikhoza kukhala yotsatira, mtengo wapatali.

Koma kupatulapo kufalikira kwina kwa ndalama zothandizira anthu olemala ku Vietnam, pakhala ndalama zochepa kapena zopanda phindu ku US kuti zithandize mabanja omwe ali ndi ana awiri, atatu, kapena olemala kwambiri, pakalipakati pa makumi awiri kapena makumi atatu, omwe ali ndi zofooka za thupi ndi zamaganizo zovuta kuti iwo sangakhoze kuchita kanthu kwa iwoeni.

Pothandizidwa ndi Veterans for Peace (VFP), Project RENEW anayesa kupeza ndalama kuchokera ku USAID kuti apite kwa odwala a 15,000 Orange ku Province la Quang Tri. Cholinga chimenecho chinakanidwa. Ogwira ntchito asapange chisankho chofuna kubwezeretsa boma la US kwa mabanja awa.

Anthu amandifunsa ine, patatha zaka zonse izi, nchifukwa ninji mukadali pano? Ine sindikusowa, kwenikweni; Antchito a ku Vietnam omwe ali oposa 180 Project RENEW ndi antchito a NPA ali okhoza kwambiri kuposa momwe ndidzakhalapo.

Komabe, ngati ndingathe kupanga phindu lochepa kuti ndiyese kuyesetsa, ndikuthandizira kuti tiganizire zotsatira za kupanga Vietnam bwinobwino, ndiye ndikudzipereka ku ntchitoyi. Chitsanzo cha Quang Tri chikugwira ntchito. Ngati ndingathe kusunga njira zodzikongoletsera komanso zolemekezeka zomwe zimatseguka pakati pa ankhondo a ku America, ankhondo a ku Vietnam, akuluakulu a boma la Vietnam, ogwira ntchito ku Embassy a US ndi akuluakulu a Washington, ndiye ndikukondwera kuti ndiwathandize kwa nthawi yayitali.

Sipadzakhalanso zaka zambiri, ndikukhulupirira, mpaka titha kuthetsa mavuto onse, ululu, ndi chisoni cha m'mbuyo. Ndiye Vietnamese akhoza kukhala ndi chidaliro ndikupita kuntchito zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku popanda mantha a mabomba ndi migodi. Adzadziwa kuti akuyendetsa bwino vutoli. Ndipo ankhondo a ku Amerika anganene kuti tathandizira kuthetsa nkhondo yomaliza ku Vietnam.