Wolemba Paul Fitzgerald ndi Elizabeth Gould, World BEYOND War, October 6, 2020
Conor Tobin's Januware 9, 2020 Mbiri Yazokambirana[1] nkhani yotchedwa: Nthano ya 'Msampha wa Afghanistan': Zbigniew Brzezinski ndi Afghanistan[2] kuyesa "kuthetsa malingaliro akuti Purezidenti Jimmy Carter, polimbikitsidwa ndi National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, adathandizira a Mujahedin aku Afghanistan mwadala kuti akope Soviet Union mu 1979 mu 17." Monga Todd Greentree amavomerezera pakuwunika kwake kwa Julayi 2020, XNUMX Nkhani ya Tobin, mitengo ndiyokwera chifukwa "lingaliroli" silikukayikira cholowa cha Purezidenti Carter, koma machitidwe, mbiri ndi "machitidwe abwino a United States munthawi ya Cold War komanso kupitirira apo."[3]
Chofunika kwambiri pa zomwe Tobin amatcha "chiphunzitso cha Afghan Trap," ndi mtolankhani waku France Vincent Jauvert wotchuka Januware 1998 Wopenya Watsopano kuyankhulana ndi Brzezinski momwe amadzitamandira ndi pulogalamu yachinsinsi yomwe adayambitsa ndi Purezidenti Carter miyezi isanu ndi umodzi nkhondo yaku Soviet Union isanachitike "zomwe zidakopa anthu aku Russia mumsampha wa Afghanistan ..." "Malinga ndi mbiri yakale, CIA idathandizira Mujahideen adayamba mu 1980, ndiye kuti, gulu lankhondo laku Soviet Union litaukira Afghanistan, 24 Disembala 1979. Koma zenizeni, zotetezedwa mwachinsinsi mpaka pano, sizili choncho ayi. ” Brzezinski adanenedwa motero. "Zowonadi, panali pa Julayi 3, 1979 pomwe Purezidenti Carter adasaina chikalata choyamba chothandizira achinsinsi kwa omwe amatsutsana ndi boma la Soviet Union ku Kabul. Ndipo tsiku lomwelo, ndidalemba kalata kwa purezidenti momwe ndidamfotokozera kuti lingaliro langa lingathandize kuti gulu lankhondo laku Soviet Union lilowerere. ”[4]
Ngakhale kuti pulogalamu yachinsinsi idawululidwa kale ndi wamkulu wakale wa CIA woyang'anira ntchito ku Near East ndi South Asia Dr. Charles Cogan ndi director wakale wa CIA a Robert Gates ndipo sananyalanyazidwe, kuvomereza kwa Brzezinski kumabweretsa chidwi malingaliro olakwika pazolinga za Soviet ku Afghanistan zomwe olemba mbiri ambiri amalola kuti asazifotokoze. Kuyambira pomwe kuyankhulana kwa Brzezinski kudawonekera mu 1998 pakhala kuyesayesa kwamphamvu kumanzere ndi kumanja kukana kutsimikizika kwake ngati kudzitama kwachabe, kutanthauzira molakwika zomwe amatanthauza, kapena kumasulira koyipa kuchokera ku French kupita ku Chingerezi. Kuvomereza kwa Brzezinski ndikofunika kwambiri pakati pa omwe anali mkati mwa CIA, a Charles Cogan adawona kuti ndikofunikira kupita kukambirana ku Cambridge Forum za buku lathu ku Afghanistan (Mbiri yosadziwika: Mbiri ya Untold Afghanistan)[5] mu 2009 kunena kuti ngakhale malingaliro athu akuti Soviet adachita manyazi kuwukira anali oona, a Brzezinski Wopenya Watsopano kuyankhulana kunayenera kukhala kolakwika.
Tobin akufutukula dandaulo ili ndikudandaula kuti kuyankhulana kwa ku France kwasokoneza mbiriyakale mpaka kukhala maziko okhawo otsimikizira kukhalapo kwa chiwembu chokopa Moscow mu "Msampha wa Afghanistan." Kenako akupitiliza kulemba kuti popeza Brzezinski akuti kuyankhulana kunali kwachidziwikire osati kuyankhulana koma zochepa kuchokera kuyankhulana ndipo sanavomerezedwe momwe amawonekera ndi kuti popeza Brzezinski wakhala akukana mobwerezabwereza — “mfundo za 'msampha' zilibe maziko alionse.”[6] Kenako Tobin akutchulanso zikalata zovomerezeka kuti zitsimikizire kuti "zomwe Brzezinski adachita kudzera mu 1979 zidawonetsa kuyesetsa kunyengerera [motsindika] Moscow posalowererapo… Mwachidule, kulowererapo kwa asitikali a Soviet sikunafunidwe kapena kufunidwa ndi oyang'anira a Carter ndipo pulogalamu yobisala yomwe idayambika mchilimwe cha 1979 siyokwanira kubweza Carter ndi Brzezinski poyesayesa kukopa Moscow mu ' Msampha waku Afghanistan. '”
Ndiye kodi izi zikuwululira chiyani za ntchito yaboma yaboma yaku US yomwe idachitika miyezi isanu ndi umodzi Soviet isanafike mu Disembala 1979 osadzitamandira ndi Brzezinski mpaka Januware 1998?
Mwachidule kudandaula kwa Tobin; Kudzitama kwa Brzezinski kuti akukopa Asoviet mu "msampha waku Afghanistan" kulibe maziko. Brzezinski adatero Chinachake koma chiyani- sizikudziwika, koma chilichonse chomwe ananena, palibe mbiri yakale ndipo sizinali zokwanira kukopa anthu aku Soviet Union ku Afghanistan chifukwa iye ndi Carter sanafune kuti Soviet abwenzenso chifukwa Ikhoza kusokoneza zokambirana ndi zokambirana za SALT II. Ndiye mkangano wonse ndi uti?
Lingaliro la a Tobin kuti Purezidenti wa United States ndi CIA yake sangayerekeze konse kulimbikitsa Nkhondo Yazizira pakati pa malo ankhanza otere, zitha kuwulula zambiri zakukondera kwa Conor Tobin kuposa kumvetsetsa kwake za malingaliro a Brzezinski omenyera anali onse . Kuwerenga nkhani yake ndikudutsagalasi loyang'ana kumalo ena komwe (kutanthauzira TE Lawrence) zowonadi zimasinthidwa ndikulota kwamasana ndipo olotawo akuchita nawo maso awo ali otseguka. Kuchokera pa zomwe takumana nazo ndi Afghanistan komanso anthu omwe adazichita, "ntchito yofunika ya Tobin pazambiri zamalamulo" (monga momwe tafotokozera kuchokera ku zomwe Todd Greentree adalemba) sizigwira ntchito m'mbiri konse.
Kuyang'ana mmbuyo pazomwe Brzezinski adavomereza mu 1998 sikufuna chinsinsi chachikulu chotsimikizira. Zoyeserera za Game Great pamsampha wamisampha yaku Afghanistani zinali zodziwika bwino panthawi yolanda aliyense amene amamvetsetsa mbiri yakufunika kwamderali.
A MS Agwani a Jawaharlal Nehru School of International Study adanenanso izi mu nkhani ya Okutobala-Disembala 1980 ya Schools Quarterly Journal potchula zinthu zingapo zovuta zomwe zimathandizira malingaliro aku Afghanistan kuti: "Zomwe tazindikira kuchokera pazomwe tafotokozazi ndi ziwiri. Choyamba, Soviet Union inali italowa mumsampha womwe adani ake anali nawo. Chifukwa chankhondo yake sichidapatse mwayi uliwonse pankhani yachitetezo cha Soviet chomwe sichinasangalale nawo muulamuliro wapitawo. M'malo mwake, imatha ndipo imakhudza momwe amathandizira ndi Dziko Lachitatu komanso makamaka mayiko achi Muslim. Kachiwiri, zomwe aku America achita polowererapo ku Soviet sizingatengeredwe ngati umboni wokhudzidwa kwenikweni ndi Washington zakutsogolo kwa Afghanistan. Ndizotheka kunena kuti zofunikira zake ku Gulf zitha kuthandizidwa bwino ndikumenyananso kwa Soviet ndi Afghanistan chifukwa chomalizirachi chitha kupezedwa mwayi kuthana ndi Soviet ochokera mdera limenelo. Zomwe zikuchitika ku Afghanistan zikuwonekeranso kuti zathandiza kuti United States iwonjezere kuchuluka kwa asitikali ake mozungulira Gulf mozungulira popanda kuyambitsa chiwonetsero chilichonse chovuta kuchokera kumayiko akutali. "[7]
Nthawi zonse akafunsidwa kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi awiri kuchokera pamene nkhani ya Nouvel Observateur idawonekera mpaka kumwalira kwake mu 2017, mayankho a Brzezinski pakumasulira molondola nthawi zambiri amasiyana malinga ndi kuvomereza mpaka kukanidwa kwinakwake komwe kuyenera kufunsa mafunso okhudzana kwambiri ndi kudalirika kwake ziwonetsero. Komabe a Conor Tobin adangotchula zokambirana za 2010 zokha ndi Paul Jay wa Real News Network [8] momwe Brzezinski adakana, kuti apange mlandu wake. Pofunsa izi mu 2006 ndi wopanga makanema Samira Goetschel[9] akuti ndi "kumasulira kwaulere," koma akuvomereza kwenikweni kuti pulogalamuyi yachinsinsi "mwina idalimbikitsa anthu aku Soviet Union kuti achite zomwe akufuna kuchita." Brzezinski adasinthiratu pazokhulupilira zake zomwe adazigwira kale (zomwe adagawana ndi neoconservatives) kuti kuyambira Asovieti anali akukonzekera kupita ku Afghanistan mulimonse ngati gawo laukatswiri wopezera hegemony ku Southwest Asia ndi mayiko omwe amapanga mafuta ku Gulf, [10] (udindo wokanidwa ndi Secretary of State Cyrus Vance) popeza kuti mwina anali kuyambitsa kuwukira sikunali kofunikira kwenikweni.
Atafotokoza tanthauzo la mawu enieni a Brzezinski, Tobin ndiye akutsutsa kukula ndi kuvomereza chiphunzitso cha ku Afghanistan makamaka chifukwa chodalira kwambiri "mbiri" ya Brzezinski yomwe adatsutsa potchula ma memos omwe Brzezinski adachita pambuyo pake onetsani nkhawa, osati mwayi, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti cholinga chake chinali kukopa anthu. ”[11] Koma kuthana ndi malingaliro odziwika bwino a Brzezinski osokoneza ubale wa US / Soviet paliponse ndikuphonya malingaliro a ntchito ya Brzezinski isanagwe Soviet Union. Kuvomereza kukana kwake pamtengo kumanyalanyaza udindo wake pakubweretsa zomwe zachitika pambuyo pa Vietnam neoconservative ajenda (wotchedwa Team B) ku White House osanenapo za mwayi wosinthiratu malingaliro akunja aku America kukhala malingaliro ake olimbana ndi Russia pokhumudwitsa Soviet panjira iliyonse.
Anne Hessing Cahn, yemwe ndi Scholar ku Residence ku University American yemwe adatumikira monga Chief of the Social Impact Staff ku Bungwe Loyang'anira Zida ndi Zida kuyambira 1977-81 ndi Wothandizira Wapadera kwa Wachiwiri Wothandizira Secretary of Defense 1980-81, anali ndi izi ponena za mbiri ya Brzezinski m'buku lake la 1998, Kupha zokongoletsa: “Pulezidenti Carter atamutcha Zbigniew Brzezinski kukhala mlangizi wake wachitetezo cha dziko, zidakonzedweratu kuti zokambirana ndi Soviet Union zakhala zovuta. Choyamba kudabwera malingaliro olimbana ndi zida zankhondo a Marichi 1977, omwe adachoka ku Pangano la Vladivostok[12] ndipo adawululidwa kwa atolankhani asadaperekedwe kwa Soviet. Pofika Epulo Carter anali kukakamiza ogwirizana ndi NATO kuti asinthe, akufuna kuti mamembala onse a NATO adzipereke kuti ayambe kuwonjezera ndalama zawo zachitetezo ndi 3% pachaka. M'chilimwe cha 1977 Carter's Presidential Review Memorandum-10[13]amafuna kuti 'tithe kupambana "pangabuke nkhondo, monganso zomwe zidagwirizana ndi malingaliro a Gulu B." [14]
Pasanathe chaka chimodzi atagwira ntchito Carter anali atalengeza kale ku Soviet Union kangapo kuti akutembenuza oyang'anira kuti asagwirizane nawo ndipo a Soviet amamvera. M'mawu omwe a Brzezinski adalembera ku Wake Forest University pa Marichi 17, 1978, "Carter adatsimikiziranso kuti aku America amathandizira SALT ndi kuwongolera zida, [koma] kamvekedwe kameneka kanali kosiyana kwambiri ndi chaka chathachi. Tsopano anaphatikiza ziyeneretso zonse zomwe Senator Jackson ndi a JCS adazikonda… Ponena za détente - liwu lomwe silinatchulidwepo pamalopo - mgwirizano ndi Soviet Union zinali zotheka kukwaniritsa zolinga zomwe onse anali nazo. 'Koma ngati alephera kuletsa mapulogalamu amisili kapena magulu ankhondo ena kapena kuwonetsa magulu ankhondo aku Soviet Union kapena mayiko ena m'maiko ena ndiye kuti thandizo ku United States lothandizana ndi Soviet Union lidzawonongeka.' ”
Asovieti adalandira uthengawu kuchokera kwa a Carter ndipo nthawi yomweyo adayankha mu mkonzi wa TAAS News Agency kuti: "'Zolinga zaku Soviet kunja' zidasokonezedwa ngati njira yopititsira patsogolo mpikisano wamagulu. '” [15]
Pamsonkhano wa Nobel pa Cold War kumapeto kwa chaka cha 1995, Harvard / MIT Senior Security Studies Advisor, Dr. Carol Saivetz adalankhula za chizolowezi chonyalanyaza kufunikira kwa malingaliro a Brzezinski pakupanga zisankho mu Cold War komanso chifukwa chake izi zidapangitsa izi kusamvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa zolinga za mbali iliyonse. "Zomwe ndidaphunzira m'masiku angapo apitawa ndikuti malingaliro - chinthu chomwe ife Kumadzulo omwe timalemba za mfundo zakunja kwa Soviet tidakonda kuchiona ngati chosakwanira ... Pomwe, lingaliro lamalingaliro - lingaliro lamalingaliro adziko lapansi, tiyeni kuyitanira - kunachita gawo lofunikira… Kaya Zbig anali wochokera ku Poland kapena kuchokera kwina, anali ndi malingaliro apadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo amakonda kutanthauzira zochitika momwe zimachitikira. Kumlingo wina, mantha ake adadzikwaniritsa okha maulosi. Amayang'ana pamitundu ina yamakhalidwe, ndipo adayiwona — moyenerera kapena molakwika. ”[16]
Kuti timvetsetse momwe "mantha" a Brzezinski adakhalira maulosi okhutiritsa ndikumvetsetsa momwe kulimba mtima kwake motsutsana ndi Asovieti ku Afghanistan kunadzetsa zotsatira zomwe amafuna ndikukhala wovomerezeka ngati mfundo zakunja zaku America mogwirizana ndi zolinga za Team B za neoconservative; "Kuwononga zokondera komanso kubweza mfundo zakunja kwa US kuti zithandizirenso kuchita zankhondo pakati pa Soviet Union."[17]
Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri sankaona ngati cholinga chenicheni chotsutsana ndi kulumikiza zolinga za Israeli ku Palestine ndi zolinga zaku America, njira ya Brzezinski yopanga maulosi omwe amakwaniritsa zofuna zawo komanso zolinga za gulu la neoconservative zomwe zimapangitsa kuti US isalimbane ndi Soviet Union idapeza cholinga chimodzi ku Afghanistan . Njira yomwe adagawana ngati asitikali ankhondo a Cold adakumana kuti adzaukire zokondera ndi SALT II ngati kuli kotheka pomwe akuwononga maziko amgwirizano uliwonse ndi Soviet. Pofunsa mafunso a 1993 omwe tidachita ndi wokambirana nawo za SALT II a Paul Warnke, adatsimikiza zomwe amakhulupirira kuti anthu aku Soviet Union akadapanda kulanda Afghanistan poyambilira ngati Purezidenti Carter sakadagonjetsedwa ndi Brzezinski komanso kudana ndi Team B pazomwe amachita komanso kusokoneza chidaliro cha Soviet kuti SALT II ivomerezedwe.[18] Brzezinski adawona kuwukira kwa Soviet ngati chitsimikiziro chachikulu chazonena zake kuti US idalimbikitsa ziwawa zaku Soviet Union kudzera mu mfundo zakunja zomwe zidapangitsa kuti akhale wolimba mtima mgulu la Carter. Koma anganene bwanji kuti akutsimikizira zomwe Soviet idachita pomwe adatenga gawo lofunikira pokwiyitsa zomwe adachitapo?[19]
Mlangizi wa sayansi a Purezidenti Dwight D. Eisenhower a George B. Kistiakowsky komanso omwe anali wachiwiri kwa wamkulu wa CIA, a Herbert Scoville adayankha funsoli mu Boston Globe Op-ed patangodutsa miyezi iwiri chichitikireni mwambowu. "Kunena zowona, zinali zomwe Purezidenti adachita kuti akondweretse omutsutsa andale kunyumba zomwe zidawononga kusakhazikika kwa maboma aku Soviet Union ... Zoyambitsa zomwe zidalimbikitsa mawu a olamulira ku Kremlin zidayamba posachedwa mgwirizano wa SALT II komanso kutsutsana ndi Soviet kwambiri pamalingaliro a Carter. Kuwonjezeka kwa chidwi chake chovomereza malingaliro a National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski kunapangitsa kuti kuyembekezera kulamulira ku United States ndi akabale kwa zaka zambiri zikubwerazi… ”[20]
M'nkhani ya Epulo 1981 m'nyuzipepala yaku Britain ya The Round Table, wolemba Dev Murarka akuwulula kuti Asovieti adakana kulowererapo pazankhondo khumi ndi zitatu atapemphedwa ndi boma la Afghanistan a Nur Mohammed Taraki ndi Hafizullah Amin - kudziwa kuti kulowererapo kunkhondo kudzapereka adani awo ndi zomwe anali kufuna. Ndi pempho lakhumi ndi chinayi pomwe anthu aku Soviet Union adatsata "pomwe amalandila ku Moscow kuti Amin adachita mgwirizano ndi gulu limodzi lomwe silinakhulupirire." Murarka akuwona kuti "Kuyang'anitsitsa zochitika za Soviet kulowererapo kumatsimikizira zinthu ziwiri. Choyamba, kuti lingaliro silinatengedwe mwachangu osaganizira moyenera. Chachiwiri, kuti kulowererapo sikunakonzekeretu zotsatira zakuchulukirachulukira kwa Soviet ku Afghanistan. Zikadatha kupeŵedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. ”[21]
Koma mmalo mopewedwa, zomwe zidachitika kuti Soviet iwonongeke zidalimbikitsidwa ndi kubisala komwe Carter, Brzezinski ndi CIA adachita mwachindunji komanso kudzera mwa oimira ena ku Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, ndi Egypt akuonetsetsa kuti kulowererapo kwa Soviet sikunapewe koma kulimbikitsidwa.
Kuonjezera apo kulibe kuwunika kwa Tobin ndichakuti aliyense amene adayesa kugwira ntchito ndi Brzezinski ku Carter White House - monga umboni wa zokambirana za SALT II a Paul Warnke ndi Wotsogolera wa Carter CIA a Stansfield Turner - adamudziwa kuti ndi nzika yaku Poland komanso munthu wanzeru.[22] Ndipo ngakhale Wopenya Watsopano kuyankhulana kunalibe sikungasinthe kulemera kwaumboni kuti popanda Brzezinski ndi Carter pobisalira komanso kuwakwiyitsa, a Soviets sakadawona kufunika kowoloka malire ndikuukira Afghanistan.
Mu nkhani ya Januware 8, 1972 mu New Yorker Magazine, yotchedwa Kuganizira: Mowopsya Kuti Muope,[23] Senator J. William Fulbright adalongosola njira zopangira njira zopewera nkhondo zopanda malire zomwe zidapangitsa kuti US ipitirire ku Vietnam. "Chodabwitsa kwambiri pamaganizidwe a Cold War ndikusintha kopanda tanthauzo kwa anthu omwe amafunsira milandu kwa omwe akuwafunsa ... Cold Warriors, m'malo mongonena momwe adadziwira kuti Vietnam ndi gawo la malingaliro pa Communization ya dziko lapansi, adagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zokambirana pagulu kuti athe kufunsa okayikira kuti asatero. Ngati okayikira sangakwanitse ndiye kuti nkhondoyo ipitilira, kutha ndiye kuti kungasokoneze chitetezo cha dziko mosasamala. ”
Fulbright adazindikira kuti a Cold Warriors a Washington omwe sankafuna kusintha zinthu anali atasintha mfundo zomenyera nkhondo pomaliza kuti, "Tafika pachimvekere: nkhondo ndi njira yanzeru komanso yodekha mpaka mlandu wamtendere utsimikizidwe pansi pa malamulo osatheka aumboni - kapena mpaka mdaniyo adzipereka. Anthu anzeru sangathe kuchitirana zinthu motere. ”
Koma "amuna" awa ndi machitidwe awo anali amalingaliro; Osachita mwanzeru komanso chidwi chawo chofuna kupititsa patsogolo udindo wawo wogonjetsa chikomyunizimu cha Soviet chinakulirakulira chifukwa cha kutha kwa nkhondo yaku Vietnam mu 1975. Chifukwa cha Brzezinski, mfundo zaku US zopanga oyang'anira a Carter ku Afghanistan, SALT, détente ndi Soviet Union adakhala kunja kwa gawo la zomwe zidachitika pakupanga mfundo zamalamulo mu kayendetsedwe ka Nixon ndi Ford pomwe adatengeka ndi mphamvu yowopsa ya Team B yomwe idayamba kulamulidwa panthawiyo.
Tobin amanyalanyaza kulumikizana kochititsa chidwi kumeneku kwa akatswiri amalingaliro ofanana nawo. Amalimbikira kudalira mbiri yovomerezeka kuti afike pamapeto pake koma kenako amanyalanyaza momwe zolembedwazo zidapangidwira ndi Brzezinski ndikukopeka ndi gulu la Washington la neoconservatives kuti lipereke ulosi wawo wofuna kudzikwaniritsa. Kenako amatenga mfundo zomwe zimalimbikitsa malingaliro ake odana ndi Afghanistan ndikunyalanyaza kuchuluka kwa maumboni ochokera kwa iwo omwe amatsutsana ndi zoyesayesa za Brzezinski zowongolera nkhaniyi ndikupatula malingaliro otsutsana.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wambiri Brzezinski adasintha udindo wa mlangizi wachitetezo chadziko kupitilira momwe amafunira. Pokonzekera zokambirana ndi Purezidenti Carter ku St. Simon Island asanalowe ku White House adalamulira pakupanga mfundo pochepetsa mwayi wopita kwa purezidenti mpaka ma komiti awiri (Policy Review Committee PRC, ndi Special Coordinating Committee SCC). Kenako adalamula kuti Carter atumize mphamvu pa CIA kupita ku SCC yomwe adamuyang'anira. Pamsonkhano woyamba wa nduna atayamba kugwira ntchito Carter adalengeza kuti akukweza mlangizi wachitetezo cha dziko pamalowo ndipo kutseka kwa Brzezinski kwatha. Malinga ndi wasayansi yandale komanso wolemba David J. Rothkopf, "Kunali kuwukira koyamba kwaudindo koyambirira. Makinawa amapatsa Brzezinski udindo wofunika kwambiri komanso wovuta. ” [24]
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wina wamaphunziro,[25] kwa zaka zinayi Brzezinski nthawi zambiri ankachita zinthu popanda chidziwitso kapena kuvomerezedwa ndi purezidenti; anatenga mauthenga omwe anatumizidwa ku White House padziko lonse lapansi ndipo anasankha mosamala mauthenga okhawo a purezidenti kuti awone zomwe zikugwirizana ndi malingaliro ake. Komiti Yake Yogwirizanitsa Yapadera, SCC inali ntchito yophikira mbaula yomwe inangogwira ntchito yake ndi kukana zidziwitso ndi mwayi kwa iwo omwe angamutsutse, kuphatikiza Secretary of State Cyrus Vance ndi Director wa CIA Stansfield Turner. Monga membala wa nduna adakhala muofesi ya White House mozungulira malo olandirira alendo kuchokera ku Oval Office ndipo amakumana pafupipafupi ndi Purezidenti, osunga zolemba m'nyumba adasiya kuyang'anira misonkhano.[26] Pogwirizana ndi Purezidenti Carter, amalemba zilembo zitatu pamisonkhanoyi ndikumapereka kwa purezidenti pamasom'pamaso.[27] Adagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zapaderazi kuti adziwonetse yekha ngati wolankhulira wamkulu wazoyang'anira komanso chopinga pakati pa White House ndi alangizi ena a Purezidenti ndipo adafika mpaka polemba mlembi wa atolankhani kuti apereke zisankho zake ku Mainstream Media.
Anatinso kuti adakhazikitsanso mgwirizano ndi China mu Meyi 1978 mu anti-Soviet zomwe zidatsutsana ndi mfundo zaku US panthawiyo pomwe amadziwika kuti adasocheretsa purezidenti pazinthu zovuta kuti abwezere zifukwa zake zabodza.[28]
Ndiye zidagwira bwanji ku Afghanistan?
Tobin akukana lingaliro loti Brzezinski angalangize Carter kuti azitsatira mwakhama mfundo zomwe zingaike pangozi SALT ndi détente, zomwe zingaike pangozi kampeni yake yosankha ndikuwopseza Iran, Pakistan ndi Persian Gulf polowerera Soviet mtsogolo - chifukwa ku Tobin "ndizosatheka. ”[29]
Pofuna kutsimikizira kuti Brzezinski amakhulupirira kuti dziko la Soviet linali lofuna kulanda Middle East kudzera ku Afghanistan, Tobin anatchula momwe Brzezinski “anakumbutsira Carter za 'chikhalidwe cha Russia chakumwera, ndipo anamuuza mwatsatanetsatane zomwe Molotov anapempha Hitler kumapeto kwa 1940 kuti Anazi azindikira zonena za Soviet zakuti ndiwotchuka m'chigawo chakumwera kwa Batum ndi Baku. '”Koma a Tobin alephera kunena kuti zomwe Brzezinski adauza purezidenti ngati umboni wa zolinga za Soviet ku Afghanistan anali kutanthauzira kolakwika kodziwika bwino[30] za zomwe Hitler ndi Nduna Zakunja Joachim von Ribbentropp adafunsapo kwa Molotov-ndipo zomwe Molotov anakana. Mwanjira ina, zosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe Brzezinski adapereka kwa Carter — komabe Tobin amanyalanyaza izi.
Kuyambira pomwe Afghanistan idalengeza kudzilamulira kuchokera ku Britain mu 1919 mpaka "Marxist coup" ya 1978 cholinga chachikulu cha mfundo zakunja kwa Soviet chinali kusunga ubale wabwino koma wosamala ndi Afghanistan, ndikupulumutsa zofuna za Soviet.[31] Kuphatikizidwa kwa US nthawi zonse kunali kocheperako pomwe US idayimilidwa ndi mabungwe ogwirizana Pakistan ndi Iran m'derali. Pofika zaka za m'ma 1970 US idaganiziranso kuti dzikolo lakhala lili m'manja mwa Soviet pomwe defacto idasainidwa ndi izi koyambilira kwa Cold War. [32] Monga akatswiri awiri aku America kwanthawi yayitali ku Afghanistan adalongosola mwachidule mu 1981, "Mphamvu zaku Soviet Union zinali zazikulu koma sizowopsa mpaka 1978."[33] Mosiyana ndi zomwe Brzezinski adanena kuti Soviet idapangidwa bwino, Secretary of State Cyrus Vance sanawone umboni uliwonse woti a Moscow agwirizane ndi 78'kulanda boma lapitalo koma umboni wambiri wotsimikizira kuti kulanda boma kudawadabwitsa.[34] M'malo mwake zikuwoneka kuti mtsogoleri woukira boma Hafizullah Amin adawopa kuti a Soviet akadamuletsa akanazindikira chiwembucho. A Selig Harrison alemba kuti, "Zomwe zatsimikiziridwa ndi umboni womwe ulipo ndi imodzi mwazosintha zomwe Soviet idachita pakagwa zinthu zosayembekezereka ... Pambuyo pake, a KGB 'adazindikira kuti malangizo a Amin onena za kuwukiraku anaphatikizira kuletsa anthu aku Russia zochita zomwe ndakonza. '”[35]
Moscow idaganiza kuti Hafizullah Amin akugwirizana ndi CIA ndikumutcha kuti "'bourgeois wamba wamba komanso wokonda kwambiri dziko la Pashtu ... wokhala ndi zokhumba zandale zopanda malire komanso wolakalaka ulamuliro,' zomwe 'angaweramire pachilichonse ndikupanga milandu iliyonse kuti akwaniritse.' ”[36] Kumayambiriro kwa Meyi 1978 a Soviet adakonza njira yoti amuchotsere m'malo mwake ndipo pofika chilimwe cha 1979 amalumikizana ndi omwe sanali achikominisi a boma la King ndi a Mohammed Daoud kuti apange boma "losakhala la chikominisi, kapena laboma kuti lichite bwino Boma la Taraki-Amin, ”nthawi yonseyi ikudziwitsa a Bruce Amstutz za kazembe wa US.[37]
Kwa ena omwe adakumana ndi zomwe zidachitika pakuukira kwa Soviet, palibe kukayikira kuti Brzezinski amafuna kukweza ndalama za Soviet ku Afghanistan ndipo wakhala akuchita izi kuyambira Epulo wa 1978 mothandizidwa ndi achi China. Panthawi yomwe Brzezinski adatumikira ku China patangotha milungu ingapo kuchokera pamene olamulira a Marx adatenga ulamuliro ku Afghanistan, adadzutsa nkhani yothandizira aku China pothana ndi zomwe Marxist adachita. [38]
Pochirikiza lingaliro lake loti Brzezinski sanali kuyambitsa kuwukira kwa Soviet, a Tobin anatchula zolemba kuchokera kwa wamkulu wa NSC ku South Asia Affairs, a Thomas Thornton pa Meyi 3, 1978 akuti "a CIA sankafuna kuchita zobisa"[39] panthawiyo ndikuchenjeza pa Julayi 14, kuti "asalimbikitsidwe" ndi "omwe akukonza chiwembu."[40] Chochitika chenichenicho chomwe Thornton akunena chokhudza kukhudzana ndi wamkulu wachiwiri wankhondo waku Afghanistan yemwe adafufuza ofesi ya kazembe waku US a Bruce Amstutz ngati US ingathandizire kugwetsa "boma la Marxist" la Nur Mohammed Taraki ndi Hafizullah Amin.
Kenako Tobin akutchula chenjezo la a Thornton kwa a Brzezinski kuti zotsatira za "kuthandizira ... zitha kuyitanitsa anthu ambiri ku Soviet Union," ndipo akuwonjezera kuti Brzezinski adalemba "inde" m'mphepete mwake.
Tobin akuganiza kuti chenjezo lochokera ku Thornton ndi umboni winanso wosonyeza kuti Brzezinski anali kuletsa anthu kuchita zinthu zosonyeza kukwiya posonyeza "inde" ku chenjezo lake. Koma zomwe Brzezinski amatanthauza polemba m'mphepete ndikulingalira kwa wina aliyense, makamaka chifukwa chakusemphana kwandale kwake pankhani yokhazikitsa bata ndi kazembe yemwe akubwera ku US Adolph Dubs yemwe adafika nawonso mu Julayi.
"Ndingokuwuzani kuti Brzezinski adalimbanadi ndi mfundo zaku America zaku Afghanistan mu 1978 ndi 79 pakati pa mtolankhani komanso wophunzira wa Brzezinski ndi Dubs" Selig Harrison adatiuza poyankhulana komwe tidachita mu 1993. "Dubs anali katswiri waku Soviet… ali ndi malingaliro otsogola kwambiri pazomwe adzachite pandale; chomwe chinali kuyesa kupanga Amin kukhala Tito - kapena chinthu choyandikira kwambiri kwa Tito - kuti amuchotse. Ndipo Brzezinski amaganiza kuti zonsezo ndi zamkhutu… Ma Dub amayimira mfundo yosafuna kuti US itenge nawo mbali pothandiza magulu otsutsana chifukwa amayesetsa kuthana ndi atsogoleri achikomyunizimu aku Afghanistan ndikuwapatsa thandizo lachuma komanso zinthu zina zomwe zitha kuyithandiza kuti isadalire kwambiri Soviet Union… Tsopano Brzezinski akuyimira njira ina, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zonse zinali mbali ya ulosi wodziyendetsa wokha. Zinali zothandiza kwambiri kwa anthu omwe, monga Brzezinski anali ndi lingaliro lina la ubale wonse ndi Soviet Union. ”[41]
M'buku lake ndi Diego Cordovez Kuchokera ku Afghanistan, Harrison akukumbukira kuchezera kwake ndi a Dubs mu Ogasiti 1978 ndipo momwe miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yotsatira kulimbana kwawo ndi Brzezinski kudamupangitsa moyo kukhala wovuta kwambiri komanso wowopsa kuti atsatire mfundo za State department. "Brzezinski ndi Dubs anali kugwira ntchito mosagwirizana kumapeto kwa 1978 komanso koyambirira kwa 1979." Harrison akulemba. "Kulamulira ntchito zachinsinsi kunathandiza Brzezinski kuyamba kuchita zinthu zankhanza zotsutsana ndi Soviet Afghanistan popanda a Dipatimenti Yadziko kudziwa zambiri za izi."[42]
Malinga ndi "Post Profile" ya State department ya 1978 pantchito ya kazembe, Afghanistan idalingaliridwa kuti ndi gawo lovuta "kuthana ndi zosayembekezereka - mwina zachiwawa - zandale zomwe zikukhudza kukhazikika kwa deralo ... Monga Chief of mission, ndi mabungwe asanu ndi atatu osiyanasiyana, pafupifupi 150 akuluakulu aku America, kumadera akutali komanso opanda thanzi, ”ntchito ya kazembeyo inali yowopsa mokwanira. Koma ndi kazembe Dubs motsutsana mwachindunji ndi chinsinsi chamkati cha Brzezinski chazisokonezo zidayamba kupha. A Dub anali akudziwilatu kuyambira pachiyambi kuti pulogalamu yopitiliza kukhazikitsayi itha kupangitsa kuti anthu aku Soviet Union alande ndikufotokozera njira yake ku Selig Harrison. "Chinyengo ku United States, adatero [a Dubs] ndikuchulukitsa mosamala thandizo ndi maulalo ena popanda kukakamiza Amin komanso kulowererapo kunkhondo."[43]
Malinga ndi wofufuza wakale wa CIA a Henry Bradsher, a Dubs adayesa kuchenjeza a department ya State kuti kusokoneza maboma kungabweretse Soviet. Asanapite ku Kabul adalimbikitsa oyang'anira a Carter kuti azikonzekera zadzidzidzi zankhondo yankhondo yaku Soviet Union ndipo patangopita miyezi ingapo kuti afike anabwereza zomwe ananena. Koma Dipatimenti Yaboma idalibe ntchito ya Brzezinski, pempho la a Dubs silinatengedwe mozama.[44]
Pofika koyambirira kwa 1979 mantha ndi chisokonezo chofuna kudziwa ngati Hafizullah Amin anali kugwira ntchito mwachinsinsi ku CIA, atasokoneza kazembe wa US, Ambassador Dubs adakumana ndi mkulu wawo ndikufunsa mayankho, koma adangouzidwa kuti Amin sanagwirepo ntchito CIA.[45] Koma mphekesera zoti Amin adalumikizana ndi Intelligence Directorate waku Pakistan ISI komanso Asilamu aku Afghanistan omwe amathandizidwa nawo, makamaka a Gulbuddin Hekmatyar ndiowona.[46] Ngakhale panali zopinga Dubs adapitilizabe kupititsa patsogolo mapulani ake ndi Hafizullah Amin motsutsana ndi kukakamizidwa koonekeratu kochokera kwa Brzezinski ndi NSC yake. Harrison akulemba. "Pakadali pano a Dubs anali kutsutsana mwamphamvu kuti asankhe zotseguka ku America, ndikupempha kuti kusakhazikika kwa boma kuyambitsa kulowererapo kwa Soviet."[47]
Harrison akupitiliza kunena kuti; "Brzezinski adatsimikiza poyankhulana atachoka ku White House kuti adatsata malamulo a Purezidenti panthawiyo kuti asapereke thandizo kwa zigawenga zaku Afghanistan [zomwe zawululidwa kale kuti sizowona]. Popeza panalibe choletsa pakuthandizira kwinaKomabe, CIA idalimbikitsa a Zia Ul-Haq omwe akhazikika kumene kuti akhazikitse pulogalamu yawo yothandizira asitikali. A CIA ndi Pakistani Interservices Intelligence Directorate (ISI) adati, adagwira ntchito limodzi pakupanga maphunziro a zigawenga komanso kulumikizana ndi thandizo la China, Saudi Arabia, Egypt ndi Kuwaiti lomwe lidayamba kulowa. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa February 1979, izi Mgwirizanowu unakhala chinsinsi pamene Washington Post inafalitsa [February 2] lipoti la mboni yoona ndi maso kuti pafupifupi anthu zikwi ziwiri aku Afghanistan akuphunzitsidwa m'malo omwe kale anali Asitikali aku Pakistani omwe amayang'aniridwa ndi oyang'anira aku Pakistani. "[48]
A David Newsom, Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs omwe adakumana ndi boma latsopano la Afghanistan mchilimwe cha 1978 adauza Harrison, "Kuyambira pachiyambi, Zbig anali ndi malingaliro otsutsana kwambiri pankhaniyi kuposa Vance ndipo ambiri a ife ku State. Adaganiza kuti tikuyenera kuchita china mobisa kuti tisokoneze zikhumbo zaku Soviet Union mdziko lino. Nthawi zina sindinali ndekha ndikufunsa mafunso za nzeru ndi kuthekera kwa zomwe akufuna kuchita. ” Mwachitsanzo, Mtsogoleri wa CIA Stansfield Turner, '"anali wochenjera kuposa Zbig, nthawi zambiri ankanena kuti china sichingagwire ntchito. Zbig sanadandaule zakukwiyitsa anthu aku Russia, monga ena a ife tinaliri… ”[49]
Ngakhale atazindikira kuphedwa kwa kazembe Dubs pa 14 February pa manja a apolisi aku Afghanistan ngati kusintha kwakukulu kwa Brzezinski kuti asinthe mfundo zaku Afghanistan pomenyana ndi Soviet, Tobin amapewa seweroli lomwe linapangitsa kuti a Dubs aphedwe, kulimbana kwake ndi Brzezinski ndi mantha ake owonekera poyera kuti kupangitsa Soviet kuyambika kudzateteza.[50]
Pofika kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1979 meme ya "Russia yaku Vietnam" inali kufalikira kwambiri munyuzipepala yapadziko lonse lapansi ngati umboni woti aku China akuthandiza zigawenga zaku Afghanistan udayamba kufalikira. Nkhani ya Epulo mu Magazini ya Canada ya MacLean inanena zakupezeka kwa oyang'anira asitikali aku China komanso alangizi ku Pakistan kuphunzitsa ndi kuphunzitsa "zigawenga zamapiko akumanja zaku Afghanistan Moslem 'nkhondo yawo yoyera' yolimbana ndi boma la Kabul lobwerera ku Moscow la Noor Mohammed Taraki."[51] Nkhani ya Meyi 5 mu Washington Post yotchedwa "Afghanistan: Vietnam ya Moscow?" adapita mpaka pomwepo, nati, "lingaliro la Soviet kuti achotse kwathunthu silikupezeka. Zakanika. ”[52]
Koma ngakhale akunena kuti ali ndiudindo mu Wowonera Watsopano , lingaliro loti anthu aku Russia asasunthike ku Afghanistan atha kale kukhala cholakwika chomwe Brzezinski adangogwiritsa ntchito. Mu 1996 yake Kuchokera ku Mithunzi, wamkulu wakale wa CIA a Robert Gates ndi thandizo la Brzezinski ku NSC akutsimikizira kuti CIA inali pamlanduwu asanafike anthu aku Soviet Union akufuna kuwukira. "Oyang'anira a Carter adayamba kuyang'ana kuthekera kwachinsinsi kwa zigawenga zotsutsana ndi boma la pro-Soviet, Marxist la Purezidenti Taraki koyambirira kwa 1979. Pa Marichi 9, 1979, CIA idatumiza njira zingapo zobisalira zokhudzana ndi Afghanistan ku SCC … DO idadziwitsa DDCI Carlucci kumapeto kwa Marichi kuti boma la Pakistan lingakhale lotsogola kwambiri pankhani yothandiza zigawengazo kuposa momwe amakhulupirira kale, potengera zomwe mkulu wina waku Pakistani adakumana ndi wamkulu wa Agency. ”[53]
Kupatula pazolinga zandale zomwe zimakhudzana ndi malingaliro a Brzezinski, zomwe Gates adanenazi zikuwonekeranso zina zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu aku Afghanistan agwire izi: Zolinga zakanthawi yayitali zamankhwala osokoneza bongo pamalonda a opiamu komanso zofuna za Pakistani General zomwe zidapangitsa kuti msampha wa Afghanistan ukhale msampha zenizeni.
Mu 1989 Lieutenant General Fazle Haq adadzinena kuti ndi mkulu ku Pakistani yemwe adalimbikitsa Brzezinski kuti athandizire makasitomala a ISI ndikupanga opareshoni yothandizira zigawenga zomwe zikuchitika. "Ndidauza Brzezinski kuti mwakumana ku Vietnam ndi Korea; kulibwino uzipeza nthawi ino "adauza mtolankhani waku Britain a Christina Lamb poyankhulana ndi bukulo, Kuyembekezera Allah.[54]
M'malo mopulumutsa Brzezinski paudindo uliwonse wokopa anthu aku Soviet Union mumsampha waku Afghanistan, kuvomereza kwa Haq mu 1989 kuphatikiza chidziwitso cha Gates 1996 kumatsimikizira kufunitsitsa kwawo kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopezera anthu aku Soviet Union pomenyera nkhondo kenako ndikugwiritsa ntchito yankho limenelo kuyambitsa gulu lankhondo lalikulu Kupititsa patsogolo zomwe zidatchulidwa pakuyankha kwa Soviet ku adilesi ya Carter ya Wake Forest mu Marichi 1978. Ikugwirizananso zolinga za Fazle Haq kwa Purezidenti Carter ndi Brzezinski ndipo potero, zimapanga zida zonse zofalitsira mankhwala osokoneza bongo zomwe Carter adachita "Njira zomwe boma limapereka popewa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kuzembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo."
Chakumapeto kwa 1977 Dr. David Musto, a psychiatrist adavomereza kusankhidwa kwa Carter ku White House Strategy Council on Abuse Abuse. "Kwa zaka ziwiri zotsatira, Musto adapeza kuti CIA ndi mabungwe ena azamalamulo adakana khonsoloyi - omwe mamembala ake anali mlembi wa boma komanso loya wamkulu-mwayi wopeza zidziwitso zonse zazamankhwala, ngakhale zinali zofunikira kukhazikitsa mfundo zatsopano. ”
Musto atadziwitsa a White House zamabodza za CIA zakukhudzidwa kwawo sanayankhidwe. Koma Carter atayamba kupereka ndalama poyera mujahideen zigawenga kutsatira kuwukira kwa Soviet Musto adauza khonsolo. "'[T] chipewa tinali kupita ku Afghanistan kukathandiza alimi a opiamu pakupandukira kwawo Soviet. Kodi sitiyenera kuyesetsa kupewa zomwe tidachita ku Laos? Kodi sitiyenera kulipira alimi ngati athetsa opiamu yawo? Kunali chete. ' Heroin yochokera ku Afghanistan ndi Pakistan itafika ku America mu 1979, Musto ananena kuti anthu amene amwalira chifukwa cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo ku New York City akwera ndi 77 peresenti. ”[55]
Heroin wa Golden Triangle anali atapereka chinsinsi chothandizira pantchito zotsutsana ndi achikomyunizimu za CIA munkhondo ya Vietnam. "Pofika mu 1971, 34% ya asitikali aku US ku South Vietnam anali osokoneza bongo a heroin - onse ataperekedwa kuchokera kuma laboratories oyendetsedwa ndi chuma cha CIA."[56] Chifukwa cha Dr. David Musto, kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Haq kugulitsa heroin ku Tribal kuti apereke ndalama mwachinsinsi kwa magulu opanduka a Gulbuddin Hekmatyar kudawululidwa kale, koma chifukwa cha Fazle Haq, Zbigniew Brzezinski ndi bambo wotchedwa Agha Hassan Abedi ndi Bank of Commerce ndi Credit International, malamulo amasewera adasinthidwa kukhala akunja. [57]
Pofika 1981, Haq anali atapangitsa malire a Afghanistan / Pakistan kukhala wopereka ma heroin apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi 60% ya ma heroin aku US akubwera kudzera mu pulogalamu yake[58]ndipo pofika 1982 Interpol inali pamndandanda wothandizana ndi Brzezinski Fazle Haq ngati wogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo wapadziko lonse lapansi.[59]
Pambuyo pa Vietnam, Haq adapatsidwa mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito kusinthana kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuchokera ku Southeast Asia ndi Golden Triangle kupita ku South Central Asia ndi Golden Crescent, komwe kudatetezedwa ndi anzeru aku Pakistani ndi CIA ndi komwe kukukulira lero.[60]
Haq ndi Abedi pamodzi anasintha malonda a mankhwala osokoneza bongo motetezedwa ndi nkhondo ya Purezidenti Carter yolimbana ndi Soviet Afghanistan zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mabungwe onse anzeru padziko lapansi asungitse zomwe zinali zamaboma mobisa. Ndipo ndi Abedi yemwe adabweretsa wopuma pantchito Purezidenti Carter ngati mtsogoleri wake kulembetsa pamaso pazinthu zosavomerezeka za banki yake pomwe ikupitiliza kulipira ndalama za uchigawenga wachisilamu padziko lonse.
Pali ambiri omwe amakonda kukhulupirira kuti kutenga nawo mbali kwa Purezidenti Carter ndi Agha Hassan Abedi kudachitika chifukwa chaumbuli kapena naiveté ndikuti mumtima mwake Purezidenti Carter amangoyesera kukhala munthu wabwino. Koma ngakhale kuwunika mwachidule kwa BCCI kuwulula kulumikizana kwakukulu ndi bwalo la Carter Democratic Party lomwe silingafotokozeredwe ndiumbuli.[61] Zitha kufotokozedwanso ndi chinyengo choyerekeza komanso kwa purezidenti kuti mpaka lero akukana kuyankha mafunso aliwonse za izi.
Kwa mamembala ena a Carter White House omwe adalumikizana ndi Brzezinski pazaka zake zinayi akuyendetsa kuyambira 1977 mpaka 1981 cholinga chake chokwiyitsa anthu aku Russia kuti achite china ku Afghanistan sichinali chovuta. Malinga ndi a John Helmer Wogwira ntchito ku White House yemwe anapatsidwa udindo wofufuza malingaliro awiri a Brzezinski kwa Carter, Brzezinski akhoza kuyika pachiwopsezo chilichonse chomwe chingafooketse Soviet ndi zomwe akuchita ku Afghanistan zinali zodziwika bwino.
“Brzezinski anali wodana kwambiri ndi Russia mpaka kumapeto. Izi zidapangitsa kuti Carter alepheretse udindo wawo; chidani chomwe Brzezinski anatulutsa chinali ndi vuto lomwe likupitilizabe kuwononga dziko lonse lapansi. ” Helmer adalemba mu 2017, "Kwa Brzezinski akuyamikiridwa chifukwa choyambitsa zovuta zambiri - bungwe, ndalama, ndi zida za mujahideen omwe amatsenga achisilamu omwe asintha - ndi ndalama ndi manja aku US akadali - m'magulu achigawenga achi Islam omwe akugwira ntchito kutali ndi Afghanistan ndi Pakistan, komwe Brzezinski anaziyambira. ”[62]
A Helmer ananenetsa kuti Brzezinski anali ndi mphamvu zochulukirapo kuposa Carter zomwe zinamupangitsa kuti agwirizane ndi malingaliro a Brzezinski pomwe amamuchititsa khungu ku zotsatira zoyambira utsogoleri wake. “Kuyambira pachiyambi… m'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yoyambirira ya 1977, Carter adachenjezedwanso momveka bwino ndi antchito ake, mkati mwa White House… kuti asalole Brzezinski kuti azilamulira pakupanga mfundo zake kupatula upangiri wina uliwonse, komanso kufafaniza umboni wothandiziridwiratu. ” Komabe chenjezo lidagwera pa makutu a Carter pomwe udindo wa zomwe Brzezinski adachita uli pamapewa ake. Malinga ndi Mtsogoleri wa CIA wa Carter Stansfield Turner; “Udindo waukulu ndi wa Jimmy Carter. Ayenera kukhala Purezidenti amene amasefa uphungu wosiyanasiyana umenewu. ” [63] Koma mpaka lero Carter akukana kunena za udindo wake pakupanga tsoka lomwe Afghanistan yasintha.
Mu 2015 tidayamba kugwira ntchito yolemba kuti tithetse bwino mafunso ena omwe sanatchulidwe okhudzana ndi gawo la America ku Afghanistan ndipo tidalumikizananso ndi Dr. Charles Cogan poyankhulana. Kamera itangogudubuza, Cogan adasokoneza kuti atiuze adayankhula ndi Brzezinski mchaka cha 2009 cha 1998 Wopenya Watsopano adafunsidwa ndipo adasokonezeka kudziwa kuti "malingaliro aku Afghanistan" monga adanenera a Brzezinski adalidi ovomerezeka.[64]
“Ndinakambirana naye. Uwu unali mwambo wa a Samuel Huntington. Brzezinski analipo. Sindinakumaneko naye kale ndipo ndinapita kwa iye ndikudziwonetsera ndipo ndinati ndikuvomereza zonse zomwe mukunena komanso kupatula chinthu chimodzi. Munayankhulana ndi Nouvel Observateur zaka zingapo zapitazo kuti tinayamwitsa Soviet ku Afghanistan. Ndidati sindinamvepo kapena kuvomereza lingalirolo ndipo adati kwa ine, 'Muyenera kuti mudakhala ndi malingaliro anu kuchokera ku Agency koma tidali ndi malingaliro osiyana ndi a White House,' ndipo adanenetsa kuti izi zinali zolondola. Ndipo ndidakali… momwemonso ndimomwe amaonera. Koma sindinakhumudwe pomwe ndinali Chief Near East South Asia panthawi yankhondo yaku Afghanistan yolimbana ndi Soviet.
Pamapeto pake zikuwoneka kuti Brzezinski adakopa Asovieti kulowa kwawo ku Vietnam ndi cholinga ndipo amafuna kuti mnzake - ngati m'modzi mwa akuluakulu aku CIA kuti atenge nawo mbali pazamphamvu zaku America kuyambira pa WWII - kuti adziwe. Brzezinski anali atagwiritsa ntchito dongosololi kuti akwaniritse zolinga zake ndipo adatha kuzisunga mwachinsinsi komanso kuti zisachitike. Adakopa anthu aku Soviet Union mumsampha waku Afghanistan ndipo anali atakopeka ndi nyambo.
Kwa Brzezinski, kupangitsa Soviet kuti ilande Afghanistan inali mwayi wosintha mgwirizano wa Washington kuti ukhale wolimba motsutsana ndi Soviet Union. Popanda kuyang'aniridwa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mobisa ngati mpando wa SCC, adapanga zofunikira kuti akhumudwitse kuyankha kodzitchinjiriza kwa Soviet komwe adagwiritsa ntchito ngati umboni wakukulirakulira kwa Soviet ndikugwiritsa ntchito atolankhani, omwe amawalamulira, kutsimikizira izi, potero amapanga ulosi wokhutiritsa. Komabe, njira yake yokokomeza yabodza ndi zabodza zantchito yake yobisika itavomerezedwa, adapeza nyumba m'mabungwe aku America ndipo akupitilizabe kuzunza malowa mpaka pano. Ndondomeko zaku US kuyambira nthawi imeneyo zakhala zikuchitika mokomera anthu achi Russia opambana omwe amaputa zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi kenako ndikupeza chisokonezo. Ndipo Brzezinski anadandaula atazindikira kuti sangathe kuzimitsa.
Mu 2016, chaka chimodzi asanamwalire Brzezinski adawululira mwakuya m'nkhani yotchedwa “Padziko Lonse” kuchenjeza kuti "United States idakali gulu lamphamvu zandale, zachuma, komanso zankhondo padziko lonse lapansi, koma chifukwa chakuyenda kosasunthika pazandale, sichilinso mphamvu yachifumu yapadziko lonse lapansi. ” Koma atatha zaka zambiri akuwona zolakwika zaku America zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zachifumu, adazindikira kuti maloto ake otsogozedwa ndi America kukhala dziko latsopano sadzakhalaponso. Ngakhale anali wosagwiritsa ntchito zida zake zachifumu kuti akope ma Soviet ku Afghanistan, sanayembekezere kuti Ufumu wake wokondedwa waku America ugwere mumsampha womwewo ndipo pamapeto pake adakhala nthawi yayitali kuti amvetsetse kuti apambana kupambana kwa Pyrrhic.
Chifukwa chiyani a Conor Tobin atha kufafaniza umboni wotsutsa wokhudzana ndi zomwe US idachita pomenya nkhondo yaku Soviet Union mu 1979 TSOPANO?
Malingana ndi zomwe zachitika m'mbiri ya anthu kudzera mu zoyesayesa za a Conor Tobin kuti apange "malingaliro a Afghan Trap" ndikuwunikiranso Zbigniew Brzezinski komanso zomwe Purezidenti Carter adanenazi ndizowonekeratu. Kunyozetsa Brzezinski's Wopenya Watsopano kuyankhulana sikokwanira ntchito yake poganizira zokambirana zathu za 2015 ndi wamkulu wakale wa CIA a Charles Cogan komanso umboni wochuluka womwe umatsutsana kwathunthu ndi malingaliro ake a "Afghan Trap".
Kodi Tobin anali "wophunzira yekhayo" yemwe anali ndi chidwi chofuna kuyeretsa mbiri ya Brzezinski yoti adzabereka ana pasukulupo kuyesetsa kwake kungakhale chinthu chimodzi. Koma kuti aike malingaliro ake ochepa mu nyuzipepala yovomerezeka yamaphunziro apadziko lonse monga kulingaliranso kotsimikizika kwa kuwukira kwa Soviet ku Afghanistan kumapempha malingaliro. Koma, zomwe zidachitika pakuwukira kwa Soviet, zomwe Purezidenti Carter adakonzekereratu, kuyankha kwake kopusa komanso kutenga nawo gawo pambuyo pulezidenti ndi wogwirizira ndalama wa CIA Agha Hassan Abedi, sizongoganizira chabe.
Mwa maumboni onse otsutsa chiphunzitso cha Tobin chotsutsana ndi Afghan Trap, zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri komanso zovuta kwa oyang'anira 'nkhani zantchito' yokhudza zomwe US idachita polowa Afghanistan ku Afghanistan zikadali mtolankhani Vincent Jauvert wa 1998 Kuyankhulana kwa Nouvel Observateur. Kaya kuyesayesa kofufutaku ndiye chifukwa chomwe nkhani ya Conor Tobin idatsimikizirabe. Zikuwoneka kuti mtunda wapakati pano ndi imfa ya Brzezinski udawonetsa kuti inali nthawi yoyenera kufotokozeranso zomwe ananena pagulu.
Zinali zabwino kuti tinatha kuzindikira kuyesetsa kwa Conor Tobin ndikuwongolera momwe tingathere. Koma Afghanistan ndi nthawi imodzi yokha yomwe aku America asocheretsedwa. Tonsefe tiyenera kudziwa bwino momwe makanema athu amapangidwira ntchito zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kuyambira pachiyambi. Ndikofunikira kuti tiphunzire momwe tingabwezeretse.
Bertolt Brecht, Kukwera Kotsutsana kwa Arturo Ui
"Tikadakhala kuti tingaphunzire kuyang'ana m'malo mongogwedezeka,
Titha kuwona zoopsa mumtima wa farce,
Ndikadakhala kuti tikadatha m'malo moyankhula,
Sitimangokhalira kukwera bulu wathu nthawi zonse.
Ichi chinali chinthu chomwe chidatipangitsa ife kutiphunzira;
Osakondwerabe pakugonjetsedwa kwake, amuna inu!
Ngakhale dziko linaimirira ndikuyimitsa wopusa,
Mwana amene wamubereka wayambiranso. ”
Paul Fitzgerald ndi Elizabeth Gould ndi omwe adalemba Mbiri yosadziwika: Mbiri ya Untold Afghanistan, Kuwoloka Zero Nkhondo ya AfPak pa Kusintha kwa Ufumu wa America ndi Liwu. Pitani kumawebusayiti awo ku mbiri yosawoneka ndi alireza.
[1] Mbiri Yazokambirana ndi magazini yovomerezeka ya Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR). Magaziniyi imakopa chidwi kwa owerenga kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza maphunziro aku America, zachuma zapadziko lonse lapansi, mbiri yaku America, maphunziro achitetezo adziko, komanso maphunziro aku Latin-American, Asia, Africa, Europe, ndi Middle East.
[2] Mbiri Yazokambirana, Voliyumu 44, Kutulutsa 2, Epulo 2020, masamba 237–264, https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhz065
Lofalitsidwa: 09 January 2020
[3] H-Diplo Article Review 966 on Tobin .: Zbigniew Brzezinski and Afghanistan, 1978-1979. ” Unikani ndi Todd Greentree, Oxford University Kusintha Khalidwe la War Center
[4] Vincent Jauvert, Mafunso ndi Zbigniew Brzezinski, Le Nouvel Observateur (France), Jan 15-21, 1998, p. 76 * (Pali magazini osachepera awiri; kupatula mwina Library ya Congress, mtunduwo wotumizidwa ku United States ndi wamfupi kuposa wachi French, ndipo kuyankhulana kwa Brzezinski sikunaphatikizidwe mufupikitsa).
[5] Paul Fitzgerald ndi Elizabeth Gould, Mbiri yosadziwika: Mbiri ya Untold Afghanistan, (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 2009).
[6] Conor Tobin, Nthano ya 'Msampha wa Afghanistani': Zbigniew Brzezinski ndi Afghanistan, 1978—1979 Mbiri Yazokambirana, Voliyumu 44, Magazini 2, Epulo 2020. p. 239
https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhz065
[7] MS Agwani, Mkonzi Wowunikira, "Saur Revolution and After," JOURWA YA KABWINO YA SUKULU YA MAPHUNZIRO A PADZIKO LONSE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY (New Delhi, India) Voliyumu 19, Nambala 4 (Okutobala-Disembala 1980) p. 571
[8] Kuyankhulana kwa Paul Jay ndi Zbigniew Brzezinski, Nkhondo yaku Afghanistan ya Brzezinski ndi Grand Chessboard (2/3) 2010 - https://therealnews.com/stories/zbrzezinski1218gpt2
[9] Samira Goetschel akuyankhulana ndi Zbigniew Brzezinski, Binayi Yathu Yathu Yathu Yokha 2006 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EVgZyMoycc0&feature=youtu.be&t=728
[10] Diego Cordovez, Selig S.Harrison, Kuchokera ku Afghanistan: Nkhani Yamkati Yakuchotsedwa Kwa Soviet (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 34.
[11] Tobin “Nthano ya 'Msampha wa ku Afghanistan': Zbigniew Brzezinski ndi Afghanistan,” p. 240
[12] Pangano la Vladivostok, Novembala 23-24, 1974, Secretary General wa Central Committee ya CPSU LI Brezhnev ndi Purezidenti wa USA Gerald R. Ford adakambirana mwatsatanetsatane funso la kuchepa kwamphamvu kwa zida zoyipa. https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/treaties/vladivostok.html
| [13] PRM 10 | Kuwunika Kwathunthu Kwakuwunikiridwa ndi Kuwunika Kwa Asitikali Ankhondo |
February 18, 1977
[14] Anne Hessing Cahn, Kupha Chidziwitso: Zoyenera Zikuukira CIA (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), p. 187.
[15] Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente ndi Kulimbana (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1994 Revised Edition), p. 657
[16] Dr. Carol Saivetz, Harvard University, "The Intervention in Afghanistan and the Fall of Détente" msonkhano, Lysebu, Norway, Seputembara 17-20, 1995 p. 252-253.
[17] Zamgululi Kupha Chidziwitso: Zoyenera Zikuukira CIA, p. 15.
[18] Mafunso, Washington DC, February 17, 1993.
[19] Onani KUKUMANA KWA POLITBURO WA CENTRAL COMMITTEE WA CHIKominisi CHIPANI CHA Soviet Union MU 17 Marichi 1979 https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113260
[20] GB Kistiakowsky, Herbert Scoville, "Akuluakulu a Kremlin," The Boston Globe , February 28, 1980, tsamba. 13.
[21] Dev Murarka, "AFGHANISTAN: KU Russia KULowererapo: KUSANTHULA KWA MOSCOW," MALO Ozungulira (London, England), Na. 282 (APRIL 1981), p. 127.
[22] Mafunso ndi Paul Warnke, Washington, DC, February 17, 1993. Admiral Stansfield Turner, Yemwe anali Director wa Central Intelligence, msonkhano wa "The Intervention in Afghanistan and the Fall of Détente", Lysebu, Norway Seputembara 17-20 p. 216.
[23] J. William Fulbright, "Zomwe Timaganizira Tomwe Timachita Mantha," New Yorker, Januware 1, 1972 (New York, USA), Januware 8, 1972 Kutulutsa p. 44-45
[24] David J. RothKopf - Mkonzi wa Charles Gati, ZBIG: Njira ndi Statecraft ya Zbigniew Brzezinski (Johns Hopkins University Press 2013), p. 68.
[25] Erika McLean, Pambuyo pa Nduna: Kukula kwa Zbigniew Brzezinski pa National Security Advisor Position, Phunziro lokonzekera digiri ya Master of the Arts, University of North Texas, Ogasiti 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc84249/
[26] Ibid p. 73
[27] Betty Wokondwa, Wotuluka Kunja ku White House: Jimmy Carter, Alangizi Ake, ndikupanga kwa American Foreign Policy (Ithaca, New York: University of Cornell, 2009), p. 84.
[28] Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente ndi Kulimbana (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1994 Revised Edition), tsamba 770.
[29] Tobin “Nthano ya 'Msampha wa ku Afghanistan': Zbigniew Brzezinski ndi Afghanistan,” p. 253
[30] Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente ndi Kulimbana, (Revised Edition), tsa. 1050. Tawonani 202. Pambuyo pake Garthoff anafotokoza zomwe zinachitikazo monga "phunziro lopanda mbiri la Brzezinski pa zokambirana za Molotov-Hitler mu 1940." (Yemwe Carter adalakwitsa kuvomereza ndi nkhope yake) p. 1057.
[31] Rodric Braithwaite, Wothandizira: Anthu aku Russia ku Afghanistan 1979-89, (Oxford University Press, New York 2011), p. 29-36.
[32] Dr. Gary Sick, wakale wogwira ntchito ku NSC, Iran ndi Middle East katswiri, "The Intervention in Afghanistan and the Fall of Détente" conference, Lysebu, p. 38.
[33] Nancy Peabody Newell ndi Richard S. Newell, Kulimbana ndi Afghanistan, (Cornell University Press 1981), p. 110-111
[34] Rodric Braithwaite, Chithandizo, p. 41
[35] Diego Cordovez, Selig S.Harrison, Kuchokera ku Afghanistan, p. 27 Potchula Alexander Morozov, "Munthu Wathu ku Kabul," New Times (Moscow), Seputembara 24, 1991, p. 38.
[36] John K. Cooley, Wachinyamata Nkhondo Zosayera: Afghanistan, America ndi Uchigawenga Wapadziko Lonse, (Pluto Press, London 1999) p. 12 kutchula kazembe wamkulu wa Kremlin Vasily Safronchuk, Afghanistan mu Nyengo ya Taraki, International Affairs, Moscow Januware 1991, tsamba 86-87.
[37] Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente ndi Kulimbana, (1994 Yosinthidwa), p 1003.
[38] Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente ndi Kulimbana, p. 773.
[39] Tobin “Nthano ya 'Msampha wa ku Afghanistan': Zbigniew Brzezinski ndi Afghanistan,” p. 240.
[40] Ibid p. 241.
[41] Mafunso ndi Selig Harrison, Washington, DC, pa February 18, 1993.
[42] Diego Cordovez - Wophunzira Selig Harrison, Ochokera ku Afghanistan: Mbiri Yamkati Yakuchoka Kwa Soviet (New York, Oxford: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1995), p. 33.
[43] Ibid.
[44] Henry S. Bradsher, Afghanistan ndi Soviet Union, Edition Yatsopano ndi Yowonjezera, (Durham: Duke University Press, 1985), p. 85-86.
[45] Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: Mbiri Yachinsinsi ya CIA, Afghanistan, ndi bin Laden, kuyambira ku Soviet Invasion mpaka Seputembara 10, 2001 (Mabuku a Penguin, 2005) p. 47-48.
[46] Zokambirana za olemba ndi Malawi Abdulaziz Sadiq, (mnzake wapamtima wa Hafizullah Amin) Juni 25, 2006.
[47] Diego Cordovez - Selig Harrison, Kuchokera ku Afghanistan: Nkhani Yamkati Yakuchotsedwa Kwa Soviet, p. 34.
[48] Cordovez - Harrison, PA Kuchokera ku Afghanistan p. 34 Potchula a Peter Nieswand, "Guerillas Train ku Pakistan kuchotsa boma la Afghanistan," Washington Post, February 2, 1979, p. A 23.
[49] Ibid. tsa. 33.
[50] Ibid.
[51] Peter Nieswand, "Nkhondo yoyera kwambiri ya Peking ndi nkhondo yoyera," Za MacLean, (Toronto, Canada) pa Epulo 30, 1979 p. 24
[52] Jonathan C. Randal, Washington Post, Meyi 5, 1979 p. A - 33.
[53] Robert M. Gates, Kuchokera ku Shadows: Nkhani Ya Ultimate Insider ya Atsogoleri asanu Ndi Momwe Amapambanitsira Cold War (New York, TOUCHSTONE, 1996), p. 144
[54] Christina Mwanawankhosa, Kuyembekezera Mulungu: Kulimbana kwa Demokalase ku Pakistan (Viking, 1991), tsamba. 222
[55] Alfred W. McCoy, Ndale za Heroin, CIA Zovuta mu Global Trade Trade, (Harper & Row, New York - Revised and Expanded Edition, 1991), pp. 436-437 Polemba New York Times, May 22, 1980.
[56] Alfred W. McCoy, "Ovutika ndi nkhondo ya CIA yolimbana ndi chikominisi," Boston Globe, Novembala 14, 1996, p. A-27
[57] Alfred W. McCoy, Ndale za Heroin, CIA Zovuta mu Global Trade Trade, (Kutulutsa Kowonjezedwa), pp. 452-454
[58] Alfred W. McCoy, "Ovutika ndi nkhondo ya CIA yolimbana ndi chikominisi," Boston Globe, Novembala 14, 1996, p. A-27 https://www.academia.edu/31097157/_Casualties_of_the_CIAs_war_against_communism_Op_ed_in_The_Boston_Globe_Nov_14_1996_p_A_27
[59] Alfred W. McCoy ndi Alan A. Block (mkonzi.) Nkhondo Yokhudza Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo: Kafukufuku Wolephera kwa Ndondomeko ya Narcotic yaku US, (Boulder, Colo .: Westview, 1992), p. 342
[60] Catherine Lamour ndi Michel R. Lamberti, Mgwirizano Wapadziko Lonse: Opiamu kuchokera kwa Olima mpaka Opopa, (Penguin Books, 1974, English Translation) mas. 177-198.
[61] William Safire, "Gawo la Clifford Pakubera Banki Ndi Nzeru Zokha Za Iceberg," Chicago Tribune, July 12, 1991 https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-07-12-9103180856-story.html
[62] John Helmer, "Zbigniew Brzezinski, Svengali wa Purezidenti wa Jimmy Carter Wamwalira, Koma Oipa Amakhalabe." http://johnhelmer.net/zbigniew-brzezinski-the-svengali-of-jimmy-carters-presidency-is-dead-but-the-evil-lives-on/
[63] Samira Goetschel - Private bin Laden Wathu, 2006. Pa 8:59
[64] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNJsxSkWiI0
