kuchokera Sayansi Yamtendere Digest, June 28, 2020
Ngongole Chithunzi: Chithunzi cha United Nations
Kusanthula uku kumafotokozera mwachidule ndikuwonetsa kafukufuku wotsatira: Belgioioso, M., Di Salvatore, J., & Pinckney, J. (2020). Kusokonezedwa ndi buluu: Zotsatira zakusunga bata kwa UN pakuchita zionetsero zosagwirizana ndi mayiko omwe ankhondo yapachiweniweni. Maphunziro a Padziko Lonse. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa015
Zokambirana
M'mikhalidwe yankhondo yapachiweniweni:
- Mayiko omwe ali ndi ntchito yosamalira bata ku UN ali ndi ziwonetsero zambiri zopanda chilungamo kuposa mayiko omwe alibe chitetezo cha UN, makamaka ngati maupangiri osungitsa mtenderewo akuphatikizapo apolisi a UN (UNPOL).
- Pamene olimbikitsa mtendere a UNPOL achokera kumaiko omwe ali ndi maiko ambiri, lingaliro loti zionetsero zosatsutsika m'maiko akumenya nkhondo yapachiweniweni ndi 60%.
- Pamene alonda a mtendere a UNPOL achokera kumaiko omwe ali ndi zigawo zochepa za anthu wamba, chiyembekezo chotsimikizika chotsimikizira kuti sichingachitike zachiwawa m'maiko omenyera nkhondo yapachiweniweni ndi 30%.
- Chifukwa osunga mtendere a UNPOL amalumikizana mwachindunji ndi nzika, ndikuphunzitsa ndikumathandizana ndi apolisi mdziko muno, "pali kusiyana kwa miyambo ndi machitidwe omwe amateteza kusakhazikika kwa ndale" zimapangitsa izi.
Chidule
Kafukufuku wambiri omwe akhazikitsidwa pakusungitsa bata ku UN amayang'ana kwambiri zakumtendere monga mapangano andale kapena kusintha kwamabungwe. Njira izi zokha sizingayerekeze kulowa mkati mwa zikhalidwe za demokalase kapena kusintha kwa chikhalidwe komwe kumapangitsa kubwerera ku nkhondo kukhala kosaganizira. Kuti athe kuona momwe mtendere wa UN ubwerera mwamtendere, olemba amangoganizira zofunikira zachitukuko cha anthu osagwirizana ndi ndale, ndipo amafunsa kuti, "kodi ntchito zokhazikitsa mtendere zimayambitsa mikangano yandale yopanda chilungamo m'maiko omenyera nkhondo yapachiweniweni?"
Kuti tiyankhe funsoli, adalemba buku lomwe limaphatikizapo mayiko 70 omwe akutuluka nkhondo yapachiweniweni pakati pa 1990 ndi 2011, ndikuyesera kuchuluka kwa ziwonetsero zosazunza zomwe mayiko adakumana nazo. Monga njira yosasinthika, tsambalo silimapatula zochitika zomwe zionetsero zinayambitsa zipolowe ndi chiwawa chokha. Tsamba ili limaphatikizaponso kusiyanasiyana monga dziko lomwe lakhala likugwira ntchito yosamalira bata ku UN, kuchuluka kwa anthu osunga mtendere, komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu wamba kuchokera kudziko lamtendere. Chiwonetsero cha mabungwe aboma ichi chapezedwa kuchokera pamndandanda wa Zosiyanasiyana za Democracy pamadera omwe akutenga nawo mbali. Ndondomeko iyi ikuwona momwe mabungwe omwe akuchita nawo (monga magulu achidwi, mabungwe ogwira ntchito, kapena magulu achitetezo, ndi zina zambiri) ali m'moyo waboma. Zimaphatikizanso mafunso okhudza, mwachitsanzo, ngati amafunsidwa ndi opanga mfundo kapena angati omwe akutenga nawo mbali pagulu la anthu wamba.
Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti maiko omenyera nkhondo yapachiweniweni yapadziko lonse lapansi yokhala ndi ntchito yolimbikitsa mtendere ku UN ali ndi ziwonetsero zopanda njira zambiri kuposa mayiko omwe alibe chitetezo. Kukula kwa mishoni kumawoneka kuti kulibe ntchito. Chiwerengero cha anthu wamba omwe akutenga nawo gawo kuchokera kwa apolisi okhazikitsa mtendere pokhapokha ngati apolisi a UN (UNPOL) osati amitundu ina. Kuti aike manambala,
- Kukhalapo kwa osunga mtendere a UN, mosasamala mtundu wa okonda mtendere, kumawonjezera chiyembekezo chotsimikizika chosagwirizana ndi 40%, poyerekeza ndi 27% pomwe kulibe bata la UN.
- Kukhalapo kwa maofesala a UNPOL ochokera kumaiko omwe ali ndi otsika kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti 30% akuwonetseratu kuti angatsutsidwe.
- Kukhalapo kwa maofesala a UNPOL ochokera kumaiko omwe ali ndi anthu ambiri kumapangitsa kuti 60% akuwonetseratu kuti angatsutsidwe.
Pofotokozera zomwe zotsatira izi zikutanthauza pankhani yolimbikitsa mtendere mu UN ndikukhazikitsa mtendere pansi, olemba amapanga malingaliro omwe amawona kuti chionetsero chosagwirizana ndi chisonyezo chofunikira kwambiri pakuyambitsa tsatanetsatane wa demokalase. Kuti zionetserozi sizikhala zachiwerewere ndizofunikanso, makamaka m'maiko omenyera nkhondo yapachiweniweni momwe kugwiritsa ntchito nkhanza monga mawu andale komanso njira yopezera zolinga zandale. Kuphatikiza apo, mabungwe andale zatsopano m'maiko ano nthawi zambiri amalephera, chifukwa chake kuthekera kwadzikoli kuthana ndi mavutowa mosavomerezeka ndikofunikira kuti pakhale mtendere. Olembawo akunena kuti okhazikitsa mtendere mu UN, makamaka apolisi a UN (UNPOL), amateteza chitetezo ndipo kupezeka kwawo kumalimbikitsa "miyambo yosatenga nawo mbali pazandale." Kupitilira apo, ngati maiko ena atatha nkhondo yapachiweniweni ikhoza kuthandizira ziwonetsero zopanda zachiwawa, ndiye kuti nzika zake komanso boma zakhala zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi demokalase.
Poganizira za kupezeka kwa apolisi a UN (UNPOL), alembawo adazindikira njira yayikulu yomwe zidemedwayu zimayendetsedwera pantchito zamtendere kumayiko omwe amakhala. Akuluakulu a UNPOL amaphunzitsa komanso kuphatikiza apolisi adziko, kuwapatsa kulumikizana kwawoko ndi madera komanso kuthekera kukopa apolisi mdziko lonse kuti azilemekeza chionetsero chosachita zachiwawa. Kuphatikiza apo, gulu lolimba la boma[1] ndipakati pakukonzekera ziwonetsero zopanda anthu. Ngakhale mayiko omwe akutuluka nkhondo zachiweniweni atha kufooketsa anthu wamba, kuthekera kwa anthu wamba kutenga nawo mbali mokhudzana ndi ndale pambuyo pa nkhondo kumayimira njira yotsitsa mwamtendere. Chifukwa chake, maofesi a UNPOL achitetezo chachitukuko cha anthu wamba (ngakhale omwe akuchokera kapena ayi akuchokera kumayiko omwe ali ndi boma lolimba kapena ayi) zimawalimbikitsa kuthekera kwawo kuthandizira ziwonetsero zopanda nzika zawo m'maiko kumene amapatsidwa ntchito. Mwanjira ina, ngati maofesala a UNPOL achokera kumaiko omwe ali ndi mabungwe azikhalidwe zambiri, atha kuteteza ufulu wofuna kuchita zionetsero zopanda chilungamo komanso "kusasokoneza kuponderezedwa kochokera ku maboma omwe akuda nkhawa chifukwa chakuzunzidwa padziko lonse lapansi."
Olembawo akumaliza ndikuwunika mwachidule za milandu yomwe mamembala a UN m'mayiko ankhondo zapatha pankhondo yapachiweniweni adathandizira kukhazikitsa bata lamtendere ndikusokoneza miyambo ya demokalase. Ku Namibia, Gulu la United Nations Transition Aidance limazungulira ndi kuteteza nzika pamisonkhano ya anthu onse ndikuwonetsa kupanda tsankho pakuwongolera unyinji panthawi ya ziwonetsero. Izi zidachitika ku Liberia komwe United Nations Mission ku Liberia imawunikira ziwonetsero zamtendere ndikulowererapo kuti aphwanye zachiwawa, kuphatikiza pakati pa apolisi apadziko lonse ndi otsutsa, pa zisankho za 2009. Kuchita izi, kuteteza ufulu wakuwonetsa zionetsero ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zikuchitika mosasamala, kumayimitsa zigwirizano pazotengapo mbali pazosagwirizana ndale zomwe ndizofunikira kuti pakhale mtendere mmaiko pambuyo pa nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Olembawo akumaliza ndi chidziwitso chodandaula za kusuntha kwamphamvu kwa chitetezo chamtundu wa UN kuchoka kumaiko olemera omwe ali ndi magulu olimba kumayiko osauka okhala ndi mabungwe wamba okhala. Afunsira opanga mfundo omwe amakonza ntchito zokhazikitsa mtendere mu UN kuti asamale anthu ambiri ochokera kumayiko omwe ali ndi mabungwe olimba.
Kudziwitsa
Nkhani iyi yalembedwera kwambiri apolisi pantchito yamtendere imapereka njira yatsopano yoganizira za kukhazikitsa mtendere mu UN, makamaka ngati njira yopondera kudzera m'bungwe lomwe limayang'ana njira zapamwamba kapena zapamwamba kwambiri. Gawo lolimbikitsa mtendere, makamaka mayiko a nkhondo yapachiweniweni, ndikumanganso mgwirizano pakati pa boma ndi anthu ake omwe adang'ambika panthawi ya nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Mgwirizano wamtendere ungathetse mavuto, koma pakufunika ntchito yambiri yopangitsa kuti anthu azikhulupirira kuti atha kutenga nawo mbali paumoyo wa anthu ndikusintha zina. Ziwonetsero ndi chida chachikulu chothandizira kutenga nawo mbali pazandale - zimathandizira kuzindikira vutoli, kuyambitsa migwirizano yandale, ndikupambana. Kuti boma lichitepo kanthu zachiwawa ndiye kuti likulephera kuchita nawo mgwirizano womwe ukugwirizana.
Sitingayerekeze kuti kuwunikaku, komwe kumayang'ana mbali zachiwonetsero komanso apolisi m'maiko akunja, sikumasulidwa ku cholinga chathu chofunsa zomwe zingachitike ku US Kodi apolisi amayang'ana bwanji gulu lomwe ladzipereka ku aliyense chitetezo? Ndi kukambirana koyenera kwa A Digest gulu la okonza ndi ena powerengera kuphedwa kwa a George Floyd, a Breonna Taylor, ndi anthu ena ambiri aku America. Ngati cholinga chofunikira cha apolisi ndikupereka chitetezo, ndiye kuti chikufunsidwa: Kodi apolisi amapereka chitetezo chanji? Kodi apolisi amapereka bwanji chitetezo chimenecho? Kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri ku United States, apolisi akhala akugwiritsa ntchito ngati njira yopondera anthu akuda, Asilamu komanso anthu ena amtundu (BIPOC). Mbiri iyi ya apolisi ili ndi chithunzi cholimba kwambiri cha kuyera kwakukulu, kuwonekera mu tsankho wopezeka munthawi yonse yokhazikitsa malamulo komanso zachiwawa. Tikuwonetseranso umboni kuti apolisi amachitiridwa nkhanza kwa otsutsa omwe sanachite nawo zachiwawa, omwe, motsimikiza komanso omvetsa chisoni, amapereka umboni winanso wofunikira pakusintha zomwe apolisi amatanthauza ku United States.
Zambiri zomwe anakambirana pa apolisi ku United States zayang'ana pa kupikisana kwa apolisi, kuyambira pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa lingaliro la "wankhondo" (motsutsana ndi lingaliro la "woyang'anira" wapolisi - onani Kuwerenga Kosatha) pakusamutsa zida zamagulu ankhondo kumadipatimenti apolisi kudzera pa pulogalamu ya 1033 ya Defense Authorization Act. Monga gulu, tikuyamba kuwona momwe njira zina za apolisi ankhondo zankhondo zingawonekere. Pali umboni wodabwitsa pakuyenda bwino kwa njira zomwe siziri zankhondo komanso zopanda zida zachitetezo zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mu Sayansi Yamtendere Digest. Mwachitsanzo, mu Kuyesa Njira Zopanda zida ndi Zosavulaza Pochita Mtendere, Kafukufuku akuwulula kuti "anthu osavulaza anthu osagwiritsa ntchito zida (UCP) agwira bwino ntchito zokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsa bata, kuwonetsa kuti kukhazikitsa bata sikutanthauza kuti asitikali a nkhondo kapena zida zankhondo zizigwira ntchito yake yoletsa zachiwawa komanso chitetezo cha anthu wamba." Ngakhale ali ndi zida zambiri, apolisi a UN, makamaka ndi kukumbatirana kwawo apolisi ozungulira, tikuyimilirabe njira yodzitetezera ku chitetezo poyerekeza ndi magulu ena osungitsa bata a UN, makamaka omwe ali ndi udindo wankhanza kwambiri kuchita nawo nkhondo. Koma, monga zikuwonekera kwambiri ku US (ngakhale ndi magwiridwe antchito a boma komanso miyambo ya demokalase), apolisi okhala ndi zida amatha kuopseza zigawo zazikuluzikuluzikulu zadziko. Kodi ndi liti lomwe lomwe timavomereza kuti apolisi okhala ndi mfuti, m'malo mokhalira nawo pa mgwirizano, amakhala othandizira kuti abweretsedwe? Kuvomereza kumeneku kuyenera kutithandizanso kupitilira njira yodziwitsira anthu kuti akalandire njira zopanda chitetezo, njira zomwe sizitchinjiriza munthu wina popanda kuvutikira wina. [KC]
Kupitiliza Kuwerenga
Sullivan, H. (2020, Juni 17). Kodi nchifukwa chiyani zionetsero zimasanduka zachiwawa? Mgwirizano ndi mabungwe aboma mdziko (osati provocateurs). Ziwawa Zandale Zomwe Zikuchitika. Zabwezedwa June 22, 2020, kuchokera https://politicalviolenceataglance.org/2020/06/17/why-do-protests-turn-violent-blame-state-society-relations-and-not-provocateurs/
Hunt, CT (2020, February 13). Chitetezo kudzera mwa apolisi: Udindo woteteza apolisi a UN pantchito zamtendere. International Peace Institute. Zabwezedwa June 11, 2020, kuchokera https://www.ipinst.org/2020/02/protection-through-policing-un-peace-ops-paper
De Coning, C., & Gelot, L. (2020, Meyi 29). Kuyika anthu pakatikati pa ntchito zamtendere za UN. International Peace Institute. Zabwezedwa June 26, 2020, kuchokera https://theglobalobservatory.org/2020/05/placing-people-center-un-peace-operations/
NPR. (2020, Juni 4). Apolisi aku America. Supoughline. Zabwezedwanso June 26, 2020, kuchokera https://www.npr.org/transcripts/869046127
Serhan, Y. (2020, Juni 10). Zomwe dziko likhoza kuphunzitsa America za apolisi, Atlantic. Zabwezedwa June 11, 2020, kuchokera https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/06/america-police-violence-germany-georgia-britain/612820/
Science Daily. (2019, February 26). Umboni woyendetsedwa ndi deta paupolisi wankhondo. Zabwezedwanso June 12, 2020, kuchokera https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190226155011.htm
Mtendere Science Digest. (2018, Novembara 12). Kuyesa njira zankhondo komanso zopanda zida zothandizira kukhazikitsa bata. Zabwezedwanso June 15, 2020, kuchokera https://peacesciencedigest.org/assessing-armed-and-unarmed-approaches-to-peacekeeping
Mabungwe / zoyambitsa
Apolisi a United Nations: https://police.un.org/en
Keywords: pambuyo pa nkhondo, bata, mtendere, apolisi, United Nations, nkhondo yapachiweniweni
[1] Olembawo amatanthauzira kuti anthu ndi "gulu [lomwe] limaphatikizapo nzika zadongosolo komanso zopanda dongosolo, kuyambira oteteza ufulu wachibadwidwe mpaka owonetsa osachita zachiwawa."
