Otsogoleredwa Mtendere: Mtengo wa Nobel-Carnegie

Ndi David Swanson, Dis 10, 2014

"Wokondedwa Fredrik, Lachisanu lapitali ndidapita pamwambo womwe bungwe la Carnegie Corporation lidachita patsiku lokumbukira kutha kwa WWI. Ndinachita chidwi ndi momwe malingaliro a Andrew Carnegie, komanso chidwi chake, zinali zogwirizana ndi a Alfred Nobel. Kodi mukudziwa ngati adalumikizanapo? Zabwino zonse, Peter [Weiss].

“Awa ndi mafunso a Peter: Chifukwa chiyani kufanana? Kodi Carnegie ndi Nobel adalumikizanapo? Ndipo ichi ndi changa: Chifukwa chiyani kulumikizaku kuli kosangalatsa - komanso kofunikira? -Fredrik S. Heffermehl. "

Zomwe zili pamwambazi ndizo kulengeza mpikisano pa NobelWill.org kuti ndangopambana ndi zotsatirazi:

Sitikudziwa, komanso sitingathe kupatula, kukumana pamasom'pamaso, kapena kusinthana makalata, pakati pa Alfred Nobel ndi Andrew Carnegie omwe angafotokozere momwe "malingaliro ofanana ndi a Andrew Carnegie, komanso kupatsa kwake mphatso, zinali zogwirizana ndi malingaliro a Alfred Nobel . ” Koma kufanana kumafotokozedwa pang'ono ndi chikhalidwe cha tsikulo. Sanali ma tycoon okha omwe adathandizira kuthana ndi nkhondo, olemera okha. Zitha kufotokozedwanso ndikuti zomwe zimakhudza onse awiri mu mtendere wawo anali munthu yemweyo, mzimayi yemwe adakumana nawo pamasom'pamaso ndipo anali mnzake wapamtima wa Nobel - Bertha von Suttner. Kuphatikiza apo, mphatso zachifundo za Nobel zidayamba ndipo zidakhudzanso a Carnegie. Onsewa amapereka zitsanzo zabwino kwa olemera kwambiri masiku ano - olemera kwambiri, kuposa Carnegie, koma palibe amene wapanga ndalama pothana ndi nkhondo. * Amaperekanso zitsanzo zabwino zothandizidwa mwalamulo ndi mabungwe awo zomwe zasokera kutali kwambiri.

Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) ndi Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) amakhala munthawi yolemera kwambiri kuposa masiku ano; ndipo ngakhale chuma cha Carnegie sichinali chofanana ndi chuma chamasiku ano. Koma adapereka gawo lalikulu la chuma chawo kuposa zomwe olemera amakono adachita. Carnegie adapereka ndalama zochulukirapo, zomwe zidasinthidwa kukwera kwamitengo, kuposa onse aku America (Gates, Buffett, ndi Soros) omwe apereka mpaka pano.

Palibe m'modzi Forbes Mndandanda wa otsogolera opambana a 50 amathandizira kuthetsa nkhondo. Nobel ndi Carnegie analandira ndalama zambiri pa ntchitoyi panthawi imene ankakhala, ndipo analimbikitsa kulimbikitsa ndalamazo popanda ndalama zawo. Asanamwalire, adawasiya kuti adzalandire ndalama zomwe zidzapitirize kupereka ndalama zochepetsera ndi kuthetsa nkhondo padziko lapansi. Zolinga zimenezo zachita zabwino kwambiri ndipo zimatha kuchita zambiri, ndikupambana. Koma onsewa akhalapo mpaka nthawi yomwe sakhulupirira za kuthekera kwa mtendere, ndipo mabungwe onse asokonekera kutali ndi ntchito yomwe akufuna, akusintha mautumiki awo kuti agwirizane ndi nthawi, osati kukana miyambo ya chikhalidwe mwa kutsatira malamulo awo .

Chomwe chiri chokondweretsa ndi chofunika kwambiri pa kufanana pakati pa Nobel ndi Carnegie ndi momwe iwo operekera mtendere amathandizira nthawi yawo. Onse awiri adagwirizanitsa mtendere, koma onse awiri adalimbikitsa kuthetsa nkhondo asanalowe nawo. Lingaliro limenelo linali lofala kwambiri mu zaka zawo kuposa tsopano. Kukoma mtima kwa mtendere kunalinso kofala, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri Nobel ndi Carnegie sanagwirizane ndi zomwezo.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti zotsatira za zomwe Nobel ndi Carnegie adachita zidatsimikizika, ndi zomwe anthu amoyo amachita kuti akwaniritse lonjezo la Mphoto Yamtendere ya Nobel ndi Carnegie Endowment for Peace Yamayiko, komanso ndi zomwe timachita kutsata ndondomeko yamtendere kunja kwa mabungwe amenewo, ndipo mwina ndi opereka mphatso zachifundo omwe atha kupeza njira zotsanzira zitsanzo zakale. Mu 2010, Warren Buffett ndi Bill ndi Melinda Gates adalimbikitsa mabilionea kuti apereke theka la chuma chawo (osati pamiyeso ya Nobel-Carnegie, koma chofunikira kwambiri). Buffett adalongosola zikalata zoyambirira za mabiliyoniyoni 81 pa lonjezo lawo ngati "Mauthenga Abwino a Chuma 81," popereka ulemu ku "The Gospel of Wealth," nkhani komanso buku lolembedwa ndi Carnegie.

Zingakhale zovuta kutsimikizira kuti Carnegie ndi Nobel sanalembe nawo konse. Tikugwira ntchito pano ndi olemba awiri otsogola m'mibadwo yolemba-makalata, ndipo amuna awiri omwe timadziwa omwe adasowa m'makalata ambiri. Koma ndawerengapo zolemba zingapo za awiriwa komanso za anzawo omwe anali ofanana. Ena mwa mabukuwa amatchula amuna onsewa mwanjira yoti ngati wolemba angawadziwe kuti adakumana kapena kulumikizana nawo akadatchulidwa. Koma funso ili lingakhale nyemba zofiira. Ngati Nobel ndi Carnegie adalumikizana, zikuwoneka kuti sizowonjezera ndipo sizomwe zidawapangitsa kukhala ofanana pamalingaliro amtendere ndi kupatsa mphatso. Nobel anali chitsanzo cha Carnegie, popeza mtendere wake wamtendere usanachitike Carnegie m'nthawi yake. Amuna onsewa adalimbikitsidwa ndi ena amtendere omwewo, makamaka Bertha von Suttner. Amuna onsewa anali apadera, koma onse amakhala munthawi yomwe ndalama zopitilira kuthana ndi nkhondo ndizomwe zidachitika, mosiyana ndi masiku ano zomwe sizingachitike - ngakhale Komiti ya Nobel kapena Carnegie Endowment ya Mtendere Wapadziko Lonse.

Wina akhoza kulemba kufanana zana ndi zosiyana pakati pa Nobel ndi Carnegie. Zina mwazofanana zomwe mwina zingakhudze pang'ono pano ndi izi. Amuna onsewa adasamukira ali achinyamata, Nobel kuchokera ku Sweden kupita ku Russia ali ndi zaka 9, Carnegie wochokera ku Scotland kupita ku United States ali ndi zaka 12. Onsewa anali odwala. Onse anali ndi maphunziro osakwanira (sizinali zachilendo nthawi imeneyo). Onsewa anali ophunzirira kwa nthawi yayitali, Nobel moyo wawo wonse, komanso Carnegie wazaka za m'ma 50. Onsewa anali oyenda moyo wonse, cosmopolitans, komanso (makamaka a Nobel) osungulumwa. Carnegie analemba mabuku oyendera. Onsewa anali olemba mitundu yambiri okhala ndi zokonda zosiyanasiyana komanso chidziwitso. Nobel analemba ndakatulo. Carnegie adachita utolankhani, ndipo adatinso kuti atolankhani ali ndi mphamvu zakuti "Dynamite ndimasewera a ana poyerekeza ndi atolankhani." Dynamite ndichimodzi mwazinthu zopangidwa ndi Nobel, komanso chinthu chomwe munthu wina adayesapo kuwombera nyumba ya Carnegie (zomwe wolemba mbiri wina ndidamufunsa adanenanso kuti ndizogwirizana kwambiri pakati pa amuna awiriwa). Onsewa anali mbali imodzi koma osati opindulitsa pa nkhondo. Zonsezi zinali zovuta, zotsutsana, ndipo makamaka pamlingo winawake kudziimba mlandu. Nobel adayesa kupereka zifukwa zomveka zopangira zida zake poganiza kuti zida zokwanira zitha kukopa anthu kuti asiye nkhondo (lingaliro lodziwika bwino mpaka nthawi yomwe mayiko aku nyukiliya akumenya nkhondo zambiri). Carnegie adagwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo kupondereza ufulu wa ogwira ntchito, anali ndi nthawi yopumula ma telegraph ku boma la US panthawi ya Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ku US, ndipo anapindula pa Nkhondo Yadziko I.

Mfundo yoti omwe alemera adziwa bwino zoyenera kuchita ndi chuma chomwe adasonkhanitsa ikugwirizana kwenikweni ndi zitsanzo za Nobel ndi Carnegie, ngakhale ali pankhaniyi - inde - milandu yapadera osati yolamulira. Ndizovuta kwambiri kutsutsana ndi zomwe amachita ndi ndalama zawo, ndipo gawo lomwe Carnegie adasiya chifukwa cha Endowment for Peace ndichitsanzo chamakhalidwe omwe amachititsa manyazi aliyense wa zamakhalidwe. Ndalama za Carnegie ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa nkhondo, monga malo oyipitsitsa kwambiri omwe alipo. Koma nkhondo ikathetsedwa, Endowment ndiyo kudziwa kuti bungwe loipa kwambiri ndi liti, ndikuyamba kugwira ntchito kuti athetse izi kapena kukhazikitsa bungwe latsopano lomwe lingachite bwino kwambiri. (Kodi izi sizomwe munthu aliyense wamakhalidwe abwino ayenera kuchita, kaya alipira kapena ayi?) Nayi gawo loyenera:

“Mayiko otukuka akamachita mapangano otchulidwapo kapena nkhondo amatayidwa ngati yamanyazi kwa amuna otukuka, monga nkhondo yaumwini (kugundana) ndi anthu ogulitsa ndi kugula (ukapolo) atayidwa m'malire athu onse olankhula Chingerezi, matrasti chonde taganizirani zomwe zili zoyipa zotsalira zotsalira kapena zoyipa, zomwe kuchotsedwa kwawo - kapena chinthu chatsopano chokweza kapena zinthu ngati zingayambitsidwe kapena kulimbikitsidwa, kapena zonse pamodzi - zitha kupititsa patsogolo kupita patsogolo, kukwera ndi chisangalalo cha anthu, ndi zina zambiri kuchokera zaka zana mpaka zana osatha, matrasti anga am'badwo uliwonse adzawona momwe angathandizire munthu kuyenda koyenda kupita kumalo okwera komanso apamwamba mosalekeza, popeza tsopano tikudziwa kuti monga lamulo loti munthu adapangidwa ndi chikhumbo ndi kutha kusintha komwe, mwina, sipangakhale malire opanda ungwiro ngakhale pano padziko lapansi pano. ”

Nayi gawo lofunikira kuchokera ku chifuniro cha Alfred Nobel, yemwe adapanga mphotho zisanu kuphatikiza:

"Gawo limodzi kwa munthu yemwe achite ntchito yayikulu kwambiri kapena yabwino kwambiri yothandizana pakati pa mayiko, kuthetsa kapena kuchepetsa magulu ankhondo oyimilira komanso kukhazikitsa ndi kulimbikitsa misonkhano yamtendere."

Onse a Nobel ndi Carnegie adapeza njira yolimbana ndi nkhondo kudzera pachikhalidwe chowazungulira. Nobel anali wokonda Percy Bysshe Shelley. Lingaliro la Carnegie lomwe latchulidwa pamwambapa pothana ndi ukapolo, kuthana ndi mavuto ena, komanso zoyipa zina - zomwe zikuyenera kuwonjezeredwa pankhondo - zitha kupezeka kumayambiriro kwa abolitionists aku US (za ukapolo ndi nkhondo) ngati Charles Sumner. Carnegie anali wotsutsa-imperialist wa 1898. Nobel adayambitsa lingaliro lothetsa nkhondo kwa Bertha von Suttner, osati njira ina. Koma kudandaula kosalekeza kwa von Suttner ndi ena ndi komwe kudawalimbikitsa amuna awiriwa kuti achitepo kanthu momwe adachitiramo zomwe zinali zapamwamba kwambiri, zolemekezeka, osanena kuti gulu lamtendere lachifumu lomwe lidapitilira kufunsidwa kwa ma VIP ndikupanga misonkhano. ndi akuluakulu aboma apamwamba, mosiyana ndi kuguba, ziwonetsero, kapena ziwonetsero ndi anthu osadziwika. Bertha von Suttner adakopa Nobel woyamba kenako Carnegie kuti amuthandize ndalama, omwe amathandizana nawo, komanso gulu lonse.

Nobel ndi Carnegie ankadziona okha ngati olimba mtima ndipo ankawona dziko lonse kudzera mu lens. Nobel adakhazikitsa mphoto kwa mtsogoleri mmodzi, ngakhale kuti sizinayambe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito monga nthawi zina zimapita kwa anthu oposa mmodzi kapena bungwe. Carnegie nayenso analenga Hero Fund kuti azilipiritsa, ndikupanga dziko kuti lidziwe, okonda mtendere, osati nkhondo.

Amuna onsewa, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, adasiya malangizo kuti apitilize kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zawo mwamtendere. Onsewa akufuna kusiya cholowa padziko lapansi, osati mabanja awo okha, omwe Nobel analibe. M'milandu yonseyi malangizowo anyalanyazidwa kwambiri. Mphoto ya Nobel Peace, yomwe idafotokozedwanso m'mabuku a Fredrik Heffermehl, yapatsidwa kwa ambiri omwe sanakwaniritse zofunikira, kuphatikiza ena omwe amakonda nkhondo. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace yakana poyera cholinga chake chothetsera nkhondo, kupita kuntchito zina zambiri, ndikudziyikanso ngati gulu loganiza.

Mwa anthu ambiri omwe akadapatsidwa mphotho ya Nobel Peace Prize koma sanakhale - mndandanda womwe umayamba ndi Mohandas Gandhi - m'modzi mwa omwe adasankhidwa mu 1913 anali Andrew Carnegie, ndipo wopambana mu 1912 anali mnzake wa Carnegie a Elihu Root. Inde, mnzake wa Nobel ndi Carnegie, Bertha von Suttner adalandira mphothoyo mu 1905 monga momwe adalumikizirana ndi Alfred Fried ku 1911. Nicholas Murray Butler adalandira mphothoyo mu 1931 chifukwa chogwira ntchito ku Carnegie Endowment, yomwe idaphatikizapo kukakamiza a Kellogg- Briand Pact wa 1928. Frank Kellogg adalandira mphothoyo mu 1929, ndipo Aristide Briand adalandira kale mu 1926. Purezidenti waku US Theodore Roosevelt atalandira mphothoyo mu 1906 anali Andrew Carnegie yemwe adamunyengerera kuti apite ku Norway kuti akailandire. Pali maulalo ambiri amtunduwu omwe onse adabwera atamwalira Nobel.

Bertha von Suttner, mayi wa nkhondo yochotsa zipolopolo, adakhala munthu wamkulu padziko lonse ndi buku lake Pewani Zida Zanu mu 1889. Sindikuganiza kuti kunali kudzichepetsa kwachinyengo koma kuwunika kolondola pomwe adati kupambana kwa buku lake kumachitika chifukwa chofalikira kale. "Ndikuganiza kuti buku lomwe lili ndi cholinga likuchita bwino, kuchita bwino kumeneku sikudalira momwe zimakhudzira mzimu wa nthawiyo koma mbali inayo," adatero. M'malo mwake, onse alidi choncho. Bukhu lake linayamba kukulirakulira ndipo adakulitsa kwambiri. Zomwezo zitha kunenedwa pazachifundo (zowonadi chikondi cha anthu) a Nobel ndi Carnegie omwe adawalimbikitsa.

Koma mapulani abwino kwambiri atha kulephera. Bertha von Suttner adatsutsa m'modzi mwa omwe adasankhidwa kuti adzalandire mphotho yamtendere, a Henri Dunant ngati "wothandizira nkhondo," ndipo atalandira, adalimbikitsa malingaliro akuti amulemekeza chifukwa chothandizira kuthana ndi nkhondo osati ntchito yake. ndi Red Cross. Mu 1905 1906, monga taonera, mphothoyo idapita kwa a Tongerdy Roosevelt, ndipo chaka chotsatira kwa Louis Renault, ndikupangitsa von Suttner kunena kuti "ngakhale nkhondo itha kulandira mphothoyo." Potsirizira pake anthu ngati Henry Kissinger ndi Barack Obama ndi omwe adzatenge mndandanda wa opambana. Mphoto yomwe idaperekedwa kuti igwire ntchito zankhondo idaperekedwa mu 2012 ku European Union, yomwe ingapereke ndalama zankhondo mosavuta pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zochepa pazida.

Sizinatengere nthawi kuti cholowa cha Carnegie chiwonongeke. Mu 1917, Endowment for Peace idathandizira US kutenga nawo mbali pankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, a Endowment adayika a John Foster Dulles omwe anali otsogola m'bwalo lawo limodzi ndi a Dwight D. Eisenhower. Bungwe lomweli lomwe lidachirikiza Kellogg-Briand Pact, lomwe limaletsa nkhondo zonse, lidachirikiza UN Charter yomwe imaloleza nkhondo zomwe zimakhala zoteteza kapena zololedwa ndi UN.

Popeza kunyalanyaza kusintha kwanyengo m'ma 1970 ndi 1980 kudathandizira kukhazikitsa mavuto azanyengo masiku ano, kunyalanyaza zolinga za Nobel ndi Carnegie ndi malamulo ake koyambirira kwa zaka makumi awiri mphambu makumi awiri kudathandiza kukhazikitsa dziko lamasiku ano pomwe nkhondo zaku US ndi NATO ndizovomerezeka kwa iwo omwe ali mphamvu.

A Jessica T. Mathews, Purezidenti wapano wa Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, alemba kuti: "Carnegie Endowment for International Peace ndi gulu lakale kwambiri lazoganiza zamayiko ku United States. Wokhazikitsidwa ndi Andrew Carnegie ndi mphatso ya $ 10 miliyoni, charter yake inali 'yofulumizitsa kuthetsedwa kwa nkhondo, choyipitsitsa pa chitukuko chathu.' Ngakhale kuti nthawi zonse cholinga chawo sichinali kukwaniritsidwa, Carnegie Endowment yakhalabe yokhulupirika pantchito yolimbikitsa mgwirizano mwamtendere. ”

Izi zikutanthauza kuti, ndikudzudzula popanda kutsutsana, ntchito yanga yovuta ndi yosatheka, ndakhala wokhulupirika ku ntchito imeneyi.

Ayi. Sizigwira ntchito mwanjira imeneyi. Nazi Peter van den Dungen:

"Gulu lamtendere lidachita bwino kwambiri mzaka makumi awiri nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse isanachitike pomwe zokambirana zake zidafika pamagulu apamwamba aboma monga zidawonetsedwera, pamisonkhano ya Hague Peace ya 1899 ndi 1907. Zotsatira zachindunji zamisonkhano zomwe sizinachitikepo - zomwe zidatsatira pempho (1898) lolembedwa ndi Tsar Nicholas II loti ayimitse mpikisano wamagulu ankhondo, ndikusintha nkhondo mwa kuwongolera mwamtendere - inali yomanga Peace Palace yomwe idatsegula zitseko zake mu 1913, ndipo idakondwerera zaka zana limodzi mu Ogasiti 2013. Kuyambira 1946, idachita izi ndiye mpando wa Khothi Lalikulu Lachilungamo la UN. Dziko lapansi lili ndi nyumba yachifumu yamtendere chifukwa cha Andrew Carnegie, wamkulu wachuma waku Scottish-America yemwe adakhala mpainiya wopereka mphatso zachifundo masiku ano komanso yemwenso anali wotsutsana kwambiri ndi nkhondo. Monga wina aliyense, adapatsa mowolowa manja mabungwe odzipereka kukhazikitsa mtendere padziko lonse lapansi, ambiri mwa iwo omwe alipobe mpaka pano.

"Pomwe Peace Palace, yomwe ili ndi Khothi Lachilungamo Lapadziko Lonse, ikulondera udindo wake wofuna kusintha nkhondo ndi chilungamo, cholowa chamtendere cha Carnegie, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP), sichinakhulupirire konse zomwe woyambitsa wake amakhulupirira kuthetsa nkhondo, potero kumalepheretsa gulu lamtendere kupeza zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Izi zitha kufotokozera chifukwa chomwe gululi silinakule kukhala gulu lomwe lingakakamize maboma. Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndikofunikira kulingalira za izi kwakanthawi. Mu 1910 Carnegie, yemwe anali womenyera ufulu wodziwika bwino ku America, komanso munthu wolemera kwambiri padziko lapansi, adapatsa maziko ake amtendere $ 10 miliyoni. Mu ndalama za lero, izi ndizofanana ndi $ 3.5 biliyoni. Tangoganizirani zomwe gulu lamtendere - ndiko kuti, gulu lotha kuthetsa nkhondo - lingachite lero ngati likadakhala ndi mwayi wopeza ndalama zotere, kapena kachigawo kakang'ono chabe. Tsoka ilo, pomwe Carnegie ankakonda kulimbikitsa ndi kuchitapo kanthu, matrasti ake a Peace Endowment adakonda kafukufuku. Pofika mu 1916, mkati mwa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, m'modzi wa matrasti adanenanso kuti dzina la bungweli lisinthidwe kukhala Carnegie Endowment for International Justice. ”

Sindikutsimikiza kuti akatswiri awiri azachuma amawerengera kuchuluka kwachuma chimodzimodzi. Kaya $ 3.5 biliyoni ndi nambala yolondola kapena ayi, ndikulamula kwakukulu kuposa chilichonse chomwe chimapereka mtendere masiku ano. Ndipo $ 10 miliyoni zinali zochepa chabe pazomwe Carnegie adayika pamtendere kudzera pakupereka ndalama zamatrasti, kumanga nyumba ku DC ndi Costa Rica komanso ku La Haye, komanso kuthandizira olimbikitsa mabungwe ndi mabungwe kwa zaka ndi zaka. Kulingalira zamtendere ndizovuta kwa anthu ena, mwina kwa tonsefe. Mwina kuganiza kuti munthu wachuma akuyika ndalama mwamtendere ndikadakhala njira yoyenera. Mwina zingatithandize kuganiza kuti tidziwe kuti zidachitikapo kale.

* Mwaziwerengero zina zida zankhanza zomwe zinali zoyambirira, zinali zogula kuposa zina zathu zamakono.