Pakati pa Zida Zowononga Anthu

(Ili ndi gawo 26 la World Beyond War pepala woyera A Global Security System: An Alternative Nkhondo. Pitirizani ku yapitayi | zotsatirazi gawo.)

Zida za kuwonongeka kwakukulu ndizolimbikitsa kwambiri ku War System, kukulitsa kufalikira kwake ndi kuonetsetsa kuti nkhondo zomwe zimachitika zimatha kusintha chiwonongeko. Zida za nyukiliya, zamagulu ndi zachilengedwe zimadziwika ndi kuthekera kwawo kupha ndi kupha anthu ochulukirapo, kuwononga mizinda yonse komanso madera onse okhala ndi chiwonongeko chosadziŵika.

Zida za nyukiliya

Pakalipano pali mgwirizano wotsutsa zida zamoyo ndi mankhwala koma palibe mgwirizano wotsutsa zida za nyukiliya. The 1970 Msonkhano Wopanda Kukula (NPT) ikupereka kuti zida zisanu za zida za nyukiliya zikuti- US, Russia, UK, France ndi China- akuyenera kukhala ndi chikhulupiriro cholimba pakuchotsa zida za nyukiliya, pomwe ma signature ena onse a NPT akulonjeza kuti asapeze zida za nyukiliya. Ndi mayiko atatu okha omwe adakana kulowa nawo NPT - India, Pakistan, ndi Israel - ndipo adapeza zida zanyukiliya. North Korea, podalira mgwirizano wa NPT waukadaulo "wamtendere" waukadaulo, adatuluka mgwirizanowu pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wake "wamtendere" kuti apange zida zopangira zida za nyukiliya kuti apange mabomba anyukiliya.^note9 Inde, chomera chilichonse cha mphamvu za nyukiliya ndichopanga fomu yamakono.

Nkhondo yomwe inamenyedwa ndi "zida zochepa" zida za nyukiliya zikhoza kupha mamiliyoni, zimapangitsa kuti nyengo yachisanu ikhale yozizira ndipo izi zimachititsa kuti pakhale njala ya padziko lonse yomwe idzabweretsa njala ya mamiliyoni ambiri. Nkhondo zonse za nyukiliya zimakhala pa maziko abodza, chifukwa makompyuta amasonyeza kuti pokhapokha peresenti ya zipolopolo zowonongeka zingayambitse kusamalidwa padziko lonse kwa ulimi kwa zaka khumi-makamaka, chilango cha imfa kwa mtundu wa anthu. Ndipo zomwe zikuchitika pakalipano zikuwoneka kuti zingakhale zovuta kwambiri zowonongeka kwa zipangizo kapena kulankhulana zomwe zingachititse zida za nyukiliya kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Chimasuliro chachikulu chikhoza kuzimitsa zonse padziko lapansi. Zida zimenezi zimaopseza chitetezo cha aliyense kulikonse.^note10 Ngakhale magwirizano osiyanasiyana a nyukiliya pakati pa US ndi omwe kale anali Soviet Union adachepetsa chiwerengero cha zida za nyukiliya (56,000 pa nthawi imodzi), pakadalibe 16,300 padziko lapansi, 1000 yokha yomwe ilibe ku US kapena Russia.^note11 Choyipa kwambiri, mgwirizano womwe umaloledwa kuti ukhale "wamasiku ano," utsogoleri wamakono popanga chida chatsopano cha zida ndi njira zotumiza, zomwe zida zonse za nyukiliya zikuchita. Nyamayi ya nyukiliya siinachoke; Sichikugwiritsanso ntchito kumbuyo kwa phanga-kuli kunja ndikuwononga ndalama zokwana madola mabiliyoni ambiri omwe angakhale abwino kwambiri kwina kulikonse. Popeza kuti sizinali zovuta kwambiri kuwona mgwirizano wa mayesero mu 1998, a US adakweza mayeso ake apamwamba a ma laboratory a zida za nyukiliya, kuphatikizapo mayesero ovuta kwambiri, mayesero a 1,000 pansi pa chipululu m'chipinda cha Nevada ku West Shoshone land . A US achita mayeso a 28 mpaka lero, akuwombera plutonium ndi mankhwala, osayambitsa kayendedwe kake, motero "zovuta".^note12 Inde, bungwe la Obama likugwiritsanso ntchito ndalama zokwana madola trilioni imodzi m'zaka makumi atatu zotsatira kuti zikhale ndi mafakitale atsopano komanso mabomba atsopano-ndege, ndege zankhondo zam'madzi-komanso zida zatsopano za nyukiliya.^note113

Kuganiza za Nkhondo Yankhondo wamba akuti zida zanyukiliya zimaletsa nkhondo - zomwe zimadziwika kuti chiphunzitso cha "Kuwonongedwa Kwachiwiri Pamodzi" ("MAD"). Ngakhale ziri zoona kuti sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyambira 1945, sizomveka kunena kuti MAD wakhala chifukwa. Monga Daniel Ellsberg wanena kuti, pulezidenti aliyense wa ku America kuchokera ku Truman wakhala akugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya kuti ziwopsyeze amitundu ena kuti awalole kuti US apeze njira yake. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, chiphunzitso choterocho chimakhala ndi chikhulupiriro chodzikweza chokwanira kwa atsogoleri a ndale muvuto, nthawi zonse. MAD sichiteteza chitetezo chosokoneza mwadzidzidzi za zida zonyansazi kapena zochitika za mtundu wina zomwe molakwika zinaganiza kuti zikuyang'aniridwa kapena kuyesedwa koyamba. Ndipotu, mitundu yina yamakono opangira zida za nyukiliya yakonzedwa ndi kumangidwira cholinga chakumapeto- Mtsinje wa Cruise (yomwe imagwa pansi pa radar) ndi Kusunga Chitsime, kuthamanga mwamsangamsanga, misisi yam'tsogolo. Kukambirana kwakukulu kunachitika panthawi ya Cold War yokhudzana ndi "Kulimbana Kwambiri Kwambiri Kwambiri," komwe US ​​akuyambitsa kuukira nyukiliya ku Soviet Union kuti athetse mphamvu zake zowonjezera zida za nyukiliya powononga lamulo ndi kulamulira, kuyambira ndi Kremlin. Ofufuza ena analemba za "kupambana" nkhondo yankhondo ya nyukiliya yomwe anthu ochepa chabe angaphedwe, pafupifupi anthu onse.^note14 Zida za nyukiliya zimachita zachiwerewere komanso zamisala.

Ngakhale osagwiritsidwa ntchito mwadala, pakhala pali zochitika zambiri kumene zida za nyukiliya zomwe zimagwera ndege zimagwera pansi, mwachisangalalo kuti zimangoyambira pansi pa plutonium, koma osati kuchoka.^note15 Mu 2007, zida zisanu ndi chimodzi za ku America zonyamula zida za nyukiliya zinachokera ku North Dakota kupita ku Louisiana ndipo mabomba a nyukiliya omwe akusowapo sanadziwike kwa maola a 36.^note16 Pakhala pali malipoti a kuledzera ndi kusagwira bwino ntchito ndi servicemen yomwe imatumizidwa ku silos pansi pa nthaka yomwe imayambitsa kuyambitsa mikwingwirima ya nyukiliya ya US yowononga tsitsi ndi kuwonetsa ku midzi ya Russia.^note17 Ma US ndi Russia ali ndi zida zamakanema zikwizikwi zomwe zimakonzedweratu ndipo zimakonzedwanso. Ndendende ya ku Norway yowononga nyengo yapita-yopitirira ku Russia ndipo inatsala pang'ono kutengedwa kuti iwonongeko mpaka patsiku lomaliza pamene chisokonezo chachikulu chinasinthidwa.^note18note19

Pulezidenti wa 1970 unayenera kuthera mu 1995, ndipo unapitilira nthawi yosatha, ndi makonzedwe a misonkhano yowonetsera zaka zisanu ndi misonkhano yokonzekera pakati. Pofuna kuti mgwirizano wa NPT ukhale wovomerezeka, maboma adalonjeza kuti adzakonza msonkhano wokambirana nawo Zida za Mass Destruction Free Zone ku Middle East. Pa ndondomeko iliyonse ya zaka zisanu ndikuwonetseratu, malonjezano atsopano anaperekedwa, monga kudzipereka mosaganizira za kuthetsedwa kwa zida za nyukiliya, ndi "njira" zosiyanasiyana zomwe ziyenera kutengedwa kuti zitheke kudziko laukhondo, zomwe palibe kulemekezedwa.^note20 A Msonkhano wa Zida za Nuclear Nuclear, lolembedwa ndi maboma a anthu ndi asayansi, lawyers, ndi akatswiri ena adatengedwa ndi UN^note21 zomwe zinapereka, "mayiko onse adzaloledwa kutsata kapena kutenga nawo mbali pa 'chitukuko, kuyesa, kupanga, kusunga, kutumiza, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kuwopseza kugwiritsira ntchito zida za nyukiliya.'" Zinapereka njira zonse zomwe zingathere kuti ziwononge zida zankhondo ndi kusunga zipangizo pansi pa ulamuliro wovomerezedwa wa mayiko.^note22

Kukhumudwa kwa Civil Society ndi zida zambiri zomwe siziri nyukiliya zimati, palibe njira zomwe zakhala zikuyankhidwa pa zokambirana zambiri za NPT zomwe zasankhidwa. Potsatira njira yofunikira ndi a Red Cross International kuti adziwe zowononga zowononga zida za nyukiliya, ndondomeko yatsopano yogwirizana ndi mgwirizano wophweka popanda kutenga zida za nyukiliya inayambika ku Oslo ku 2013, ndi ndondomeko zopitilira ku Nayarit, Mexico ndi Vienna ku 2014.^note23 Panopa kutsegula zokambiranazi pambuyo pa msonkhano wa 2015 NPT Review, pa Chikumbutso cha 70th cha kuwonongeka koopsa kwa Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki. Pamsonkhano wa Vienna, boma la Austria linalengeza chigamulo chogwira ntchito zotsutsa zida za nyukiliya, zomwe zimatchedwa "kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira kuletsa malamulo ndi kuletsa zida za nyukiliya" komanso "kugwirizana ndi onse ogwira ntchito kuti akwaniritse izi cholinga. "^note24 Kuonjezerapo, Vatican inalankhula pamsonkhanowu ndipo kwa nthawi yoyamba inanena kuti kuvulaza nyukiliya ndi khalidwe loipa ndipo zida ziyenera kuletsedwa.^note25 Mgwirizano woletsedwa sudzapangitsa kuti zida za nyukiliya zikhazikitsidwe, koma maboma omwe akukhala pansi pa ambulera ya nyukiliya ku United States, m'mayiko a NATO omwe amadalira zida za nyukiliya kuti "zisokoneze" komanso mayiko monga Australia, Japan ndi South Korea.^note26 Kuwonjezera apo, ma sitima a ku America okhudza mabomba a nyukiliya a 400 m'mayiko a NATO, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, Germany ndi Turkey, omwe adzakakamizidwa kuti asiye "zokonza za nyukiliya" ndi kulemba mgwirizano.^note27

Zida Zachilengedwe ndi Zamoyo

Zida za tizilombo zimakhala ndi poizoni zakupha monga Ebola, typhus, nthomba, ndi zina zomwe zasinthidwa mububu kuti zikhale zowononga kwambiri kotero palibe mankhwala. Ntchito yawo ingayambitse vuto losalamulirika padziko lonse. Choncho ndizofunikira kutsatira malamulo omwe alipo kale omwe ali mbali ya Alternative Security System. The Msonkhano Wotsutsa Kukula, Kupanga ndi Kugulitsa Bacteriological (Biological) ndi Zida za Toxin ndi Kuwonongedwa Kwawo Anatsegulidwa kuti asayinidwe ku 1972 ndipo anayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1975 pansi pa United Nations. Zimaletsa olemba 170 kuti asatenge kapena kukulitsa kapena kusunga zida izi. Komabe, ilibe njira yovomerezera ndipo ikufunika kulimbikitsidwa ndi boma lovuta kuyendera (ie, boma lirilonse lingatsutse wina amene avomereze pasadakhale kuti ayang'ane.)

The Msonkhano Wotsutsa Kukula, Kupanga, Kugulitsa ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zida Zachilengedwe ndi Kuwonongedwa Imaletsa kupanga, kupanga, kupeza, kusunga, kusunga, kutumiza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamankhwala. Ma signatories aku America avomera kuwononga nkhokwe zilizonse zamankhwala zomwe angakhale nazo ndi malo aliwonse omwe amapangidwa, komanso zida zilizonse zamankhwala zomwe adazisiya mdera la States zina m'mbuyomu ndikupanga zovuta kutsimikizira boma la mankhwala ena owopsa ndi omwe adalipo kale awo… pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti mankhwalawa amangogwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa zoletsedwa. Msonkhanowo unayamba kugwira ntchito pa Epulo 29, 1997. Pomwe kuchuluka kwa zida zamankhwala zachepetsedwa kwambiri, chiwonongeko chotheratu sichinali cholinga chakutali.^note28 Panganoli linayendetsedwa bwino mu 2014 pamene Suriya inagonjetsa zida za mankhwala.

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Tikufuna kumva kuchokera kwa inu! (Chonde lankhulani ndemanga pansipa)

Izi zawatsogolera bwanji inu kuganiza mosiyana za njira zina zankhondo?

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Kodi mungatani kuti muthandize anthu ambiri kumvetsetsa za njirazi?

Kodi mungachite bwanji kuti izi zitheke ku nkhondo?

Chonde mugawane nkhaniyi!

Zolemba zofanana

Onani zina zotsatizana nazo “Chitetezo Chankhondo

Onani Mndandanda wa Zamkatimu A Global Security System: An Alternative Nkhondo

zolemba:
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
10. Onani ndemanga ya bungwe la Nobel Peace Laureate Organisation International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear War "Nuclear Famine: anthu awiri biliyoni omwe ali pachiopsezo" (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
11. ibid (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
12. ibid (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
13. http://nnsa.energy.gov/mediaroom/pressreleases/pollux120612 (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
14. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/us/us-ramping-up-major-renewal-in-nuclear-arms.html?_r=0 (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
15. http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub585.pdf (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_nuclear_accidents (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_States_Air_Force_nuclear_weapons_kusintha (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
18. http://cdn.defenseone.com/defenseone/interstitial.html?v=2.1.1&rf=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenseone.com%2Fideas%2F2014%2F11%2Flast-thing-us-needs-are-mobile-nuclear-missiles%2F98828%2F (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
19. http://cdn.defenseone.com/defenseone/interstitial.html?v=2.1.1&rf=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenseone.com%2Fideas%2F2014%2F11%2Flast-thing-us-needs-are-mobile-nuclear-missiles%2F98828%2F (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
20. Onaninso, Eric Schlosser, Command and Control: Nuclear Weapons, Accident Damasiko, ndi Illusion of Safety; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Petrov (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
21. http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2005_04/LookingBack (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
22. http://www.inesap.org/book/securing-our-survival (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
23. Maiko amene ali ndi zida za nyukiliya adzayenera kuwononga zida zawo za nyukiliya m'zigawo zingapo. Zigawo zisanuzi zikupita patsogolo motere: Kutenga zida za nyukiliya kuchenjeza, kuchotsa zida zochokera ku ntchito, kuchotsa zida za nyukiliya kuchokera ku magalimoto awo operekera, kulepheretsa nkhondo, kuchotsa ndi kusokoneza 'maenje' ndikuyika zinthu zolakwika pansi pa mayiko onse. Pansi pa msonkhano wachigawo, magalimoto obweretsera adzafunikanso kuwonongedwa kapena kutembenuzidwa ku mphamvu yosakhala ya nyukiliya. Kuonjezera apo, NWC ikanaletsa kupanga zida zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. The States Parties idzakhazikitsanso bungwe loletsa zida za nyukiliya zomwe zidzasankhidwa kuti zitsimikizidwe, zitsimikizidwe kuti zitsatidwe, zigwirizane ndi zisankho, komanso zidzakonza zokambirana ndi mgwirizano pakati pa maboma onse. Bungweli likhoza kukhala ndi Msonkhano Wachigawo, Bungwe la Executive Council ndi Secretariat. Zolengeza zidzafunikila kuchokera ku mayiko onse a Parties zokhudzana ndi zida zonse za nyukiliya, katundu, malo, ndi magalimoto operekera katundu wawo komanso malo awo. "Kutsatila: Pansi pa 2007 model NWC," mayiko otsogolera adzafunikila kukhazikitsa miyeso kupereka chithandizo cha anthu omwe akuchita zolakwa ndi chitetezo kwa anthu omwe amawaphwanya malamulo a Msonkhano. Mayiko adzafunikanso kuti akhazikitse ulamuliro wa dziko womwe uli ndi ntchito zowonongeka. Msonkhanowu ukanakhala wovomerezeka ndi maudindo osati ku United States okha komanso kwa anthu ndi mabungwe alamulo. Milandu yamilandu pa Msonkhano iyenera kutumizidwa ku ICJ [Khoti Lalikulu Lachilungamo] mogwirizana ndi mgwirizano wa States Parties. Bungweli likanatha kukhala ndi mwayi wopempha uphungu kuchokera ku ICJ pazitsutso zalamulo. Msonkhanowu ukanathandizanso kuti pakhale mauthenga angapo omwe amamaliza maphunzirowo kuti athe kutsimikizira kuti kusagwirizana kumayamba ndi kufunsa, kufotokoza, ndi kukambirana. Ngati ndi kotheka, milandu ikhoza kutumizidwa ku bungwe la UN General Assembly ndi Security Council. "[Gwero: Nuclear Threat Initiative, http://www.nti.org/treaties-and-regimes/proposed-nuclear-weapons-convention-nwc/ ] (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
24. www.ican Web (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
25. https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/rebecca-johnson/austrian-pledge-to-ban-nuclear-weapons (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
26. http://www.paxchristi.net/sites/default/files/nuclearweaponstimeforabolitionfinal.pdf (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
27. https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2012_06/NATO_Sticks_With_Nuclear_Policy (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)
28. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_sharing (bwererani ku nkhani yaikulu)