Ndi Pat Elder, July 8, 2019

Nkhonya zolimbana ndi moto zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagulu a mlengalenga ndi asilikali a ku United States zimayambitsa madzi m'madzi ku Germany. Kutsekemera kwa thovu, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pozimitsa moto nthawi zonse, kumapangidwa ndi mankhwala a kansa yotchedwa Per ndi Poly Fluoroalkyl Substances, kapena PFAS. Pofuna maphunziro, asilikali a ku America amayatsa moto kwambiri, amawotcha moto ndipo amazimitsa pogwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa. Pambuyo pake, malo okhala chithovu amaloledwa kuthamanga, kuipitsa nthaka, zowonongeka, madzi apansi, ndi madzi apansi. Nkhondo ya ku United States ikugwiritsanso ntchito makina opangira mazenera m'mapalasita kuti apange chingwe cha mvula kuti azivale ndege zamtengo wapatali. Machitidwe omwe amayesedwa kawirikawiri akhoza kuphimba pakhomo la 2-acre ndi 17 mapazi otentha poizoni mu maminiti a 2. (.8 hektala ndi 5.2 mamita a chithovu mu 2 maminiti.)

Zotsatira za thanzi lakutulukira kwa Per and Poly Fluoroalkyl Substances Phatikizani kutaya pathupi pafupipafupi komanso zovuta zina zoyembekezera. Amaipitsa mkaka wa m'mawere komanso amadwalitsa ana oyamwitsa. Per and poly fluoroalkyls amathandizira kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi, khansa ya impso, cholesterol yambiri, chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha matenda a chithokomiro, komanso khansa ya testicular, micro-mbolo, komanso kuchepa kwa umuna mwa amuna.

PFAS siyipitsa konse koma imabwezeretsa mafuta, mafuta, ndi moto kuposa chilichonse chomwe chidapangidwa. Asitikali amawona kuti ndiwofunikira pamachitidwe awo omenyera nkhondo chifukwa azimitsa moto mwachangu.  

Njira zamakono zamakono zimatha kuteteza umunthu wathu, monga momwe Pandora anagonjetsera bokosi lake. Mankhwala awa, ndi ena onga iwo, amachititsa kukhala koopsa kwaumunthu. Zotsatirazi ndizomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri ku Germany.

Ramstein Airbase, Germany

Ku Ramstein, madzi apansi amapezeka kuti ali nawo 264 ug / l  (micrograms lita imodzi) ya PFAS. Ndi nthawi za 2,640 pamwamba pa chigawo cha European Union, (EU). 

EU yakhazikitsa mfundo za PFAS za 0.1 ug / L ndi zonse PFAS za 0.5 ug / L m'madzi apansi ndi madzi akumwa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, bungwe la US Environmental Protection Agency lakhala likuyendera kwambiri .07 ug / l m'madzi akumwa ndi m'madzi apansi. Komabe, mayeso a EPA ndi odzipereka pokhapokha asilikali ndi makampani akuipitsa kayendedwe kabwino ka madzi ku US maulendo angapo pamwamba pa malire odzipereka. Madzi akumtunda ku Alexandria, Louisiana pafupi ndi ku England Air Force Base anapeza kuti ali ndi 10,900 ug / l ya PFOS ndi PFOA. 

Asayansi a zaumoyo a Harvard University amanena kuti .001 ug / l wa PFAS m'madzi athu ndi oopsa.

Zambiri za PFAS mu Glan River, pamtunda wa Mtsinje wa Mohrbach, makilomita a 11 kuchokera ku Ramstein, inali nthawi ya 538 yomwe EU imati ndi yotetezeka.

Ndege ya Spangdahlem, Germany

Ndi chithumwa cha mavuto amphamvu,
Monga chithupsa cha msuzi ndi maluwa

- William Shakespeare, Nyimbo ya Mfiti (Macbeth)

 

PFAS inayesedwa pa 3 ug / l pafupi ndi ndege ya Spangdahlem ku Märchenweiher Pond. (Marchenweiher amatanthauza "nthano" mu Chingerezi.) The Fairy Tale Pond yakhala yovuta kwambiri. Nsomba zili ndi poizoni. Madzi otchuka omwe asodza nsomba tsopano atsekedwa pokambirana ndi SGD Nord, akuluakulu oyang'anira madzi ku Rhineland-Palatinate. Mankhwalawa samatsutsa.

Mvula ikagwa ku Spangdahlem, imathira PFAS. Mitsinje yosungiramo madzi a mvula pa airbase kukwera mumtsinje wa Linsenbach. 

Malo osungirako mankhwala osokoneza bongo a Spangdahlem anapezeka kuti ali nawo  PFAS mpaka 31.4 μg / l. Poyerekeza, boma la Maine posachedwa lidakhazikitsa malire a PFAS mu sludge ya sopo mu 2.5 ug / l ya PFOA ndi 5.2 ug / l ya PFOS, ngakhale akatswiri azachilengedwe amati malamulowo ndi ofooka kakhumi kuposa momwe amayenera kukhalira.  

EPA siyimayang'anira PFAS mumadothi osambira. Zikadatero, asitikali atha kukhala pamavuto akulu, makamaka ku US Mankhwala owopsawa amatengedwa kuchokera kuzomera zaku Germany ndi US ndikufalikira kumunda. Izi zimabweretsa poizoni m'minda ndi mbewu momwe sludge ya khansa imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zokolola zaku Germany zakuyipitsidwa.

Boma la Wittlich-Land, pafupi ndi US / NATO Airbase Spangdahlem, lidasumira boma la Germany koyambirira kwa 2019 pamitengo yochotsa ndi kutaya zimbudzi zoyipitsidwa ndi PFAS. Zowopsa sizitha kufalikira m'minda chifukwa zimawononga mbewu, nyama, ndi madzi. M'malo mwake, imakhala yoyaka, yomwe ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri komanso yotheka zovulaza ku thanzi laumunthu ndi chilengedwe

Wittlich-Land saloledwa kumanga mlandu usilikali wa US. M'malo mwake, akutsutsa boma la Germany kuti liwonongeke. Panthawiyi, boma la Germany, lomwe linapereka kukonza kwa zonyansa kwa zaka zambiri, laleka kutero, likusiya tauniyo ndi tabu.

Ndege ya Bitburg, Germany

Kuyambira 1952 mpaka 1994, Bitburg Air Base inali malo oyandikira a NATO. Unali nyumba ya 36th Tactical Fighter Wing ya United States Air Force. PFAS idagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi polimbana ndi moto. 

Ku Bitburg, madzi apansi pano adawonetsedwa posachedwa kuti ali ndi PFAS pamiyeso yayikulu kwambiri ya 108 μg / l ndipo madzi oyandikira pafupi ndi eyapoti anali ndi 19.1 ug / l ya PFAS. Madzi apansi panthaka a Bitburg ndi odetsedwa maulendo XNUMX kuposa miyezo ya EU. 

Zowonjezera za PFAS zimakhulupirira kuti ambiri ndi omwe amachititsa kuti autism ndi mphumu mwa ana. Zimakhudza kuyambira msinkhu ndipo zimapangitsa kuti chisokonezo chisokonezeke. 99% ya ife tsopano ali ndi digirii ya mankhwala awa mu matupi athu. 

Bitburg ikuipitsa madzi am'deralo ndi poizoni, makamaka kuposa Spangdahlem kapena Ramstein. Kukhazikika kwa PFAS mpaka 5 ug / l kunapezeka mumitsinje ya Paffenbach, Thalsgraben ndi Brückengraben, malo odziwika bwino asodzi. 5 ug / l ndi nthawi 7,700 kuposa malire a EU. Kugwiritsa ntchito nsomba kumalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa PFAS pakati pa anthu aku Germany. 

Mu Bitburg, yomwe inatseka zaka 25 zapitazo, boma la Germany ndilo "lovomerezeka" kuti liwononge chiwonongeko cha chilengedwe choyambidwa ndi Achimereka. Boma la Germany likuyembekeza US kuti awononge ndalama zogwirizana nazo yogwira Malinga ndi nyuzipepalayi, nyuzipepala za ndege za ku United States Volksfreund.

M'madera ena a Germany, katsitsumzukwa kakuchotsedwa m'ndalama chifukwa chakukwanitsa kuyika PFAS. Katsitsumzukwa kamatha kutulutsa PFAS m'madzi owonongeka ndi / kapena nthaka. Ogulitsa ayenera kusamala pogula zinthu monga katsitsumzukwa, sitiroberi, ndi letesi chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi ma PFAS ambiri. Pakadali pano, mapulogalamu aboma aku Germany omwe amayesa milingo ya PFAS muzinthu zosiyanasiyana zaulimi akhala akuthandiza kuti zinthu zambiri zoyipitsidwa zisafike pamsika.

Kale ndege ya NATO Hahn, Germany

Ndege ya Hahn inali ndi 50th Fighter Wing yaku US Air Force kuyambira 1951 mpaka 1993. Tsambali ndi pomwe pali Hahn-Frankfurt Airport. Monga malo ena, mabeseni osungira madzi amvula akhala akugwiritsira ntchito PFAS kuchokera pakukhazikitsa kupita kumudzi. Mtsinje wa Brühlbach pafupi ndi Hahn unali ndi mtengo wokwanira pafupifupi 9.3 μg / l wa PFAS. Izi ndizowopsa. Ndalamazo ndizokwera modabwitsa chifukwa mtsinje wa Wackenbach Creek umayamba pafupifupi 100 m ya dzenje lakale lodziwitsa moto. Masamu owonjezera pang'ono ali oyenera. Pamadzi apadziko lapansi, EU ikuti milingo ya PFAS sayenera kupitirira 0.00065 ug / L. 9.3 ug / l ndiokwera 14,000.  

Ndege ya Büchel, Germany

Kufufuza kwa 2015 pa PFAS kunachitika ku Büchel Airbase. Zitsanzo zamadzi zinatengedwa kuchokera m'madzi omwera m'madzi komanso m'madzi oyandikana nawo. PFOS inapezeka ku 1.2 μg / l. 

Zweibrücken Air Base

Zweibrücken anali malo a asilikali a NATO ochokera ku 1950 mpaka ku 1991. Anakhala mkati mwa mapiko a 86th Tactical Fighter Wing. Idali ndi 35 maili SSW a Kaiserslautern. Malowa tsopano akutumikira monga Airport Airport Zweibrücken.

Madzi okhala pafupi ndi bwalo la ndege adapezeka kuti ali ndi 8.1 μg / L pa PFAS. Chodabwitsa kwambiri, PFAS idapezeka m'madzi oyandikana nawo pafupi Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha zogwira 6.9 μg / l. EPA's Lifetime Health Malangizo kwa madzi akumwa ndi .07 ug / l kotero madzi akumwa pafupi Zweibrücken inapezeka kuti inali pafupifupi kuchuluka kwa ndalamazo. Ngakhale zili choncho, akatswiri a zachilengedwe amanena kuti uphungu wa madzi a EPA ndi wofooka kwambiri. Ofooka kwambiri, maiko ambiri akukakamiza malire ambiri. 

Ku George Air Force Base ku California, airmen achikazi anachenjezedwa mu 1980's, "Usatenge mimba" ndikutumikirako chifukwa chambiri chosokonekera. Oposa azimayi a 300 posachedwa alumikizana pa Facebook, akugawana nkhani zakusokonekera kwa amayi, zolepheretsa kubadwa pakati pa ana awo ndi ma hysterectomies. Iwo anamwa madziwo. A Air Force posachedwa adayesa madzi ndikupeza PFAS ikukwera 5.4 ug / l. Ndizoyipa kwambiri Zweibrücken lero. Zinthu sizichoka.

Malinga ndi lipoti lochokera ku Bundestag (18 / 5905) katundu wa US asanu okha ku Germany anadziwika ndi kuipitsidwa kwa PFAS:

• Ndege ya US ku Ramstein (NATO) 
• Ndege ya ku US Katterbach 
• US Airfield Spangdahlem (NATO) 
• Malo ophunzitsira usilikali a US ku Grafenwoehr 
• US Airfield Geilenkirchen (NATO)

Zida ziwiri zinali "zokayikira" za PFAS:

• US Airfield Illesheim
• US Airfield Echterdingen 

Malinga ndi Bundestag, (18 / 5905), "Asitikali akunja ndi omwe akuyang'anira za kuipitsa komwe akuyambitsa ndipo akuyenera kukafufuza ndikuwathetsa okha." Pakadali pano, a US sanatengepo gawo poyeretsa kuipitsa komwe kwadzetsa. 

US - Mapangano aku Germany kuyitanitsa kuti mudziwitse kufunikira kwakukonzanso komwe anthu aku America adachita panthaka - kuchotsera kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe komwe maziko amasamutsidwa.

Mavuto akulu awiri abwera kuchokera pamgwirizanowu. Choyamba, zinthu ziwirizi zikuwoneka kuti sizikugwirizana pamiyezo yokhudza kuyeretsa, makamaka ponena za kuipitsidwa kwa madzi am'madzi. Nthawi zambiri, aku America sanadandaule zowopsa. Chachiwiri, palibe amene adaganizira zakusokoneza kwa Per and Poly Fluoroalkyl Substances pamadzi.  

Pa zokambirana za Bundestag zokhudzana ndi PFAS kuchokera ku mabungwe a US / NATO, boma la Germany limati "alibe chidziwitso chapadera" ponena za kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe m'malo omwe si malo awo, komabe madzi a pansi pamadzi ndi a m'madzi omwe aphatikizidwa ndi PFAS akhoza kuyenda mtunda wautali kunja za maziko a America.