Pentagon Malipoti 250 Masamba Atsopano Ayipitsidwa ndi PFAS

Ndi Pat Elder, March 27, 2020

kuchokera Ziwopsezo Zankhondo

Pentagon tsopano ikuvomereza zimenezo 651 malo ankhondo adayipitsidwa ndi per- ndi poly fluoroalkyl zinthu, (PFAS), chiwonjezeko cha 62 peresenti kuchokera ku chiwerengero chomaliza cha masamba 401 mu Ogasiti, 2017.

Onani ma DOD  Zowonjezera zaposachedwa za malo 250 omwe ali ndi kachilomboka adakonzedwa momveka bwino ndi anzathu ku Environmental Working Group.

PFAS imapezeka m'madzi akumwa kapena m'madzi apansi pamasamba atsopanowa, ngakhale milingo yeniyeni ya kuipitsidwa sikudziwika chifukwa DOD sinayesetse kuti idziwe kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa khansa.

Zomwe dziko lino lakumana nalo ndi mliri wa coronavirus zawonetsa kufunikira koyesa anthu ngati gawo loyamba loletsa kufalikira kwa kachilomboka. Momwemonso, kuyesa magwero onse amadzi am'matauni ndi achinsinsi azinthu zoyipitsidwa ngati PFAS kuyenera kuchitidwa kuti ayambe ntchito yoteteza thanzi la anthu. Sikokwanira kudziwa kuti madziwo ndi akupha.

Asitikali akupitilizabe kugwiritsa ntchito thovu lamadzi lopanga mafilimu (AFFF), lopangidwa ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana a PFAS, likubweretsa mavuto ambiri paumoyo wa anthu komanso chilengedwe. Maureen Sullivan, Wachiwiri kwa Secretary Secretary of Defense for Environment adauza a Tara Copp a McClatchy sabata ino kuti "malo aliwonse omwe madzi akumwa anali oipitsidwa. yayankhidwa kale.” Sullivan anapitiriza kunena kuti, “Pamene Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo ikuyamba kuphunzira mozama za kuipitsidwa kwa madzi apansi panthaka, idzayang’ana kuti ‘pali pati? Zikuyenda bwanji?’”

Mawu awa ndi achinyengo komanso amatsutsana. Madzi apansi panthaka amanyamula ma carcinogens kupita ku zitsime zakumwa zam'mataspala komanso zapadera. DOD yalephera kuthana ndi chiopsezo cha anthu. Mitsinje yakuphayo imatha kuyenda mtunda wautali, pomwe DOD yalephera kuyesa zitsime zachinsinsi zokha za 2,000 mapazi kuchokera ku PFAS zomwe zatulutsidwa pazida ku Maryland ndipo ikukonzanso zambiri zokhudzana ndi ziwiya zakupha ku California. Kwa zaka zambiri, mikwingwirima ya carcinogenic yakhala ikuyenda chakum'mwera chakum'mawa ku Wisconsin National Guard's Truax Field ku Madison, koma DOD sinayesetse zitsime zachinsinsi kumeneko. Anthu ku Alexandria, Louisiana, komwe mtundu umodzi wa PFAS wotchedwa PFHxS unapezeka m'madzi apansi pamlingo wopitilira 20 miliyoni ppt., sanayesedwe zitsime zawo.

Pakadali pano, asayansi azaumoyo akuchenjeza kuti asadye zoposa 1 ppt ya PFAS tsiku lililonse. DOD ikunyenga anthu aku America ndipo zotsatira zake ndi zowawa ndi imfa.

M'dziko lonselo, asitikali akuyesa madera omwe ali pafupi ndi maziko ngati njira yochepetsera anthu amderali, ndipo nthawi zambiri amangonena za mitundu iwiri kapena itatu mwa mitundu yopitilira 6,000 yamankhwala oopsa a PFAS.

Taganizirani za madzi a pachitsime cha Bambo ndi Akazi a Kenneth Culberton, kunja kwa George Air Force Base ku Victorville, California. Ngakhale mazikowo adatsekedwa mu 1992 madzi apansi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsime zapayekha akadali akupha ndipo akuyenera kukhala kwazaka masauzande - kapena kupitilira apo.

Lahanton Regional Water Quality Control Board (osati DOD) adayesa chitsime cha Culberton chaka chatha ndipo adapeza magawo 859 pa thililiyoni (ppt) ya zonyansa za PFAS. PFOS ndi PFOA zidakwana 83 ppt, pomwe zoyipa zomwe sizinali PFOS/PFOA zomwe zidapha zidakwana 776 ppt. Zitsime zapayekha sizinayesedwe kuti ziwopsezedwe ndi zida zoyambitsa usilikali mdera lonselo.

Air Force inatseka George Air Force Base mu 1992. Malingana ndi October, 2005 George AFB Restoration Advisory Board Adjournment Report, madzi apansi apansi okhala ndi zonyansa anali asanasamukire ku zitsime zamadzi akumwa kapena mumtsinje wa Mojave. “Madzi akumwa m’deralo akupitirizabe kukhala abwino kuti amwe,” malinga ndi lipoti lomaliza.

Mwachiwonekere, izi ndi zomwe Mlembi Wothandizira Wachiwiri wa Chitetezo Sullivan amatanthauza pamene adanena kuti madzi akumwa oipitsidwa "ayankhidwa kale."

Anthu ammudzi wa Victorville mwina akhala akumwa madzi apoizoni kwa mibadwo iwiri ndipo izi zakhala chizolowezi m'madera omwe ali pafupi ndi dziko lonselo.

Miyezo ya PFAS m'madzi apansi panthaka m'malo ankhondo 14 m'dziko lonselo ili pamwamba pa 1 miliyoni ppt, pomwe EPA yapereka "upangiri" wosatheka wa 70 ppt m'madzi akumwa. Malo ankhondo 64 anali ndi milingo ya PFAS m'madzi apansi opitilira 100,000 ppt.

Makanema angapo apakampani amafotokoza zabodza za DOD za PFAS m'zidutswa zosakhalitsa zomwe zimalephera kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane za kuipitsidwa kwa PFAS. Pa nthawiyi, mabungwe akuluakulu a nkhani m’dzikoli analephera kufotokoza nkhaniyi. Makina abodza a DOD tsopano akupereka chidziwitso chatsopano, chotsagana ndi nkhani zamasamba 250 omwe ali ndi kachilomboka.
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Mkuwa wapamwamba kwambiri adasankha tsiku lomwe Purezidenti Trump adalengeza zadzidzidzi mdziko lonse zokhudzana ndi mliri wa coronavirus kuti amasule zomwe akuyembekezera kwanthawi yayitali. Task Force Progress Report pa Per- ndi Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, (PFAS). Lipotilo likuti likutsimikizira "kudzipereka kwa Pentagon paumoyo ndi chitetezo cha omwe ali pantchito, mabanja awo, ogwira ntchito wamba a DoD, komanso madera omwe DoD imagwira ntchito." Mbiri yeniyeni ya DOD ikucheperachepera pakudzipereka.

Task Force ikunena kuti ikuyang'ana pa zolinga zitatu: kuchepetsa ndi kuthetsa kugwiritsa ntchito thovu lopanga mafilimu amadzimadzi, (AFFF); kumvetsetsa zotsatira za PFAS pa thanzi la munthu; ndikukwaniritsa udindo wathu woyeretsa wokhudzana ndi PFAS.
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Zoona? Tiyeni tiwone chinyengo cha DOD.

Cholinga #1 - Kuchepetsa ndi kuthetsa kugwiritsa ntchito thovu lomwe limapanga mafilimu amadzimadzi, (AFFF):

DOD yawonetsa kusuntha pang'ono ku "kuchepetsa ndi kuthetsa" kugwiritsa ntchito thovu lozimitsa moto. M'malo mwake, amakana kuyimba foni kuti asinthe thovu lopanda fulorini lomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi. DOD imateteza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe amayambitsa khansa pomwe akunena kuti "DoD ndi m'modzi mwa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri a AFFF, ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ena akuluakulu kuphatikiza ma eyapoti amalonda, mafakitale amafuta ndi gasi, ndi madipatimenti ozimitsa moto am'deralo." Mawuwa ndi osocheretsa kwambiri chifukwa cha mayendedwe ambiri pakati pa maguluwa kutali ndi kugwiritsa ntchito thovu zakupha. Kaimidwe ka gulu lankhondo kameneka kakuwonongetsa miyoyo ya anthu komanso kuwononga chilengedwe.
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Pakadali pano, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa thovu lopanda fulorine (zithovu za F3) m'zankhondo ndi zaboma zofananira ndi zomwe MIL-SPEC (zofotokozera zankhondo) zawonetsedwa pafupipafupi ku Europe konse.

Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) limalamula kuti kuyezetsa ntchito kwa thovu lozimitsa moto pazolinga zandege zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mayeso ozimitsa moto. Ma thovu angapo a F3 adutsa mayeso apamwamba kwambiri a ICAOndipo tsopano amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mabwalo a ndege padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza malo akuluakulu apadziko lonse lapansi monga Dubai, Dortmund, Stuttgart, London Heathrow, Manchester, Copenhagen, ndi Auckland. Makampani omwe amagwiritsa ntchito thovu la F3 akuphatikiza BP, ExxonMobil, Total, Gazprom, ndi ena ambiri.

3F imagwira ntchito kwa iwo. Bwanji osakhala asitikali aku US?

Mpaka chaka cha 2018, Federal Aviation Administration idafuna kuti ma eyapoti amtundu wamba agwiritse ntchito carcinogenic AFFF. Panthawiyo, Congress idachitapo kanthu kulola ma eyapoti kuti agwiritse ntchito thovu la F3. Nthawi yomweyo, maiko asanu ndi atatu adachitapo kanthu kukhazikitsa malamulo oyendetsera matenda akale a carcinogenic, ndipo ena akutsatira izi. DOD sikunena nkhani yonseyi ndipo kukakamira kwake kugwiritsa ntchito ma carcinogens ndi ofanana ndi zigawenga.

Cholinga #2 - Kumvetsetsa zomwe PFAS imakhudza thanzi laumunthu:

DOD amalankhula masewera abwino. Ngakhale mutu wa Goal #2 ukusocheretsa anthu. Boma la federal, mabungwe ophunzira, ndi asayansi padziko lonse lapansi apanga chidziwitso chambiri pazaumoyo wa PFAS.

PFAS imathandizira ku khansa ya testicular, chiwindi, mawere, ndi impso, ngakhale DOD samatchulapo mawu oti "C". Asayansi amadziwa pang'ono za mankhwalawa. Mwachitsanzo, imodzi mwamankhwala a 6,000+ PFAS omwe nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'madzi apansi ndi pamwamba pamadzi oyandikana ndi maziko m'dziko lonselo, PFHxS, (yomwe ili pamwambapa m'madzi a Culberton pa 540 ppt.), m'malo mwa PFOS/PFOA, yapezeka mu umbilical. chingwe magazi ndipo amafalikira ku mluza mokulirapo kuposa zomwe zimanenedwa za PFOS, khansa wamba yolumikizidwa ndi thovu lozimitsa moto la DOD. Kuwonekera kwa PFHxS asanabadwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kupezeka kwa matenda opatsirana (monga ottis media, chibayo, kachilombo ka RS ndi varicella) ali mwana.

Pamene anthu ayamba kudziwa zambiri za kuwonongeka kwa thanzi la mankhwalawa komanso zambiri za kuipitsidwa kwa maziko ndi madera ozungulira akutuluka, asilikali amakakamizika kuchita misonkhano ya anthu kuti athetse mavuto omwe akukwera, monga momwe amachitira pa laibulale yapagulu kunja kwa chipata chachikulu cha Patuxent River Naval Air Station ku Lexington Park, Maryland pa Marichi 3, 2020.

Yang'anani mawu awa, otengedwa mu bolodi lazidziwitso lowonetsedwa ndi Navy ku Maryland. "Pakadali pano, asayansi akuphunzirabe momwe kuwonekera kwa PFAS kungakhudzire thanzi la anthu."  Kunena zoona, mawuwo ndi oona; komabe, zimasiya anthu kuganiza kuti kuipitsidwa kwa PFAS ndi vuto latsopano komanso kuti silingakhale loyipa kwambiri. M'malo mwake, DOD yadziwa zakupha kwa zinthu izi kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi anayi.

DOD ndikanathera limbikitsani anthu kuti afufuze zakupha zamankhwala osiyanasiyana a PFAS potsogolera anthu kuti ayang'ane National Library of Medicine ya NIH Pub Chem kufufuza, koma sichoncho. Chida chodabwitsa ichi, chomwe sichinatsekedwe ndi olamulira a Trump, chimafotokoza za poizoni wamunthu chifukwa cha zikwizikwi zamankhwala oopsa, ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza ndi asitikali ndipo samawonedwa ngati zinthu zowopsa ndi EPA, chifukwa chake, ayi. zoyendetsedwa ndi Superfund Law. Chilichonse chimapita.
M'miyezi ingapo yapitayo, Boma la Trump latulutsa pulagi pazinthu ziwiri zofunika: Toxnet ndi Toxmap. Zida izi zidalola anthu kuti azisaka mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazankhondo ndi mafakitale, kuphatikiza PFAS. Nkhandwe yomwe imayang'anira khola la nkhuku pomwe DOD imadya anthu osadziwa.

Anzathu a Earthjustice ndi Environmental Defense Fund tangotulutsa kafukufuku wogwirizana kuwonetsa momwe Trump's EPA imaphwanya pafupipafupi lamulo la Toxic Substances Control Act lomwe limayang'anira kupanga, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kugawa mankhwala oopsa, kuphatikiza PFAS. Trump wakhala tsoka pamaakaunti ambiri, koma cholowa chake chokhalitsa chidzasinthidwa DNA, zilema zobadwa, kusabereka ndi Khansa.

Gulu lomwe lili pamwambapa likuti, "Kafukufuku wina wasayansi akuwonetsa kuti PFAS ina ingakhudze machitidwe ena m'thupi." Mawuwa amapangitsa kukayikira m'maganizo mwa anthu chifukwa amasiya mwayi woti zinthu zina za PFAS sizingakhale zoyipa kwambiri pomwe kafukufuku wambiri akuwonetsa kuti zinthu zonse za PFAS zitha kukhala zovulaza. DOD ikutsatira chitsogozo cha EPA ndi Congress pankhaniyi. M'malo moletsa nthawi yomweyo mankhwala onse a PFAS ndikulola kugwiritsa ntchito PFAS imodzi ndi imodzi ngati ikuwoneka kuti ilibe vuto, EPA ndi Congress ikupitiliza kulola kuchulukira kwa ma carcinogens awa poganizira ngati angawayese m'modzim'modzi. .

Cholinga #3 - Kukwaniritsa udindo wathu woyeretsa wokhudzana ndi PFAS.

Palibe chomwe chingakhale chotalikirapo kuchokera ku chowonadi chifukwa DOD sivomereza udindo chifukwa chaupandu. Air Force yakhala ikunena m'makhothi a federal kuti "Federal Sovereign Immunity" imalola kunyalanyaza malamulo a boma okhudzana ndi kuipitsidwa kwa PFAS. DOD ya Trump Administration ikuuza anthu aku America kuti ili ndi ufulu wowapha poizoni pomwe anthu sangachite chilichonse.

Nthawi yomweyo, asitikali akudula ndikudula chilankhulo cha boilerplate kuti apange zabodza ngati izi: "DOD yaika patsogolo zomwe zikuchitikazo ndipo ikugwira ntchito mwamphamvu kuti iziziziritsa powunika ndikukhazikitsa malamulo ndi zofunikira pakupereka malipoti, kulimbikitsa ndikufulumizitsa kafukufuku. ndi chitukuko, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zigawo za DoD zikulankhula ndi kuyankhulana za PFAS muzochitika zosasinthika, zotseguka, komanso zowonekera.

Izi ndi zinyalala ndipo nthawi yakwana yoti anthu a ku America adzuke n’kumva fungo la poizoni.

Ngati DOD inalidi yotsimikiza kuyeretsa PFAS, ikanayesa madzi m'dziko lonselo, kuphatikiza madzi amkuntho ndi madzi oipa omwe amachokera kumalo oipitsidwa pazigawo.

DOD imamvetsetsa kuti PFAS yochokera kumagulu ankhondo idayipitsa ngalande zamadzi amkuntho komanso ma biosolids ndi matope. Kutulutsa kotereku kumayimira njira yoyamba yolowera anthu chifukwa madzi apoizoni amawononga madzi apamtunda ndi moyo wa m'nyanja zomwe zimadyedwa ndi anthu, pomwe zotayira zonyansa zimafalikira m'minda yomwe imalima mbewu kuti anthu adye. Oyster, nkhanu, nsomba, sitiroberi, katsitsumzukwa, ndi anyezi ndi poizoni - kutchula zinthu zochepa zomwe timadya.

M'malo mogwira ntchito ndi EPA kuti akhazikitse mayendedwe oipitsidwa kwambiri pazama media awa, Gulu Logwira Ntchito la DOD limangofuna kutsata zofunikira za PFAS za boma pamaloleza otulutsa madzi amkuntho. Asilikali akuti awunika kaya kukula malangizo okhudza njira zotayira za media zomwe zili ndi PFAS; kuyang'anira zotulutsa zonse zomwe zili ndi PFAS; ndikusamalira ma biosolids amadzi onyansa ndi zinyalala zomwe zili ndi PFAS. Amalephera kuthana ndi kuwotcha kwawo kwa masheya otsala a PFAS.

Amakana kuthana ndi mavuto azaumoyo omwe amayambitsa.

Ngakhale pali pafupifupi 600 PFAS pazamalonda, pakali pano atatu okha - PFOS, PFOA, ndi PFBS - akhazikitsa mfundo zapoizoni zomwe DoD imagwiritsa ntchito kudziwa ngati kuyeretsa kuli kofunikira. Zinazo ndi masewera abwino, ndipo ambiri ali kale m'thupi mwanu, akuvulaza.