Ndi David Swanson
Ndemanga pa Msonkhano wa Peace and Justice Studies Association ku Birmingham, Alabama, October 28, 2017.
Zikomo pondiyitana. Kodi aliyense amene akuganiza kuti nkhondo siili konse, ndipo siingakhale, yolungamitsidwa chonde kwezani dzanja lanu. Zikomo. Tsopano ngati mukuganiza kuti nkhondo iliyonse imakhala yolondola nthawi zonse. Zikomo. Ndipo potsirizira pake onse omwe ali ndi pakati omwe ali ndi pakati: nkhondo zina ndizoyenera. Zikomo. Simungadabwe kumva kuti chipindachi si cha dziko lino. Chodziwika bwino ndi chakuti aliyense athe kuwunjikana mu gulu lomaliza.
Ubale pakati pa mtendere ndi nkhondo sudziwika bwino ndi anthu aku US monga momwe zilili pakati pa amoyo ndi akufa. Mtendere ndi nkhondo ndi zinthu zomwe anthu amaganiza kuti zitha kukhalapo.
Ku Virginia, komwe ndimakhala, membala wa board ya sukulu nthawi ina adanena kuti angathandizire kuzindikira tsiku lamtendere lapadziko lonse malinga ngati palibe amene amamvetsetsa ndikuganiza kuti amatsutsana ndi nkhondo zilizonse.
Ku Washington, DC, zaka ziwiri zapitazo ndinapita ku US Institute of Peace pamodzi ndi anthu ena olimbikitsa mtendere. Tinakumana ndi ena mwa anthu apamwamba kumeneko ndi kuwafunsa ngati angagwirizane nafe m’nkhondo zotsutsa. Purezidenti wawo adandiuza kuti pali njira zingapo zopezera mtendere. Ndinamufunsa ngati imodzi mwa njira zimenezo inali kupyolera mu nkhondo. Anandifunsa kuti ndifotokoze za nkhondo. Ndinanena kuti nkhondo inali kugwiritsa ntchito asilikali a US kupha anthu. Anati "asilikali omwe siankhondo" atha kukhala yankho. Ndikuganiza kuti mwina ndidangotsala ndi mawu osalankhula nthawi yomweyo mukukambirana. Msilikali wosamenya nkhondo ndi munthu wophunzitsidwa kumenya nkhondo, wokhala ndi zida zomenyera nkhondo, wotumizidwa kudera lomwe angamenyedwe, ndipo amatchedwa "gulu lankhondo losamenya nkhondo."
Nayi pulojekiti yomwe nditha kugwiritsa ntchito thandizo lalikulu kuchokera ku mapulogalamu a Peace Studies. Ndikufuna kukopa anthu onse kuti chisankho chiyenera kupangidwa. Kumbali imodzi kuli mtendere, ndipo mbali inayo kuli nkhondo.
Ndikukhulupirira kuti tili ndi zitsanzo zambiri zoti tigwiritse ntchito. Ndimakhulupirira kuti osati pa msonkhano wa maphunziro a ana aang’ono pokha komanso ngakhale m’malo opezeka anthu ambiri pafupifupi munthu aliyense angakweze dzanja lake kunena kuti kuzunza ana sikulakwa ndipo sikungalungamitsidwe. Ndipo ndi oŵerengeka chabe amene angafune kugwiritsiridwa ntchito nkhanza kwa ana monga njira yofikira pa mkhalidwe wa kuleredwa mwaulemu. Pali zinthu zina zambiri zomwe munthu ayenera kuyesetsa kuti apeze omenyera ufulu wawo, zinthu monga ukapolo, kupikisana, kuyesedwa ndi zovuta, kapena Jeff Sessions. Ndipo pali zinthu zoipa zomwe anthu ambiri amachirikiza kapena kuvomereza: kutsekeredwa m'ndende, kuwononga mafuta, kupha nyama, zida za nyukiliya, hedge funds, Senate ya United States - komabe, ngakhale izi, lingaliro loti lithetsedwe limamveka ngati lotsutsana kwambiri. kupitiriza iwo. Masitepe pang'ono ndi abwino komanso ofunikira, koma ndondomeko yopita kudziko lamagetsi obiriwira powotcha mafuta onse sichimveka ngati lingaliro lobiriwira - osati momwe mamiliyoni a anthu amaganizira kuti akuphulitsa North Korea kapena Iran. njira yabwino yopangira mtendere ndi North Korea kapena Iran.
Zoonadi palibe zinthu ziwiri zofanana, ndipo zotsutsana zomwe anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti zimathandizira nkhondo sizigwirizana ndi ukapolo kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mafuta oyaka mafuta kapena kuzunza ana. Komabe, ndikukhulupirira kuti zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nkhondo ikhale yapadera imalemera kuti ithetse. Ndipo ndikukhulupirira kuti maphunziro amtendere atha kupita patali kwambiri kukopa anthu kuti chitetezo chodziwika bwino chankhondo sichigwira ntchito.
I. Nayi mfundo yoyamba yomwe ndikukhulupirira kuti idakhazikitsidwa ndi zowona koma ikufunika kuphunziridwa: Nkhondo imayika pachiwopsezo anthu omwe amawopseza ndikumenyedwa m'dzina lawo. Mwachiwonekere sitiyamba masewera pothokoza asilikali omwe ali ndi zida chifukwa choika pangozi, koma tikhoza kudziwa zenizeni ngati titero. Uchigawenga wakula motsimikizika panthawi yankhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga (monga momwe zimayesedwera ndi Global Terrorism Index). 99.5% ya zigawenga zimachitika m'mayiko omwe akuchita nkhondo komanso / kapena kuchita nkhanza monga kumangidwa popanda kuzengedwa mlandu, kuzunzidwa, kapena kupha munthu popanda lamulo. Ziwopsezo zapamwamba kwambiri zauchigawenga zili "kumasulidwa" ndi "demokalase" Iraq ndi Afghanistan. Magulu a zigawenga omwe amayambitsa zigawenga (ndiko kuti, ziwawa zomwe sizili m'boma kapena zandale) padziko lonse lapansi zatuluka munkhondo zaku US zolimbana ndi uchigawenga. Nkhondo zimenezo zachoka ambiri akuluakulu aboma a US omwe adapuma pantchito komanso malipoti ochepa aboma la US akufotokoza zachiwawa zankhondo ngati zopanda phindu, zomwe zimapangitsa adani ambiri kuposa omwe amaphedwa. Nkhondo iliyonse tsopano ikuwoneka kuti ikuyambitsidwa ndi alembi a nduna, akazembe, ndi maseneta akuimba "Palibe yankho lankhondo. Palibe njira yankhondo,” pamene akuyesera kuthetsa vuto linanso pankhondo. Ziwawa zomwe adani atsopano omwe akupanga amachitapo nthawi zina zimapangitsa kukhala gulu lauchigawenga. Ndiye palinso zigawenga (ndiko kuti, zopanda ndale) zakupha anthu ambiri zomwe zakhala mliri ku United States zomwe zasokoneza apolisi ake, zosangalatsa zake, chuma chake, ndi chikhalidwe chake. Nazi mfundo zina zochokera m'buku labwino kwambiri lotchedwa Sayansi Yamtendere Digest: "Kutumizidwa kwa asitikali kudziko lina kumawonjezera mwayi wa zigawenga zochokera m'dzikolo. Kutumiza zida kudziko lina kumawonjezera mwayi woukira kuchokera ku mabungwe achigawenga ochokera kudzikolo. 95% ya zigawenga zonse zodzipha zimachitika pofuna kulimbikitsa alendo kuti achoke m'dziko lachigawengacho." M'malo mwake, sindikudziwa za zigawenga zakunja, kuyesa, kapena kuchitapo kanthu motsutsana ndi United States, pomwe zolimbikitsa zidanenedwa, pomwe chilimbikitsocho chinali china kupatula kutsutsana ndi ulamuliro wankhondo waku US. Ndikuganiza kuti titha kupeza mfundo zitatu mosamala.
1) Kugawenga kwachilendo ku United States kungathetsedwe mwa kusunga asilikali a US kudziko lina lomwe si United States.
2) Ngati Canada kapena dziko lina likufuna kugulitsa zida zomwe zingangobwera chifukwa chopanga zigawenga zotsutsana ndi Canada pamlingo wa US kapena kungofuna ziwopsezo zambiri zauchigawenga, zingafunikire kukulitsa kuphulitsa kwake, kukhala, ndi kumanga maziko mozungulira. dziko.
3) Pa chitsanzo cha nkhondo yauchigawenga, nkhondo ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo, yomwe imabweretsa mankhwala ambiri, komanso nkhondo yothetsera umphawi yomwe ikuwoneka kuti ikuwonjezera umphawi, ndibwino kuti tiganizire kuyambitsa nkhondo pa chitukuko chosatha ndi chimwemwe.
II. Nayi gawo lalikulu lachiwiri lomwe ndikuganiza kuti maphunziro amafunikira: Sitifunikira nkhondo kuti zititeteze. Popeza kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndi anthu amphamvu, ndi anthu oikidwa bwino amene amakhulupirira kuti ife do akusowa nkhondo kuti atiteteze, ndipo omwe amawona kusinthidwanso kwa War Department ngati Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo ngati funso lolondola, m'pofunika kuganizira kwambiri chikhulupiriro ichi. M'malo mwake, ndikufuna kuitenga mozama kwambiri kotero kuti ndikuumirira kuti omwe akuwalimbikitsa akhazikitse matanthauzo abwino achitetezo ndi zokhumudwitsa, komanso zida zodzitchinjiriza ndi zonyansa, ndikupangitsa kuthetsa mitundu yoyipa kukhala yofunika kwambiri.
Kodi gulu lankhondo lomwe lili pamalire amtunda wamakilomita masauzande ambiri kuchokera kudziko lanu ndikuteteza kapena kukhumudwitsa? Ngati ndizodzitchinjiriza, kodi tiyenera kulamula kuti dziko lililonse liziyamba mwachizolowezi? Kodi kuukira mayiko asanu ndi awiri omwe sanawukireko kwanu ndi kokhumudwitsa kapena kudziteteza? Kodi ndege idapangidwa kuti isadziwike isanagwe mabomba a nyukiliya kapena chitetezo cha napalm? Kodi kuyika zida zoponya pafupi ndi dziko lakutali lomwe limawaona ngati chitetezo chodzitchinjiriza ngati mumachitcha "chitetezo cha mizinga"? Kodi kupatsa ndege ndi oyendetsa ndege ndi ophunzitsa ku China kwinaku akutchinga ndikuwopseza Japan mpaka itaukira kodzitchinjiriza kapena kukhumudwitsa? Kodi gawo lomwe anthu amayesa kuchoka m'dzikolo ndi chitetezo kapena chokhumudwitsa? Kodi kugwetsa phosphorous yoyera pa anthu chifukwa wolamulira wawo akuti adagwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala kwa anthu ake ndi zokhumudwitsa kapena zodzitetezera, kapena ndizovomerezeka chifukwa mukupha anthu a munthu wina? Kodi kuwukira poyamba wina asanakugwetseni kukutetezani, kukukhumudwitsani, kapena kumadalira yemwe akukuchita - ndipo ngati zimatengera yemwe akuchita, kodi munthu amapeza bwanji mwayi wapaderawu?
Sindikuganiza kuti mungathe kufotokozera zonse zomwe zikuchitika ngati zodzitchinjiriza kapena zokhumudwitsa kuti aliyense asangalale, ngakhalenso kuletsa magulu onse kulengeza za udindo wawo ngati odzitchinjiriza. Koma ndikuganiza kuti mutha kupeza mgwirizano wokwanira kuti muzindikire magawo atatu mwa magawo atatu aliwonse a ndalama zankhondo zaku US, komanso kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa malonda a zida za US, monga opanda cholinga chodzitchinjiriza, komanso kutumikira m'malo moyika pachiwopsezo kuposa kuteteza. Ndikaphatikiza pamndandandawu: kupezeka kwa asitikali aku US m'maiko a 175, Asitikali "Apadera" a US m'maiko a 135, nkhondo ya US / Saudi ku Yemen, kutentha kwa US ku Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Libya, Somalia, ndi Syria, zida zonse zanyukiliya, zonyamulira ndege zonse, magalimoto onse omwe sanapangidwe kuti aziyang'anira malire a US, onse ogwira ntchito ku State Department ndi Pentagon adagwiritsa ntchito kutsatsa zida za US ku maboma akunja, ndi zida zonse zogulitsa zida za US (ndi mphatso) kwa maboma akunja ndi omenyera nkhondo omwe si aboma. Chifukwa chake, ngati wina akukhulupirira chitetezo chankhondo, sitiyenera kukhala ndi mkangano. M'malo mwake titha kuyesetsa kubwezeretsanso asitikali aku US m'njira yomwe ndikutsimikizira kuti ipanga mpikisano wa zida zankhondo padziko lonse lapansi, kutipanga kukhala otetezeka, ndikupangitsa kuti kuthetseratu kuwonekere kukhala koyenera kwa aliyense kuposa momwe zimakhalira pano.
Zachidziwikire kuti sitikuchitapo kanthu kuti tikhazikitse dipatimenti yodzitchinjiriza, chifukwa kusiyana pakati pankhondo "yoteteza" ndi "yokhumudwitsa" ndikusiyana kwakulankhula ndi kulungamitsidwa, osati kuchitapo kanthu. US imakonzekera ndikumenya nkhondo zomwe zimatchedwa "chitetezo" m'njira yomwe dziko lapansi silingathe kukhalapo, zachilengedwe kapena zankhondo, ngati mayiko awiri okha adachita izi, komanso m'njira yosadziwika bwino pokonzekera nkhondo zokhumudwitsa. Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuzindikira magawo ofunikira otalikirana ndi zankhondo osati monga mathero mwa iwo okha kapena njira zopita kunkhondo zabwino, koma ngati njira zothetsera.
Lingaliro loti sitifunikira chitetezo chokwanira chankhondo limalimbikitsidwa ndi maphunziro monga Erica Chenoweth's ndi Maria Stephan akuwonetsa kukwera kwakuchita zopanda chiwawa kukhala zachiwawa. Chiyembekezo changa ndi chakuti pamene anthu amaphunzira zida zopanda chiwawa ndi mphamvu zawo, amakhulupilira kwambiri ndikusankha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvuzo, zomwe zidzawonjezera mphamvu zopanda chiwawa mumayendedwe abwino. Panthawi ina ndimatha kulingalira anthu akuseka lingaliro lakuti olamulira ankhanza akunja adzalanda ndi kulanda dziko kuwirikiza kakhumi kukula kwake, lodzaza ndi anthu odzipatulira kusagwirizana kopanda chiwawa ndi okhalamo. Kale, ndimaseka nthawi zambiri pamene anthu amanditumizira maimelo ndikuwopseza kuti ngati sindigwirizana ndi nkhondo, ndiyenera kukhala wokonzeka kuyamba kulankhula North Korea kapena zomwe amachitcha "chinenero cha ISIS." Kupatula kusakhalako kwa zilankhulo izi, lingaliro loti aliyense atenga 300 miliyoni aku America kuti aphunzire chilankhulo chilichonse, mocheperapo pochita mfuti, pafupifupi amandipangitsa kulira. Sindingathe kuthandizira kulingalira momwe mabodza ankhondo angakhalire ochepa ngati aku America onse amadziwa zilankhulo zingapo.
Maphunziro a Mtendere, ndikuganiza, ali ndi ntchito yosintha malingaliro ankhondo ndi chiphunzitso chamtendere chokha. Isakhale ntchito yovuta chotero. Njira zankhondo zokha zimabwera m'mitundu itatu: zopanda mphamvu, zosatheka, ndi zachikondi.
Zofunika Zopanda Mphamvu: Nkhondo yolungama imayenera kukhala ndi cholinga choyenera, chifukwa choyenera, komanso kufanana. Koma izi ndi zida za malankhulidwe. Boma lanu likanena kuti kuphulitsa nyumba komwe ISIS imawononga ndalama kumapangitsa kupha anthu a 50, palibe njira zovomerezera, zovomerezeka zoyankha Ayi, 49 okha, kapena 6 okha, kapena mpaka 4,097 anthu angaphedwe mwachilungamo. Palibe kilodometer kapena makina a Madeleine Albright omwe ndimatha kulumikiza ndikugwiritsa ntchito kuyeza kuchuluka kwa kupha kovomerezeka. Kuzindikiritsa cholinga cha boma sikuli kophweka, ndipo kulumikiza chifukwa chabwino monga kuthetsa ukapolo kunkhondo sikupangitsa kuti nkhondoyi ikhale yogwirizana ndi nkhondoyo. Ukapolo ukhoza kuthetsedwa m’njira zambiri, pamene palibe nkhondo imene inamenyedwapo pa chifukwa chimodzi. Ukapolo ku Birmingham, Alabama, ndithudi sunathe ndi nkhondo. Ngati dziko la Myanmar likanakhala ndi mafuta ochulukirapo tikadakhala tikumva za kupewa kupha anthu ngati chifukwa chomveka chowukira, ndipo mosakayikira chikukulirakulira, zovutazo.
Mfundo Yosatheka: Nkhondo yolungama ikuyenera kukhala njira yomaliza, kukhala ndi chiyembekezo chokwanira cha kupambana, kuteteza osamenya nkhondo kuti asawukidwe, kulemekeza asilikali a adani monga anthu, ndi kuchitira akaidi ankhondo ngati osamenya nawo nkhondo. Palibe mwazinthu izi chomwe chingatheke. Kutchula chinthu "chomaliza" ndikungonena kuti ndi lingaliro labwino kwambiri lomwe muli nalo, osati okha lingaliro lomwe muli nalo. Pali nthawi zonse maganizo omwe aliyense angaganize. Nthawi iliyonse yomwe tikufunikira kupha Iran mwachangu kapena ife tonse tidzafa, ndipo sitidzatero, ndipo ife sitikufuna, kuti changu chotsatira cha Iran chidzataya kuwala kwake ndi zosankha zopanda malire zina Zinthu zoti muchite zikhale zosavuta kuziwona. Ngati nkhondo inalidi okha lingaliro lomwe inu munali nalo, inu simungakhale kutsutsana kwa makhalidwe, inu mukanakhala muthamangira Congress.
Nanga bwanji kulemekeza munthu pamene mukufuna kumupha? Pali njira zambiri zolemekezera munthu, koma palibe imodzi yomwe ingakhalepo nthawi imodzi ndikuyesera kupha munthuyo. Ndipotu ndinkakhala pansi pa anthu amene amandilemekeza amene ankafuna kundipha. Kumbukirani kuti chiphunzitso cha nkhondo chinayamba ndi anthu omwe amakhulupirira kuti kupha munthu kunali kuwachitira zabwino. Osamenya nkhondo ndiwo ambiri ovulala pankhondo zamakono, motero sangasungidwe, koma samatsekeredwa m’makola, kotero kuti akaidi sangakhoze kuchitidwa monga osamenya nkhondo pamene ali m’ndende.
Zofunikira za Amoral: Nkhondo zokhazokha ziyenera kulengezedwa poyera ndikumenyedwa ndi olamulira ovomerezeka komanso oyenerera. Izi si nkhawa za makhalidwe. Ngakhale m’dziko limene tinali ndi maulamuliro ovomerezeka ndi oyenerera, sakanamenya nkhondo mwachilungamo. Kodi pali aliyense amene amawonera banja ku Yemen likubisala ku drone yomwe imangokulirakulira nthawi zonse ndikuthokoza kuti ndegeyo yatumizidwa kwa iwo ndi akuluakulu oyenerera? Kodi pali zochitika zolembedwa za malingaliro otere?
Koma chifukwa chachikulu chomwe palibe nkhondo yomwe ingakhalepo si kuti palibe nkhondo yomwe ingagwirizane ndi mfundo zonse za nkhondo, koma kuti nkhondo sizochitika chabe, ndi bungwe.
III. Ili ndi phunziro lachitatu lomwe ndikuganiza kuti liyenera kuphunzitsidwa mofala. Nkhondo imanyamula katundu wambiri, ndipo zonse ziyenera kulipiridwa. Anthu ena omwe amakhulupirira kuti nkhondo zina zingakhale zabwino sangathe kuzindikira iliyonse ya nkhondo zomwe amalakalaka kuti zichitike zomwe sizinachitike, makamaka ku Rwanda. Ena amatha kuzindikira nkhondo zingapo zaposachedwa zomwe akuganiza kuti ndizoyenera. Koma anthu ambiri ku United States ndi okonzeka kuvomereza kuti nkhondo zambiri sizinali zomveka, nthawi zambiri kuphatikizapo nkhondo iliyonse ya zaka zitatu zapitazi. Komabe, anthu ambiri oterowo (osadziwa za nkhondo khumi ndi ziwiri zomwe zikuchitika pakadali pano, ndipo osatsimikiza za chilungamo chawo) amaumirira kuti pangakhale nkhondo yofunikira mphindi iliyonse, kapena pulezidenti wa chipani chawo chomwe amawakonda ali mu White. House, ndipo Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ku US, ndi Kusintha kwa America kunali koyenera. Ndalemba motalika kwambiri ndikuzilankhula ndekha chifukwa chomwe zitsanzozo sizikugwira ntchito, koma tiyeni tingovomereza chifukwa cha mkangano kuti amatero. Kodi kusankha kuyambira nthawi yosiyana kwambiri kungalungamitse nkhondo ku bungweli tsopano, chaka chino ndi chaka chamawa komanso chaka chotsatira?
Ngati wosankhidwa pamutu wa nkhondo yolungama adzachitika sabata yamawa, izi ndi zomwe ziyenera kuchita kuti zikhale zolungama. Choyamba, iyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe zingawoneke ngati chinthu chodzitchinjiriza pachokha. Chachiwiri, iyenera kupitilira kuwonongeka konse komwe kwachitika, tinene kuti, zaka 72 zankhondo zopanda chilungamo zomwe sizikadachitika koma kukonza kukhazikitsidwa kwankhondo. Chachitatu, iyenera kuchita zabwino kwambiri kuposa kuwononga zaka 72 zomwe zapha anthu ambiri kuposa zaka 72 zankhondo. Boma la US limawononga pafupifupi $ 1 thililiyoni pakukonzekera nkhondo ndi nkhondo chaka chilichonse, pomwe $ 30 biliyoni pachaka amatha kuthetsa njala, ndipo $ 11 biliyoni atha kuthetsa kusowa kwa madzi akumwa abwino padziko lonse lapansi. Chachinayi, nkhondo yolungamayi mozizwitsa iyenera kupitirira zaka 72 kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi wowononga wamkulu wa dziko lapansi ndi nyengo yake. (Mfundo yakuti asilikali a ku United States ndi omwe amawononga kwambiri zachilengedwe ayeneranso kudziwitsidwa bwino komanso kumveka bwino.) Chachisanu, kuti nkhondo ikhale yofanana ndi yomwe imayenera kupitirira kuwonongeka komwe nkhondo imachita ku ulamuliro wa malamulo. . Nkhondo ndi yosaloledwa pansi pa Pangano la Kellogg-Briand, ndipo nkhondo zonse zomwe zilipo panopa ndizosaloledwa pansi pa UN Charter. Ziwawa zambiri zomwe zimachitika pankhondozi nzosaloledwanso. Chinyengo choyambitsa nkhondo sichiloledwa. Ndipo ndithudi timataya ufulu wochuluka walamulo monga nzika, otsutsa, ndi omenyera nkhondo pankhondo iliyonse.
Khama lonyansa lomaliza loyika china chake kumbali yabwino ya kukhazikitsidwa kwa nkhondo ndikuti nkhondo ndi yopindulitsa pazachuma, makamaka kwa mayiko omwe akumenya nkhondo kutali ndi kwawo. Yunivesite ya Massachusetts - Kafukufuku wa Amherst akuwonetsa kuti ndalama zina komanso kuchepetsa msonkho kwa anthu ogwira ntchito ndizofunika kwambiri pazachuma kunkhondo zakhala zamtengo wapatali. Chifukwa chake khalani ndi maphunziro osiyanasiyana otidziwitsa za kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe anthu amawononga pankhondo (zochepa kwambiri) komanso zomwe akufuna kuchita atadziwitsidwa, mwachitsanzo, momwe bajeti ya federal yaku US imawonekera (akufuna kuchotsa zambiri kuchokera asilikali).
Palibe kusintha kwakukulu pankhondo. Ofuna zosangalatsa atha kuwapeza osachita zachiwawa. Kulimba mtima kungagwiritsidwe ntchito polimbana ndi kuphulika kwa moto ndi mphepo yamkuntho - ngakhale kutchuka kwa mfuti pa mphepo yamkuntho sizomwe ndikuganizira, ndipo ndikuganiza, chizindikiro cha misala ya nkhondo. Achinyamata anathandizidwa kuti akule ndi kukhwima mwa kukalipiridwa ndi kulangidwa usilikali nthawi zambiri akadakhala bwino ndi makolo achikondi ndi odzipereka kapena mabwenzi. Nkhondo sikufunika. Tikhoza kuzisiyira nyerere, zomwe zimachita bwino kwambiri. Ife tiri bwino popanda izo. Titha kusiya kutsutsa china chake ngati "nkhondo yofunikira". Palibe amene amatsutsa aliyense za a osati zofunikira kugwirira kapena kuzunza mphaka wa kusankha kapena Zoletsedwa kuba. Palibe ziyeneretso zomwe zimafunikira pazoyipa izi, kapena zoyipa zazikulu kuposa zonse: nkhondo.
Koma kodi timachotsa nkhondo ndi chiyani? Ndili ndi mayankho atatu, osasinthasintha pang'onopang'ono.
1) Kodi timalowetsa chiyani m'malo mwa kupha kapena kugwiririra kapena kutentha kapena kuba? Palibe. Timangosiya kuchita zolakwazo. Boma la US liyenera kuchita chiyani m'malo moukira Afghanistan? Osaukira Afghanistan.
2) Timachotsa nkhondo ndikulankhula. Jimmy Carter yemwe adakambirana bwino ndi North Korea akuwonetsa kukambirana ndi North Korea. Mikhail Gorbachev yemwe adakambirana bwino ndi Ronald Reagan akuwonetsa kuti Trump ndi Putin ayesa. Boma la Afghanistan zisanachitike zaka 16 zankhondo lidali lotseguka kukambirana za kuperekedwa kwa Osama bin Laden ku dziko lachitatu kuti lizengedwe mlandu uliwonse womutsutsa.
3) Timalowa m'malo mwa nkhondo ndi mabungwe atsopano ndi otukuka amtendere omwe amapititsa patsogolo mgwirizano, thandizo, zokambirana, demokalase, ndi malamulo. M'malo mwa World Beyond War, Posachedwapa ndinapereka mwayi wolowa nawo mpikisano wopangidwa ndi bilionea wa ku Hungarian-Swedish wofuna kupanga dongosolo labwino la boma la dziko. Tikalephera kupambana madola milioni (ndi kupulumutsa dziko) tidzasindikiza malingaliro athu. Koma tasindikiza kale buku lotchedwa A Global Security System zomwe zimafotokoza za tsogolo lopanda machitidwe ankhondo ndi chuma chankhondo. Mukukonzekera konseko titha kutengera ntchito ya Maphunziro a Mtendere akutiuza za mitundu yanji ya zilango zomwe zakhala zothandiza komanso zopweteka, ndi maboma ati omwe amakana nkhondo. M'malo moukira Afghanistan, boma la US likadapereka umboni wotsutsana ndi omwe adawatsutsa ndikuwapempha kuti abwezedwe, adapereka thandizo ku Afghanistan, adamanga masukulu ku Afghanistan - monga Shirin Ebadi adanenera - aliyense wotchulidwa kuti adazunzidwa ndi 9/11, adachotsa asitikali ake. Middle East ndi Asia, adalowa ku International Criminal Court, adasunthira kuchotsa mphamvu za veto ku United Nations, adatsutsa George W. Bush, adatsegula zokambirana za kuletsa zida za nyukiliya padziko lonse, kuthetsa CIA, kubwezera dziko labedwa ku Guantanamo ku dziko la Cuba ndikuthetsa kutsekedwa kwake, kuchulukitsa mphamvu zobiriwira m'malo mowononga ndalama zokwana madola theka la trilioni pachaka, ndipo adalonjeza kuti sadzapanganso mabungwe aliwonse okhala ndi mawu oti "Homeland" m'maina awo.
Kuchitira nkhondo ngati bungwe kumapangitsa kuti kuwoneke kukhala kokulirapo komanso kowopsa, kumatanthauzanso kuti ndizotheka kupanga mikhalidwe yomwe nkhondo sizimachitika. Izi ndizovuta kwambiri ndi milandu yapayekha. Mawa mkangano waukulu ukhoza kuwuka pakati pa Costa Rica ndi Iceland, koma atsala pang'ono kuthetsa nkhondoyo ikangotsala pang'ono kutha, makamaka chifukwa amayenera kupanga magulu ankhondo asanamenyane.
IV. Dera lalikulu lachinayi lomwe ndikuganiza kuti Maphunziro a Mtendere angathandize kuthetsa nkhondo ndi kupititsa patsogolo Mbiri Yamtendere, Peace Journalism, ndi Peace Training in Resistance to Propaganda. Ndikuzindikira kuti tikukumana ndi zopinga pano kupatula kusowa kwa chidziwitso cholondola komanso chodziwika bwino. Ndikukumbukira pamene okhulupirira zida zowononga anthu ambiri ku Iraq adawonetsedwa umboni wotsutsana ndi izi ndipo adakhulupirira kwambiri zidazo. Ndipo, mwa njira, simuyenera, ndithudi, kukopa anthu omwe amakhulupirira ma TV awo kuti zenizeni zawo nzolakwika. Mutha kusankha kuyambitsa kukambirana kosiyana, monga kufunsa ngati mayiko onse omwe ali ndi zida zowononga anthu ambiri awonongedwe kotheratu, kapena kufunsa ngati CIA inali yolakwika pomwe imati njira yabwino yopezera Iraq kugwiritsa ntchito zida zake. kukhala kuukira Iraq. Ndikukumbukiranso pamene anthu aku US adatsutsa mwamphamvu kuukira Syria ku 2013 kungotaya malingaliro ake chaka chamawa pomwe adawona kapena kumva za mavidiyo owopsa a ISIS. Mantha sangagonjetsedwe nthawi zonse pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo kapena nkhani - monga mfundo yakuti ana ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi mfuti ndi chiopsezo chachikulu ku United States kuposa ISIS. Koma, pakati pa zinthu zina zambiri, zowona zimakhala zofunikira, kusanthula kothandiza ndikofunikira, ndikusintha zokambirana kukhala zomwe sizinapangidwe ndi ma byte omveka pazinthu zotsatsira zotsatsa zamakampani.
Sindikutsimikiza kuti, ngakhale popanda kulembedwa mopanda chilungamo, maphunziro apamwamba amapangitsa munthu kutsutsa zankhondo. Koma zikuwoneka kuti zili choncho kuti munthu akamadziwa zambiri za dziko, zochitika, ndi zosankha zambiri m'pamenenso amakonda mtendere. Kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana apeza kuthekera kwa anthu kupeza dziko lomwe lili padziko lonse lapansi molingana ndi chikhumbo chawo chofuna kuwona boma la US likuphulitsa dzikolo. Anthu wamba ngakhalenso mamembala a Congress, atauzidwa, adanena kuti amakhulupirira kufunikira kophulitsa mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi mayina oseketsa omwe kulibe. Mosakayikira anthu sakanakhala ndi zikhulupiriro zopanda vuto lililonse ngati atadziwa mayina a mayiko a padziko lapansi. Ndingakhalenso wokonzeka kubetcherana, ngakhale ndilibe umboni, kuti kufunitsitsa kwa America kulengeza United States kuti ndi "dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi" kumayenderana ndi nthawi yomwe wakhala kunja kwa United States. Mayiko kapena maziko ake ankhondo. Ndiyeno pali phunziro limene ndinawerengamo Sayansi Yamtendere Digest zomwe zinapeza kuti anthu ali okonzeka kutsutsa nkhondo ngati atauzidwa kuti pali njira zina, koma ngati sanauzidwe kuti palibe kapena kuti palibe njira zina ndiye kuti akuchirikiza nkhondo ngati kuti adauzidwa kuti palibe. njira zina. Ofufuzawo adatsimikiza kuti, mosiyana ndi malingaliro ndi zochitika zakale, anthu ambiri amangoganiza kuti boma la US latopa kale njira zina zonse lisanayambe nkhondo iliyonse. Izi, zikuwoneka kwa ine, zitha kutsutsidwa m'njira zitatu. Choyamba, popanga kumvetsetsa kuti pali njira zina NTHAWI ZONSE. Chachiwiri, potchula njira zina zomwe zilipo panopa. Ndipo chachitatu, powunikiranso mbiri yakale yamtendere - kutenga mbiri yamtendere kuphatikiza mbiri yankhondo.
Sindikuganiza kuti mabuku ambiri m'masukulu aku US amawonetsa izi:
- Spain ankafuna nkhani ya Maine kupita kukangana kwa mayiko, koma US idakonda nkhondo.
- Mexico inali yokonzeka kukambirana zogulitsa theka lake lakumpoto popanda nkhondo.
- Olimbikitsa mtendere analimbikitsa anthu a ku Britain ndi America kuti akambirane kuti atenge Ayuda kuchoka ku Germany, koma Winston Churchill ndi Anthony Eden anayankha kuti zingakhale zovuta kwambiri pamene akufunika kuika maganizo awo pa nkhondo.
- A Soviet Union adakonza zokambilana zamtendere nkhondo yaku Korea isanachitike.
- United States inakana malingaliro amtendere ku Vietnam kuchokera ku Vietnamese, Soviets, ndi French, kuphatikizapo kupyolera mwa Richard Nixon kusokoneza mwachinsinsi mgwirizano wamtendere chisanachitike chisankho chake choyamba.
- Nkhondo yoyamba ya Gulf isanayambe, boma la Iraq linali lokonzeka kukambirana kuti achoke ku Kuwait, pamene Mfumu ya Jordan, Papa, Purezidenti wa France, Purezidenti wa Soviet Union, ndi ena ambiri adalimbikitsa kuthetsa mtendere.
- Asanachitike Shock ndi Awe, Purezidenti waku US anali kulumikiza ndondomeko za cockamamie zoyambitsa nkhondo; boma la Iraq lidalankhula ndi a CIA a Vincent Cannistrato kuti alole asitikali aku US afufuze dziko lonse; boma la Iraq lidalonjeza kuti lidzachita zisankho zomwe zimayang'aniridwa ndi mayiko pazaka ziwiri; boma la Iraq linapereka mkulu wa bungwe la Bush, Richard Perle, kuti atsegule dziko lonselo kuti akayendere, kuti apereke munthu woganiziridwa ndi mabomba a World Trade Center mu 1993, kuthandiza kulimbana ndi uchigawenga, komanso kukonda makampani amafuta a US; ndipo pulezidenti waku Iraq adapereka, mu akaunti yomwe pulezidenti wa Spain adapatsidwa ndi pulezidenti wa US, kuti achoke ku Iraq ngati angathe kusunga $ 1 biliyoni.
- Mu March 2011 African Union inali ndi ndondomeko ya mtendere ku Libya koma inaletsedwa ndi NATO, kupyolera mu "malo opanda ntchentche" ndi kuyambitsa mabomba, kupita ku Libya kukakambirana. Mu Epulo, bungwe la African Union lidatha kukambirana za dongosolo lake ndi Ghadafi, ndipo iye adafotokozedwa mgwirizano wake. US idakonda nkhondo.
- Boma la US limakhala nalo akhala zaka zambiri kuwononga zoyesayesa za UN zamtendere ku Syria, ndi adachotsedwa Pemphani Munthu Woti Aziphunzira Nanu Baibulo Bwerani Kumisonkhano Yathu
Mfundo ya zitsanzo zochepazi, zomwe zingathe kuchulukitsidwa, ndizoti, monga momwe tsankho liyenera kuphunzitsidwa mosamala, nkhondo iyenera kupangidwa mosamala ndi kupeŵa mtendere mosamala pazochitika zonse. Nkhondo sizimangochitika mwachibadwa mwakufuna kwake, ngakhale ziwopsezo ndi ma buildups ndi zolakwika za nukes ndi makina a radar zitha kukhala pachiwopsezo kuti zitheke. Anthu ambiri samenya nawo nkhondo popanda kukhazikika kwambiri, ndipo anthu ambiri amavutika kwambiri chifukwa chochita zimenezo. Mfundoyi imalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi ntchito ya Douglas Fry ndi ena omwe amalemba za kukhalapo kofala kwa anthu kupyolera mu mbiri yakale ndi mbiri yakale popanda nkhondo. Khulupirirani kapena ayi, ngakhale kuti timasirira kwambiri zatsopano, anthu ambiri amangokana kukhala mbali ya chirichonse (ngakhale kukhala popanda nkhondo) pokhapokha ngati zachitika kale. Chifukwa chake, kudziwitsa anthu kuti zachitika kale kumachita ntchito yayikulu.
Maphunziro a Mtendere akuyenera kuphatikizirapo maphunziro ozindikira mabodza, kuzindikira njira zodziwika bwino zokopa anthu, komanso kuwerenga nkhani mwanzeru.
Kwezani dzanja lanu: ndani angandiuze njira yopambana kwambiri yomwe idapangidwa kuti mukhale ndi zida zanyukiliya zaku Iran?
Mgwirizano wa nyukiliya wa US-Iran? Ayi. Yankho lolondola ndi lamulo la 2005 loletsa zida za nyukiliya lopangidwa ndi mtsogoleri wachipembedzo waku Iran, kapena m'mawu ena kuti Iran inalibe pulogalamu ya zida za nyukiliya mu 2015, komanso mu 2007 malinga ndi US "National Intelligence Estimate." Komanso sizinachitikepo, malinga ndi malipoti a Gareth Porter ndi ena. Zoonadi mgwirizano ndi wabwino kuposa nkhondo, koma kukhulupirira kuti zolankhula zonse za ochirikiza mgwirizanowu zingakhale zopanda phindu, ndipo kuganiza kuti chipani chimodzi cha ndale chachinyengo chiyenera kukhala cholondola 100% ngati chipani china chachinyengo chili cholakwika chimatsimikizira tsoka.
Tikuyenera kuphunzitsidwa kukana ziwanda zamagulu a anthu ndikuzindikiritsa magulu a anthu omwe ali ndi ziwanda m'modzi. Tifunika chizolowezi chosiyanitsira anthu kuchokera kwa akuluakulu olimbikitsa kutentha, kunja ndi kunyumba. Tiyenera kukana kudzizindikiritsa ndi gulu lankhondo. Ngakhale wolimbikitsa mtendere yemwe watsutsa nkhondo ndikupita kundende kuyesa kuyimitsa anganene kuti "Tangoponya mabomba." Ayi, sitinatero. Asilikali a ku United States anatero. Inde, osakhoma msonkho adzalengeza nthawi yomweyo udindo wawo wolankhula za Pentagon mwa munthu woyamba chifukwa amalipira misonkho kapena chifukwa chakuti amakhala ku United States. Koma amakhoma misonkho ya m’deralo ndipo amatchula boma lawo kuti ndi boma lawo, osati “ife.” Amalipira misonkho ya boma ndikutchula boma lawo ngati boma la dziko lawo. Ndipo pamene boma la feduro lipereka ndalama kubanki kapena kuchotsa msonkho wa malo kapena kukana chithandizo chamankhwala kwa anthu kawirikawiri sizichitika mwa munthu woyamba. Palibe amene amati "Tangochotsapo chithandizo changa chaumoyo." Munthu woyamba amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zomwe boma limachitira anthu ena. Munthu woyamba amatsagana ndi asilikali ndi mbendera yomwe iyenera kupembedzedwa, yomwe si mbendera ya m'deralo, dziko, kapena dziko lapansi, kapena mbendera yamtendere.
Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti anthu ambiri ku United States amaona kuti moyo wa US ndi wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa momwe amachitira 96% ya anthu. Tiyenera kuphunzira kukana chisembwere cha izo, kuchita zomwe zimatchedwa umunthu kwa anthu ambiri, ndi kuphunzira kuti ndani amene akuvutika mu zomwe timatcha nkhondo koma angatchule molondola kupha kwa mbali imodzi. Ralph Peters analemba mu New York Post Ndikoyenera kupha anthu aku North Korea miliyoni miliyoni kuti apulumutse miyoyo ya 1,000 yaku US.
Tiyenera kuphunzira kukhala oweruza anzeru pa zonena kuti nkhondo zitha kukhala zothandiza anthu, zopindulitsa, zachifundo. Sipanakhalebe nkhondo yothandiza anthu yomwe inapindulitsa anthu. Zonena kuti mwayi wachipambano zotere waphonya kapena ukadali patsogolo pathu uyenera kutsatiridwa ndi kukayikira koyenera.
Tiyenera kuphunzira kuthana ndi mabodza ankhondo komanso malingaliro opusa koma owopsa akuti kutsutsa nkhondo ndikofanana ndikuthandizira mbali ina yankhondo. Ndikufuna kuwerenga apa ndime zingapo kuchokera m'buku langa Nkhondo Ndi Bodza:
“Wapampando wa komiti yoona za kagawidwe ka nyumba kuyambira 2007 mpaka 2010 anali David Obey (D-WI). Mayi wa msirikali yemwe adatumizidwa ku Iraq kachitatu ndikukanidwa thandizo lachipatala adamupempha kuti asiye kupereka ndalama pankhondo mu 2007 ndi ndalama zowonjezera, Congressman Obey adakuwa kwa iye (ndipo kanema wa Youtube akukuwa. anapanga nkhani kwa mphindi 15), kunena mwa zina kuti: 'Tikuyesera kugwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera kuti tithetse nkhondo, koma simungathe kuthetsa nkhondoyo potsutsana ndi zowonjezera. Ndi nthawi omasuka izi zitsiru kumvetsa izo. Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kupereka ndalama kwa asilikali ndi kuthetsa nkhondo. Sindikana zida zankhondo. Sindingakane ndalama zothandizira zipatala zankhondo zakale, zipatala zachitetezo, kuti muthe kuthandiza anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lachipatala, ndizomwe mukuchita ngati mukutsutsana ndi biluyo.' Congress idathandizira nkhondo ku Iraq kwa zaka zambiri popanda kupatsa asitikali zida zankhondo zokwanira. Koma ndalama zogulira zida zankhondo tsopano zinali mu bilu yotalikitsa nkhondoyo. Ndipo ndalama zothandizira omenyera nkhondo, zomwe zikanaperekedwa mu bilu ina, zidaphatikizidwa mu izi. Chifukwa chiyani? Ndendende kotero kuti anthu ngati Obey anganene mosavuta kuti ndalama zankhondo zinali zopindulitsa kwa asitikali. Zoonadi, akadali kusintha mowonekera kwa mfundo kunena kuti simungathe kuthetsa nkhondoyo posiya kupereka ndalama. Ndipo ngati asilikali abwera kunyumba, sakanafuna zida zankhondo, [osachepera kunja kwa Las Vegas ndi Orlando ndi kulikonse]. Koma Obey anali atalowetseratu nkhani zabodza zolimbikitsa nkhondo. Ankawoneka kuti amakhulupirira kuti njira yokhayo yothetsera nkhondo inali kupereka ndalama zothandizira ndalamazo koma kuphatikizirapo mu biluzo zina zazing'ono komanso zotsutsana ndi nkhondo. Pa Julayi 27, 2010, atalephera kwa zaka zina zitatu ndi theka kuti athetse nkhondozo powapatsa ndalama, Obey adabweretsa ku Nyumba yanyumba chikalata chothandizira kukwera kwankhondo ku Afghanistan, makamaka kutumiza asitikali ena a 30,000. kuphatikiza makontrakitala ogwirizana nawo ku gehena imeneyo. Obey adalengeza kuti chikumbumtima chake chikumuuza kuti asavote ayi pabiluyo chifukwa inali bilu yomwe ingothandiza kulemba anthu omwe akufuna kulimbana ndi Amereka. Kumbali ina, Obey adati, inali ntchito yake monga wapampando wa komiti (mwachiwonekere ntchito yapamwamba kuposa ya chikumbumtima chake) kuti abweretse biluyo pansi. Ngakhale zingalimbikitse kuwukira aku America? Kodi chimenecho si chiwembu? Obey anapitiliza kutsutsana ndi bilu yomwe amabweretsa pansi. Podziwa kuti zikachitika, adavotera zotsutsana nazo. Wina angaganize, ndi zaka zingapo za kudzutsidwa, David Obey akufika poyesera kuti asiye ndalama zankhondo zomwe 'amatsutsa,' kupatula kuti Obey anali atalengeza kale ndondomeko yake yopuma pantchito kumapeto kwa 2010. Anathetsa ntchito yake. ku Congress ponena za chinyengo chambiri chimenecho chifukwa nkhani zabodza zankhondo, zambiri zokhudza asilikali, zakopa oimira malamulo kuti akhoza kukhala ‘otsutsa’ ndi ‘otsutsa’ nkhondo pamene akupereka ndalama.”
Chinanso Maphunziro a Mtendere angatithandizire ndikuzindikira zoyambitsa zenizeni zankhondo zomwe zikubisala kumbuyo kwa zabodza zonse. Sindinapezepo nkhondo yokhala ndi chilimbikitso chimodzi chokha, koma zolimbikitsa zina ndizofala. Kusangalatsa omwe timawatcha kuti opereka kampeni pachisankho ndi chimodzi, kusangalatsa atolankhani china, kusangalatsa ovota ena, komanso kukondweretsa zikhumbo zopanda nzeru za oyambitsa zisankho zomwe zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri kuposa zonse. Pentagon Papers adavumbulutsa kuti Pentagon idaganiza kuti 70% ya chifukwa chopitirizira kupha anthu ku Vietnam ndikupulumutsa nkhope. Nthawi zambiri zifukwa za nkhondo zomwe zimapha anthu mamiliyoni ambiri zimafanana kwambiri ndi zifukwa zochitira nkhanza m'khola la sukulu zomwe zimawopsyeza mwana mmodzi (ndicho chifukwa chake zimakhala zomveka kuti magulu odana ndi nkhanza azidzitcha okha magulu amtendere, ngakhale ndikulakalaka akadatsutsa nkhondo) . Koma zifukwa zina, zolimba (kapena nthawi zina zamadzimadzi) zankhondo zilipo. Apanso ndikubwereza Sayansi Yamtendere Digest: “Maiko amene amatumiza mafuta kunja ali ndi mwayi woŵirikiza ka 100 kuloŵerera pankhondo zapachiŵeniŵeni za mayiko amene akutumiza mafuta kunja. Mafuta omwe amapangidwa kapena kukhala ndi dziko, amakulitsa mwayi woti achitepo kanthu. Mafuta ndi amene amalimbikitsa asilikali kuti alowererepo pa nkhondo zapachiweniweni.”
Koma kodi timapeza bwanji nkhani zowona ndi zolondola za zisonkhezero kapena za china chirichonse? Ndi intaneti imatiuza zonse ndi zosiyana, timapeza bwanji nkhani zolondola? Malangizo anga 10 apamwamba ndi awa:
- Werengani mabuku ambiri kuposa zolemba.
- Pewani kulola Facebook kapena Google kuti zikusankhireni nkhani.
- Sakanizani nkhani zosiyanasiyana, ndikuwerenga nkhani za dziko lanu zomwe zikuchokera kunja kwa dziko lanu.
- Lingalirani zomwe anthu anzeru omwe mumawakhulupirira amakhulupirira.
- Werengani masamba omwe amasonkhanitsa zolemba pamitu yomwe imakusangalatsani.
- Osawerenga za kanema, onerani kanema; ndipo musawerenge za chiganizo kapena lipoti kapena tweet, werengani mawuwo kapena lipoti kapena tweet.
- Werengani zomwe mumakhulupirira kuti ndi mitu yofunika, kaya ndi mitu yayikulu komanso yotchuka.
- Funsani chilichonse, makamaka zomwe zimaganiziridwa popanda kutsimikiziridwa.
- Khulupirirani zomwe zalembedwa bwino, osati zomwe zili pakati pa zonena zambiri.
- Khalani okonzeka kukhalabe okayikira, ndikulolera kukhulupirira zinthu zoyipa zikatsimikiziridwa.
V. Gawo lachisanu ndi lomaliza lomwe ndikuganiza kuti Maphunziro a Mtendere angathandize kuthetsa nkhondo ndikuwongolera malo osawona m'madera ena a maphunziro posonyeza kuti, pamene mayiko ambiri amapanga zida ndi nkhondo, mtsogoleri wadziko lonse lapansi wotentha ndi wogulitsa zida ndi boma la United States.
Pali chifukwa chomwe mayiko ambiri adafunsidwa mu Disembala 2013 ndi Gallup adatcha United States chiwopsezo chachikulu chamtendere padziko lapansi, komanso chifukwa chake Pew apezeka Malingaliro amenewo adakula mu 2017. Koma ndi chifukwa chomwe sichikuvuta kusukulu yaku US yomwe imatanthauzira nkhondo ngati chinthu chomwe mayiko ndi magulu ena kupatula United States amachita, kenako ndikumaliza kuti nkhondo yatsala pang'ono kutha padziko lapansi.
Chiyambireni nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, m’kati mwa nthaŵi imene anthu amati kudzakhala mtendere, gulu lankhondo la United States lapha kapena kuthandiza kupha anthu pafupifupi 20 miliyoni, kugwetsa maboma osachepera 36, kuloŵerera m’zisankho zosachepera 82 zakunja, kuyesa kupha atsogoleri 50 akunja. anaponya mabomba pa anthu m’mayiko oposa 30. Boma la US limapereka thandizo lankhondo ku 73% ya maulamuliro ankhanza padziko lonse lapansi. Nkhondo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zida za US kumbali zonse ziwiri.
Molumikizana ndi kuphunzira kupitilira kukonda dziko, tifunika kusiya zomwe nthawi zina ndimatcha Pinkerism, ngakhale ndichinthu chomwe chimapezeka mwa Steven Pinker, Jared Diamond, Daniel Goldhagen, Ian Morris, ndi ena ambiri.
Kunena kuti nkhondo ikutha ndi mfundo imodzi. Kufafaniza kutenthedwa kwa zomwe Dr. King adazitcha kuti ndiye woyambitsa chiwawa kwambiri padziko lapansi, boma la US, ndi lina.
Nkhondo imeneyo ikutha ndi yokayikitsa, ndipo ndithudi ikukokomeza. Kuyang'ana mafuko omwe adakhalapo kale ku 14,000 BCE, monga Pinker amachitira, amaphonya kukhalapo kwa anthu ambiri, amayika kutanthauzira kotsutsana pa zomwe mafuko oyambirira adachita, ndipo amazungulira ziwerengerozo poyesa ovulala poyerekezera ndi omwe ali m'dera lapafupi pamene akuyesa posachedwapa. kufa kwankhondo motsutsana ndi anthu ochulukirapo a mayiko akutali, ndikupatula kuchedwa kufa chifukwa cha poizoni wapoizoni, kuvulala, umphawi, ndi kudzipha - komanso, kupatula kufa kwa njala ndi miliri ya matenda oyambitsidwa ndi nkhondo, ndipo mwachiwonekere osaganizira za moyo womwe akanapulumutsidwa ndi ndalama zomwe zimawonongeka pankhondo.
Kunena kuti United States siimene ikutsogolera nkhondo padziko lapansi, kuti nkhondo kapena kupha anthu ndi chinthu chomwe chimayamba kwina ndipo chiyenera kukonzedwa ndi nkhondo zopanda nkhondo za US ndizobodza. Nkhondo, m'malingaliro a Pinker, zimachokera ku mayiko osauka ndi achisilamu. Pinker sakusonyeza kuti sakudziwa kuti mayiko olemera amapereka ndalama ndi olamulira ankhanza m'mayiko osauka, kuti maikowa sapanganso zida monga momwe aku China amalima opiamu kapena Amwenye Achimereka amapangira mowa wawo.
Pinker amadzudzula chiwopsezo chachikulu cha kufa komwe a Vietnamese amachitcha kuti Nkhondo yaku America pakufunitsitsa kwa Vietnamese kufa ambiri m'malo modzipereka, monga akuganiza kuti ayenera kutero. Mwanjira ina kufunitsitsa kwakukulu kwa a Soviet kufera chipani cha Nazi sikunatchulidwe.
Nkhondo ya US ku Iraq inatha, malinga ndi maganizo a Pinker, pamene Purezidenti George W. Bush adalengeza kuti "mission yakwaniritsidwa," kuyambira pomwe yakhala nkhondo yapachiweniweni, choncho zomwe zimayambitsa nkhondo yapachiweniweni zikhoza kufufuzidwa molingana ndi zofooka za Gulu la Iraq. “[Ndi]zovuta kwambiri,” Pinker akudandaula motero, “kuika ulamuliro wademokrase yaufulu m’maiko a m’maiko otukuka kumene amene sanapambanitse zikhulupiriro zawo, olamulira ankhondo, ndi mafuko amadani.” Zoonadi zikhoza kukhala, koma umboni uli kuti wakuti boma la United States lakhala likuyesera? Kapena umboni wakuti United States ili ndi demokalase yokhayo? Kapena kuti United States ili ndi ufulu wokakamiza zokhumba zake ku dziko lina?
Pambuyo pamayendedwe onse apamwamba owerengera njira yathu yamtendere, timayang'ana mmwamba ndikuwona nkhondo ikupha 5% ya anthu aku Iraq pazaka za Marichi 2003, kapena mwina 9% kuwerengera nkhondo zam'mbuyomu ndi zilango, kapena 10% pakati pa 1990 ndi XNUMX. lero. Ndipo nkhondo zowopsa kwambiri zothandizidwa ndi US malinga ndi kuchuluka kokwanira m'malo ngati Congo. Ndipo nkhondo yakhala yokhazikika. Anthu ambiri sangatchule onsewo, ngakhale kukuwuzani chifukwa chake apitilize.
Maphunziro a mtendere akuyenera kuzindikira nkhondo. Chinthu choyamba, omwerekera amati, ndicho kuzindikira kuti muli ndi vuto. Ndikuganiza kuti phindu la maphunziro a mtendere ndi lopanda malire pofikira achinyamata, omenyera ufulu, ndi anthu onse, komanso kusonyeza olimbikitsa momwe angafikire anthu onse - komanso kugwirizanitsa achinyamata ndi olimbikitsa. Nthawi zambiri ndikulankhula ndi ophunzira kapena mkangano kuti ndimapeza mwayi uliwonse wolankhula ndi anthu omwe sanadzisankhe okha kuti agwirizane nane.
Tiyeneradi kupanga ndi kulipirira njira yantchito yomwe imatsogolera ophunzira amtendere kukhala pantchito zolimbikitsa mtendere.
Timafunikiradi zolimbikitsa mtendere kuti tilumikizane bwino ndi maphunziro amtendere, ndipo maprofesa azikhala ndi mayina paziganizo zilizonse ndi mawu awo pamisonkhano iliyonse.
World Beyond War ikugwira ntchito yokonza gulu lopanda chiwawa kuti lithetse nkhondo ndipo lidzavomereza mwachidwi chilichonse kuchokera kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuthandiza.
Tiyeni tiyesenso kamodzinso, kungosangalala: Chonde kwezani dzanja lanu ngati mukukhulupirira kuti nkhondo siyenera kulungamitsidwa.
Zikomo.
