Ziphunzitso za Mtendere

Ndi David Swanson

Ndangowerenga zomwe zingakhale zoyambira zabwino kwambiri zamaphunziro amtendere zomwe ndidaziwonapo. Amatchedwa Phunziro la Mtendere, ndipo ndi buku latsopano la Timothy Braatz. Sichithamanga kwambiri kapena sichichedwa, sichimveka kapena chosasangalatsa. Sichimapangitsa owerenga kuti ayambe kusinkhasinkha komanso "mtendere wamumtima," koma imayamba ndikuwunika kwambiri zachitetezo ndi njira yabwino yosinthira kusintha padziko lapansi pamlingo womwe ukufunika. Momwe mungakhale mukusonkhana, ndawerenga mabuku ofanana nawo omwe ndimadandaula nawo kwambiri.

Mosakayikira pali ena ambiri, mabuku ofanana omwe sindinawerenge, ndipo mosakayikira ambiri a iwo amafotokoza za nkhanza zachindunji, zamakhalidwe, ndi zikhalidwe komanso zachiwawa. Mosakayikira ambiri a iwo amawunikiranso mbiri ya m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri zakulanda mwankhanza olamulira mwankhanza. Mosakayikira kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wachibadwidwe ku US ndi mutu wamba, makamaka pakati pa olemba aku US. Buku la Braatz limafotokoza bwino za gawo ili ndi madera ena odziwika bwino ndipo sindinayesedwe kuti ndilikhazikitse. Amapereka mayankho abwino kwambiri amafunso wamba ochokera pachikhalidwe chazankhondo, komanso: "Kodi mungamuwombere wopenga kuti apulumutse agogo anu?" “Nanga bwanji Hitler?”

Braatz imayambitsa mfundo zoyambirira momveka bwino ngati kristalo, kenako nkuwunikira ndi kukambirana za nkhondo ya Little Bighorn pamtendere. Bukuli ndi lofunika kulipezera izi zokha, kapena kuti mukambirane mozama momwe John Brown amagwiritsira ntchito njira zosagwirizana ndi zachiwawa. Brown adakhazikitsa ntchito yolimbikitsa, yothandizana pakati pa mafuko omwe siabambo. A Brown adatsimikiza kuti ndi imfa ya azungu okha yomwe ingadzutse anthu akumpoto ku zoyipa zaukapolo, asadathawe Ferry ya Harper. Werengani Braatz pamizu ya Brown ya Quaker musanaganize kuti mumvetsetsa zovuta zake.

Chidule cha Braatz pa "Koma bwanji za Hitler?" funso litha kupita chonga ichi. Pomwe Hitler adasokoneza anthu aku Germany omwe adwala matenda amisala, anthu ochepa omwe adatsutsa adathetsa pulogalamuyo, yotchedwa T4. Anthu ambiri aku Germany atakhumudwitsidwa ndi kuwukira kwa Crystal Night kwa Ayuda, machenjerero amenewo adasiyidwa. Pamene akazi omwe sanali achiyuda a amuna achiyuda adayamba kuchita ziwonetsero ku Berlin kufuna kuti amasulidwe, ndipo ena adachita nawo ziwonetserozi, amuna awo ndi ana awo adamasulidwa. Kodi kampeni yayikulu, yokonzekera bwino yopewera zachiwawa ikadatha? Sanayesedwepo, koma sikovuta kulingalira. Kunyanyala anthu ambiri kunasokoneza kulanda boma ku Germany mu 1920. Nkhanza zaku Germany zidathetsa kulanda kwa France m'chigawo cha Ruhr m'ma 1920, ndipo nkhanza pambuyo pake zidachotsa wolamulira mwankhanza wankhanza ku East Germany mu 1989. Kuphatikizanso apo, kupanda nkhanza kunatsimikizira pang'ono. Wopambana polimbana ndi a Nazi ku Denmark ndi Norway osakonzekera bwino, kulumikizana, malingaliro, kapena kulanga. Ku Finland, Denmark, Italy, makamaka Bulgaria, komanso kumadera ena, anthu omwe sanali Ayuda adatsutsana ndi malamulo aku Germany kuti aphe Ayuda. Ndipo zikadakhala bwanji ngati Ayuda aku Germany amvetsetsa za ngoziyo ndikumakana mopanda chiwawa, kugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru njira zomwe zidapangidwa ndikumvetsetsa mzaka zotsatira, ndipo a Nazi anali atayamba kuwapha m'misewu yaboma m'malo mozimira kumisasa yakutali? Kodi mamiliyoni akadapulumutsidwa ndi zomwe anthu wamba amachita? Sitingadziwe chifukwa sichinayesedwe.

Ndikuwonjezera kuti, pakuwonjezera: Patatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kuchokera ku Pearl Harbor, mu holo ya Union Methodist Church ku Manhattan, mlembi wamkulu wa War Resisters League a Abraham Kaufman adati United States iyenera kukambirana ndi Hitler. Kwa iwo omwe amati simukambirana ndi Hitler, adawafotokozera kuti Allies anali akukambirana kale ndi Hitler pankhani ya akaidi akumenya nkhondo komanso kutumiza chakudya ku Greece. Kwa zaka zikubwerazi, olimbikitsa mtendere anganene kuti kukambirana zamtendere popanda kutayika kapena kupambana kudzapulumutsabe Ayuda ndikupulumutsa dziko lapansi pankhondo zomwe zingatsatire zomwe zikubwerazi. Pempho lawo silinayesedwe, mamiliyoni anafa m'misasa ya Anazi, ndipo nkhondo zomwe zinatsatira sizinathe.

Koma kukhulupirira kuti kuthetsa nkhondo sikungatheke. Munthu akhoza kumvetsa mosavuta, monga momwe Braatz amanenera, momwe khalidwe labwino mu 1920s ndi 1930s likanalepheretsa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse.

Mbiri ya Braatz yachitetezo cha pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse yachitika bwino, kuphatikiza kuwunika kwake momwe kutha kwa Cold War kudalola kupambana ku Philippines ndi Poland kuyambitsa zomwe zomwe zidachitika kale sizinachitike. Ndikuganiza kuti zokambirana za Gene Sharp ndi kusintha kwamitundu zikadapindulira poganizira mozama za zomwe boma la US lidachita - china chake chachita bwino mu Ukraine: Grand Chessboard ya Zbig ndi Momwe Kumadzulo Kumayang'aniridwira. Koma atangoyamba kutchula zinthu zambiri zomwe zimachita bwino, Braatz amatha kufika poti adzalandire chizindikiro chimenecho. Ndipotu, akutsutsa kwambiri zopambana zomwe sizingatheke ngati sakukonzekera zomangamanga ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe, zomwe zimachititsa kuti atsogoleri akugonjetsa.

Amatsutsanso za ufulu wachibadwidwe ku United States, osati mwanjira zodzitukumula zonyalanyaza aliyense amene akutenga nawo mbali, koma ngati katswiri wofunafuna mwayi ndi maphunziro omwe akupita patsogolo. Mwayi wotayika, akuganiza, akuphatikizapo Marichi ku Washington ndi mphindi zingapo muntchito ya Selma, kuphatikiza nthawi yomwe King adatembenukira kuzungulira mlatho.

Bukuli lipanga zokambirana zingapo zowopsa pamtendere. Momwemonso, ndikuganiza kuti ilibe - popeza maphunziro onse amtendere alibe - kusanthula kwakukulu kwavuto la nkhondo zaku US zaka zana limodzi makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi - komwe kuli nkhondo yankhondoyi, yomwe imayendetsa , ndi momwe mungasinthire. Braatz, komabe, imapereka lingaliro lomwe ambiri a ife tinali nalo panthawiyo ndipo ena (monga Kathy Kelly) adachitapo kanthu: Bwanji ngati zikutsogolera nkhondo ya Iraq ku 2003 gulu lankhondo lamtendere kuphatikiza anthu otchuka ochokera Kumadzulo ndi kuzungulira dziko lapansi anali atapita ku Baghdad ngati zikopa zaumunthu?

Titha kugwiritsa ntchito izi tsopano ku Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Pakistan, Yemen, Somalia, Ukraine, Iran, ndi madera ena a Africa ndi Asia. Libya atatu zaka zinayi zapitazo anali mwayi wapadera wochita zimenezi. Kodi makina a nkhondo adzakhala abwinoko, ndi chenjezo lokwanira? Kodi tidzakhala okonzeka kuchita nawo?