by Yuri Sheliazhenko Wofunafuna Choonadi, September 17, 2021
Kum'mawa kwa Europe mzaka zam'ma 20-21 zidavutika kwambiri ndi ziwawa zandale komanso mikangano yankhondo. Yakwana nthawi yophunzira kukhalira limodzi mwamtendere komanso kufunafuna chisangalalo.
Njira zachikhalidwe zakukonzekeretsa achinyamata kutenga nawo mbali pazandale zakuya m'maiko aku Eastern Partnership ndi Russia anali, ndipo akadali, otchedwa maphunziro okonda kukonda dziko lankhondo. Ku Soviet Union, nzika yabwino imawoneka ngati omvera omvera popanda mafunso.
M'ndondomeko iyi, kulamula asitikali inali njira yokomera anthu wamba kupatula kusagwirizana ndi ndale. Inde, anthu okana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima chawo, monga otsatira a “mtumwi wosachita zachiwawa” Leo Tolstoy ndi Apulotesitanti wamba, anaponderezedwa pa nthawi yolimbana ndi "timagulu tating'onoting'ono" komanso "cosmopolitism."
Maiko a Soviet Union adalandira paradigm iyi ndipo amakondabe asirikali omvera kuposa ovota omwe ali ndiudindo. Malipoti apachaka a European Bureau for Conscientious Objection (EBCO) akuwonetsa kuti omwe adalembetsa kuderali alibe mwayi kapena mwayi wovomerezeka mwalamulo kuti awatsutsa pankhondo ndikukana kupha.
Monga kudziwitsa a Deutsche Welle, ku 2017 pamsonkhano wapadziko lonse ku Berlin akatswiri adakambirana zowopsa zakukula kwadziko lankhondo laku Soviet Union, zomwe zimalimbikitsa ulamuliro wankhanza ku Russia ndi mfundo zakumanja ku Ukraine. Akatswiri adati mayiko onsewa amafunika maphunziro amakono a demokalase kuti akhale nzika.
Ngakhale kale, mu 2015, Federal Foreign Office of Germany ndi Federal Agency for Civic Education adathandizira Eastern European Network for Citizenship Education (EENCE), gulu la mabungwe ndi akatswiri omwe akufuna kukhazikitsa nzika mdera la Eastern Europe, kuphatikizapo Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Russia, ndi Ukraine. Ochita nawo ma netiweki asayina chikumbutso, chomwe chimawonetsa kudzipereka molimba mtima pamalingaliro a demokalase, mtendere, ndi chitukuko chokhazikika.
Lingaliro lopewa nkhondo ndi maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chamtendere lingafanane ndi ntchito za John Dewey ndi Maria Montessori. Zinanenedwa bwino mu Constitution ya UNESCO ndikubwereza mu Declaration on 2016 on the Right to Peace yovomerezedwa ndi General Assembly ya United Nations: za mtendere ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa. ”
Zolinga zapadziko lonse lapansi zophunzitsa zamtendere zinali zamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti ngakhale mikhalidwe yakuleredwa mokomera dziko lako sinathe kuletsa ophunzitsa ena okonda mtendere ku Soviet Union ndi mayiko omwe adachokera ku Soviet kuti aphunzitse mbadwo wotsatira kuti anthu onse ndi abale ndi alongo ndipo ayenera kukhala mwamtendere .
Popanda kuphunzira zoyambira zopanda nkhanza, anthu akum'mawa kwa Europe atha kukhetsa magazi ochulukirapo pakutha kwa ufumu wachikominisi, mikangano yotsatira yandale komanso yachuma. M'malo mwake, Ukraine ndi Belarus zidasiya zida za nyukiliya, ndipo Russia idawononga 2 692 pazida zanyukiliya zapakati. Komanso mayiko onse akum'mawa kwa Europe kupatula Azerbaijan adakhazikitsa ntchito zina kwa anthu omwe amakana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima chawo, zomwe sizikupezeka komanso ndizopereka chilango koma zikupitabe patsogolo poyerekeza ndi ku Soviet konse kusavomerezeka kwa omwe amakana kulowa usilikali.
Tikupita patsogolo ndi maphunziro amtendere ku Eastern Europe, tili ndi ufulu wokondwerera zomwe takwaniritsa, ndipo pali nkhani makumi khumi ndi mazana m'dera lathu chaka chilichonse zokhudzana ndi zikondwerero za Tsiku Lapadziko Lonse Lamtendere 21 Seputembala m'masukulu ndi mayunivesite. Komabe, titha ndipo tiyenera kuchita zambiri.
Nthawi zambiri, maphunziro amtendere samaphatikizidwapo pamaphunziro amasukulu, koma zinthu zake zitha kuchitidwa m'maphunziro ena, monga zoyambira za sayansi ndi umunthu. Tenga, mwachitsanzo, mbiri yapadziko lonse lapansi: ndingaphunzitse bwanji osanenapo zamtendere mzaka mazana 19-20 komanso cholinga cha United Nations kukhazikitsa bata Padziko Lapansi? HG Wells adalemba mu "The Outline of History" kuti: "Kuzindikira kuti mbiri yakale ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino kwa anthu onse ndikofunikira pamtendere monga momwe zilili ndi mtendere pakati pa mayiko."
Caroline Brooks ndi Basma Hajir, olemba lipoti la 2020 "Maphunziro amtendere m'masukulu ovomerezeka: ndichifukwa chiyani kuli kofunika ndipo tingachite bwanji?", Fotokozani kuti maphunziro amtendere amayesetsa kupatsa ophunzira mwayi wopewa ndi kuthana ndi mikangano polimbana ndi mavuto awo Zomwe zimayambitsa, popanda chiwawa, kudzera muzokambirana ndi kukambirana, ndikuthandizira achinyamata kukhala nzika zodalirika zomwe zimatha kusiyanasiyana ndikulemekeza zikhalidwe zina. Maphunziro amtendere amaphatikizaponso mitu ndi nkhani zakukhala nzika zapadziko lonse lapansi, chilungamo chazikhalidwe komanso zachilengedwe.
M'makalasi, m'misasa yachilimwe, komanso m'malo ena aliwonse oyenera, kukambirana za ufulu wa anthu kapena zolinga zachitukuko, kuphunzitsa kuyanjana ndi anzawo ndi maluso ena ofunikira otukuka, timaphunzitsa zamtendere m'badwo wotsatira wa nzika zaku Europe ndi anthu a Dziko lapansi, mayi wapadziko lonse lapansi wa anthu onse. Maphunziro amtendere amapereka zambiri kuposa chiyembekezo, inde, amapereka masomphenya kuti ana athu ndi ana a ana athu atha kupewa mantha ndi zowawa za lero kugwiritsa ntchito ndikupanga mawa chidziwitso chathu ndi machitidwe athu amtendere wopanga ndi demokalase kuti akhale anthu osangalala.
Yurii Sheliazhenko ndi mlembi wamkulu wa Chiyukireniya Pacifist Movement, membala wa Board of European Bureau for Consciention Objection, membala wa Board of World BEYOND War. Anapeza digiri ya Master of Mediation and Conflict Management mu 2021 ndi digiri ya Master of Laws mu 2016 ku KROK University, ndi digiri ya Bachelor of Mathematics mu 2004 ku Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Kupatula kutenga nawo mbali pagulu lamtendere, ndi mtolankhani, wolemba mabulogu, womenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe komanso wophunzira zamalamulo, wolemba mabuku makumi khumi, komanso wophunzitsa zamalamulo ndi mbiriyakale.
