Maphunziro a Mtendere ndi Kuchitapo kanthu kwa Impact: Kutengera Chitsanzo cha Intergenerational, Youth-Led, and Cross-Cultural Peacebuilding

Wolemba Phill Gittins, University College ku London, August 1, 2022

World BEYOND War ogwirizana ndi Rotary Action Group for Peace kuyendetsa pulogalamu yayikulu yokhazikitsa mtendere

Kufunika kolimbikitsa mtendere pakati pa mibadwo yosiyanasiyana, motsogozedwa ndi achinyamata komanso azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana

Mtendere wokhazikika wakhazikika pa kuthekera kwathu kogwirizana bwino m'mibadwo ndi zikhalidwe.

Choyamba, palibe njira yodalirika yopezera mtendere wokhazikika womwe suphatikizapo zolowetsa za mibadwo yonse. Ngakhale mgwirizano wamba m'munda wamtendere ntchito yachiyanjano pakati pa mibadwo yosiyanasiyana ya anthu ndi yofunika, njira zogwirizanitsa mibadwo ndi maubwenzi sizili mbali yofunikira pa ntchito zambiri zopanga mtendere. Izi sizosadabwitsa, mwina, chifukwa pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimachepetsera mgwirizano, makamaka, ndi mgwirizano wamagulu, makamaka. Mwachitsanzo, talingalirani za maphunziro. Masukulu ambiri ndi mayunivesite amaikabe patsogolo zomwe munthu amachita, zomwe zimakonda mpikisano ndikuchepetsa mwayi wogwirizana. Mofananamo, machitidwe olimbikitsa mtendere amadalira njira yopita pamwamba, yomwe imayika patsogolo kusamutsa chidziwitso m'malo mwa kupanga chidziwitso chogwirizana kapena kusinthana. Izi zimakhalanso ndi zotsatira za machitidwe a mibadwo yambiri, chifukwa ntchito zokhazikitsa mtendere nthawi zambiri zimachitika 'pa', 'kwa', kapena 'za' anthu am'deralo kapena madera osati 'ndi' kapena 'ndi' iwo (onani, Gittins, 2019).

Chachiwiri, pamene mibadwo yonse ikufunika kuti ipititse patsogolo chiyembekezo cha chitukuko chokhazikika chamtendere, mlandu ukhoza kupangidwa kuti uwonetsetse chidwi ndi kuyesetsa kwa achichepere ndi zoyesayesa zotsogoleredwa ndi achinyamata. Panthawi yomwe kuli achinyamata ambiri padziko lapansi kuposa kale lonse, n'kovuta kunena mopambanitsa udindo womwe achinyamata (angathe kuchita ndi kuchita) pokonzekera dziko labwino. Nkhani yabwino ndiyakuti chidwi pa ntchito ya achinyamata pakukhazikitsa mtendere chikukulirakulira padziko lonse lapansi, monga zikuwonetseredwa ndi Global Youth, Peace, and Security Agenda, ndondomeko zatsopano zapadziko lonse lapansi, ndi mapulani adziko, komanso kuwonjezereka kwadongosolo ndi maphunziro. ntchito (onani, Gittins, 2020, Berens & Prelis, 2022). Nkhani yoyipa ndi yakuti achinyamata amakhalabe oimiridwabe mu ndondomeko zamtendere, machitidwe, ndi kafukufuku.

Chachitatu, mgwirizano wa zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana ndi wofunika, chifukwa tikukhala m’dziko logwirizana kwambiri komanso lodalirana. Chifukwa chake, kuthekera kolumikizana m'mitundu yonse ndikofunikira kwambiri kuposa kale. Izi zikupereka mwayi kwa gawo lokhazikitsa mtendere, chifukwa ntchito zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zapezeka kuti zikuthandizira kuthetsa malingaliro oyipa (Hofstede, 2001), kuthetsa mikangano (Huntingdon, 1993), ndi kukulitsa maubwenzi onse (Brantmeier & Brantmeier, 2020). Akatswiri ambiri - kuchokera Lederach ku Austesserre, ndi akalambulabwalo mu ntchito ya Curle ndi Galtung - kusonyeza kufunika kwa kuchitapo kanthu pa zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana.

Mwachidule, mtendere wokhazikika umadalira luso lathu logwira ntchito pakati pa mibadwo ndi miyambo, ndikupanga mipata ya zoyesayesa zotsogoleredwa ndi achinyamata. Kufunika kwa njira zitatuzi kwadziwika muzokambirana za mfundo ndi maphunziro. Pali, komabe, kusamvetsetsa za momwe ntchito yomanga mtendere motsogozedwa ndi achinyamata, mibadwo yosiyana/siyana ya chikhalidwe cha anthu imawonekera pochita - makamaka momwe zimawonekera pamlingo waukulu, m'zaka za digito, nthawi ya COVID.

Maphunziro a Mtendere ndi Kuchitapo kanthu kwa Impact (PEAI)

Izi ndi zina mwazinthu zomwe zidapangitsa kuti chitukuko cha Maphunziro Amtendere ndi Ntchito Zazotsatira (PEAI) - pulogalamu yapadera yopangidwa kuti ilumikizane ndikuthandizira achinyamata omanga mtendere (18-30) padziko lonse lapansi. Cholinga chake ndikupanga mtundu watsopano wazaka za 21st zolimbikitsa mtendere - zomwe zimasintha malingaliro athu ndi machitidwe a tanthauzo la kukhazikitsa mtendere motsogozedwa ndi achinyamata, mibadwo yosiyanasiyana, komanso zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Cholinga chake ndikuthandizira kusintha kwaumwini ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kudzera mu maphunziro ndi zochita.

Zomwe zimagwira ntchito ndizotsatirazi ndi machitidwe:

• Maphunziro ndi zochita. PEAI imatsogozedwa ndi kuyang'ana kwapawiri pa maphunziro ndi zochita, m'munda womwe pakufunika kutseka kusiyana pakati pa kuphunzira zamtendere monga mutu ndi mchitidwe wokhazikitsa mtendere ngati mchitidwe (onani, Gittins, 2019).
• Kuyang'ana pa zoyesayesa zamtendere komanso zotsutsana ndi nkhondo. PEAI imatenga njira yotakata yamtendere - yomwe imaphatikizapo, koma imatenga zoposa, kusakhalapo kwa nkhondo. Zimatengera kuzindikira kuti mtendere sungathe kukhalapo ndi nkhondo, choncho mtendere umafunika mtendere ndi mtendere (onani, World BEYOND War).
• Njira yonse. PEAI imapereka zovuta pamapangidwe wamba a maphunziro amtendere omwe amadalira njira zophunzirira mopanda malire, malingaliro, komanso zokumana nazo (onani, Cremin et al., 2018).
• Zochita zotsogozedwa ndi achinyamata. Nthawi zambiri, ntchito yamtendere imachitika 'pa' kapena 'za' achinyamata osati 'ndi' kapena 'ndi' iwo (onani, Gittins et., 2021). PEAI imapereka njira yosinthira izi.
• Ntchito zamitundumitundu. PEAI imabweretsa magulu amitundu yosiyanasiyana kuti achite nawo ma praxis ogwirizana. Izi zitha kuthandiza kuthana ndi kusakhulupirirana kosalekeza pantchito yamtendere pakati pa achinyamata ndi akulu (onani, Simpson, 2018, Altiok & Grizelj, 2019).
• Maphunziro a zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Maiko omwe ali ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana za chikhalidwe, ndale, zachuma, ndi zachilengedwe (kuphatikiza mtendere ndi mikangano yosiyanasiyana) akhoza kuphunzira zambiri kuchokera kwa wina ndi mzake. PEAI imathandizira kuti kuphunzira kuchitike.
• Kuganizanso ndikusintha mphamvu zamagetsi. PEAI imayang'anitsitsa momwe machitidwe a 'mphamvu pamwamba', 'mphamvu mkati', 'mphamvu yopita', ndi 'mphamvu ndi' (onani, VeneKlasen & Miller, 2007) chita nawo ntchito zolimbikitsa mtendere.
• Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa digito. PEAI imapereka mwayi wopita ku nsanja yolumikizirana yomwe imathandizira kulumikizana kwapaintaneti ndikuthandizira kuphunzira, kugawana, ndi kupanga zinthu limodzi mkati ndi pakati pa mibadwo ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana.

Pulogalamuyi imakonzedwa molingana ndi zomwe Gittins (2021) amafotokoza kuti ndi 'kudziwa, kukhala, ndi kupanga mtendere'. Imayesa kulinganiza kukhwima kwaluntha ndikuchitapo kanthu kwaubale komanso zokumana nazo pazochita. Pulogalamuyi imatenga njira ziwiri zosinthira - maphunziro amtendere ndi kuchitapo kanthu mwamtendere - ndipo imaperekedwa mwanjira yophatikizika, yamphamvu kwambiri, pamasabata a 14, ndi masabata asanu ndi limodzi a maphunziro amtendere, masabata a 8 amtendere, ndi cholinga cha chitukuko chonse.

Implwoyamwachikalatagawo la PEWoyendetsa ndege wa AI

Mu 2021, World BEYOND War adagwirizana ndi Rotary Action Group for Peace kuti akhazikitse pulogalamu yoyamba ya PEAI. Aka ndi koyamba kuti achinyamata ndi madera m'maiko 12 m'makontinenti anayi (Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, Kenya, Nigeria, Russia, Serbia, South Sudan, Turkey, Ukraine, USA, ndi Venezuela) asonkhanitsidwe pamodzi, m'modzi wokhazikika. kuchita nawo ntchito zachitukuko zomanga mtendere pakati pa mibadwo yosiyanasiyana komanso zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana.

PEAI idatsogozedwa ndi chitsanzo cha utsogoleri wothandizana nawo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale pulogalamu yopangidwa, kukhazikitsidwa, ndikuwunikidwa kudzera m'magulu angapo ogwirizana padziko lonse lapansi. Izi zinaphatikizapo:

• Gulu la Rotary Action for Peace linaitanidwa ndi World BEYOND War kukhala bwenzi lawo pankhaniyi. Izi zidachitidwa pofuna kupititsa patsogolo mgwirizano pakati pa Rotary, ena ogwira nawo ntchito, ndi WBW; kuthandizira kugawana mphamvu; ndikuwonjezera luso, zothandizira, ndi maukonde a mabungwe onsewa.
• Gulu la Global Team (GT), lomwe linali ndi anthu ochokera World BEYOND War ndi Rotary Action Group for Peace. Unali udindo wawo kupereka utsogoleri woganiza, kuyang'anira pulogalamu, ndi kuyankha. A GT amakumana sabata iliyonse, pakapita chaka, kuti agwirizane ndi woyendetsa ndegeyo.
• Mabungwe/magulu ophatikizidwa m'maiko 12. Iliyonse ya 'Country Project Team' (CPT), yopangidwa ndi ogwirizanitsa 2, alangizi 2, ndi achinyamata 10 (18-30). CPT iliyonse imakumana pafupipafupi kuyambira Seputembala mpaka Disembala 2021.
• 'Gulu Lofufuza', lomwe linaphatikizapo anthu ochokera ku yunivesite ya Cambridge, Columbia University, Young Peacebuilders, ndi World BEYOND War. Gulu ili lidatsogolera woyesa kafukufuku. Izi zinaphatikizapo kuyang'anira ndi kuwunika kuti azindikire ndi kufotokozera kufunika kwa ntchitoyo kwa anthu osiyanasiyana.

Zochita ndi zotulukapo zochokera kwa woyendetsa wa PEAI

Ngakhale kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane za ntchito zomanga mtendere ndi zotsatira za woyendetsa ndege sizingaphatikizidwe pano chifukwa cha malo, zotsatirazi zimapereka chithunzithunzi cha kufunikira kwa ntchitoyi, kwa okhudzidwa osiyanasiyana. Izi zikuphatikizapo:

1) Zokhudza achinyamata ndi akulu m'maiko 12

PEAI idapindula mwachindunji achinyamata pafupifupi 120 ndi akuluakulu 40 omwe amagwira nawo ntchito, m'maiko 12 osiyanasiyana. Othandizirawo adapereka maubwino angapo kuphatikiza:

• Kuwonjezeka kwa chidziwitso ndi luso lokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsa mtendere ndi kukhazikika.
• Kupititsa patsogolo luso la utsogoleri kumathandiza kupititsa patsogolo kudzikonda, anthu ena, ndi dziko lapansi.
• Kumvetsetsa bwino ntchito ya achinyamata pakupanga mtendere.
• Kuyamikira kwakukulu kwa nkhondo ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa nkhondo monga cholepheretsa kukwaniritsa mtendere ndi chitukuko chokhazikika.
• Dziwani ndi malo ophunzirira amitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, mwa anthu komanso pa intaneti.
• Kuwonjezeka kwa luso lokonzekera ndi kuchitapo kanthu makamaka pokhudzana ndi kuchita ndi kuyankhulana ndi achinyamata, othandizidwa ndi akuluakulu, komanso ntchito zamagulu.
• Kupanga ndi kukonza ma network ndi maubale.

Kafukufuku wapeza kuti:

• 74% ya omwe akuchita nawo pulogalamuyi amakhulupirira kuti zomwe PEAI zidakumana nazo zidathandizira kuti atukuke monga omanga mtendere.
• 91% adati tsopano ali ndi kuthekera kosintha zinthu zabwino.
• 91% amadzidalira pakuchita nawo ntchito yomanga mtendere yamitundu yonse.
• 89% amadziona kuti ndi odziwa ntchito zolimbikitsa mtendere

2) Zokhudza mabungwe ndi madera m'maiko 12

PEAI idakonzekeretsa, kulumikiza, kulangiza, ndikuthandizira otenga nawo mbali kuti achite ntchito zopitilira 15 zamtendere m'maiko 12 osiyanasiyana. Ntchito izi zili pamtima pa zomwe 'ntchito yabwino yamtendere' zonse za, "kuganiza njira zathu mu machitidwe atsopano ndikuchita njira yathu mumitundu yatsopano yamalingaliro" (Bing, 1989: 49).

3) Zokhudza maphunziro amtendere ndi gulu lokhazikitsa mtendere

Lingaliro la pulogalamu ya PEAI linali loti abweretse magulu amitundu yosiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi, ndikuwapangitsa kuti aphunzire komanso kuchitapo kanthu polimbikitsa mtendere ndi kukhazikika. Kukonzekera kwa pulogalamu ya PEAI ndi chitsanzo, pamodzi ndi zomwe apeza kuchokera ku polojekiti yoyendetsa ndege, zakhala zikugawidwa mu zokambirana ndi mamembala ochokera ku gulu la maphunziro a mtendere ndi mtendere kudzera pa mauthenga osiyanasiyana a pa intaneti ndi payekha. Izi zinaphatikizapo chochitika chakumapeto kwa polojekiti / chikondwerero, kumene achinyamata adagawana nawo, m'mawu awo, zochitika zawo za PEAI komanso zotsatira za ntchito zawo zamtendere. Ntchitoyi idzakambidwanso kudzera m'nkhani ziwiri za m'magazini, zomwe zikuchitika panopa, kuti zisonyeze momwe pulogalamu ya PEAI, ndi chitsanzo chake, zingakhudzire malingaliro ndi machitidwe atsopano.

Chotsatira chiti?

Woyendetsa ndege wa 2021 amapereka chitsanzo chenicheni cha zomwe zingatheke ponena za kumanga mtendere motsogozedwa ndi achinyamata, pakati pa mibadwo / chikhalidwe cha anthu pamlingo waukulu. Woyendetsa ndegeyu sakuwoneka ngati mapeto a se, koma ngati chiyambi chatsopano - cholimba, chozikidwa pa umboni, maziko omangapo ndi mwayi (re) kulingaliranso njira zomwe zingatheke mtsogolo.

Kuyambira chiyambi cha chaka, World BEYOND War wakhala akugwira ntchito mwakhama ndi Rotary Action Group for Peace, ndi ena, kuti afufuze zomwe zingatheke m'tsogolomu - kuphatikizapo ndondomeko ya zaka zambiri yomwe ikufuna kuthana ndi zovuta zopita kumtunda popanda kutaya zosowa zomwe zili pansi. Mosasamala kanthu za njira yomwe yakhazikitsidwa - mgwirizano wapakati pa mibadwo, motsogozedwa ndi achinyamata, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu adzakhala mtima wa ntchitoyi.

Mbiri ya Wolemba:

Phill Gittins, PhD, ndi Mtsogoleri wa Maphunziro World BEYOND War. Iyenso ndi a Rotary Peace Fellow, Mnzanga wa KAICIID, ndi Positive Peace Activator ya Institute for Economics and Peace. Ali ndi zaka zopitilira 20 za utsogoleri, kukonza mapulogalamu, komanso kusanthula pankhani zamtendere & mikangano, maphunziro & maphunziro, chitukuko cha achinyamata & madera, komanso upangiri & psychotherapy. Phill ikhoza kufikiridwa pa: phill@worldbeyondwar.org. Dziwani zambiri za pulogalamu ya Peace Education and Action for Impact pano: pa https://worldbeyondwar.org/action-for-impact/