Ndili ndi nthawi yeniyeni, ngati yaikulu ulendo chifukwa cha nyengo, ndi zosiyana zochitika, akukonzekera ndi kuzungulira Tsiku Ladziko Lonse la Mtendere, Randall Amster wangofalitsa buku lofunika lotchedwa Zamoyo Zamtendere.
Mabulogu abukhuli amagawaniza zomwe zikufunika kulumikizidwa pakati pa zomwe akuchita mwamtendere ndi zamaphunziro amtendere, komanso pakati pa kulimbikitsa mtendere ndi chilengedwe. Limeneli ndi buku lamtendere kwa akatswiri ozama zachilengedwe komanso buku lazachilengedwe lomwe limalimbikitsa olimbikitsa mtendere.
Nthawi zambiri, ndikuganiza, olimbikitsa mtendere amawoneka ngati ophunzira mwamtendere ngati osadziwa zambiri, otsogola, otakataka, komanso osalimbikitsa chifukwa chokhala "wotsutsana ndi china osati china."
Ophunzira zamtendere, ndimaopa, nthawi zambiri amawoneka ngati olimbikitsa mtendere ngati osakondweretsa kuthetsa nkhondo, osadziwa za zoyipa za nkhondo, osasangalatsidwa ndi gulu lankhondo lankhondo ngati choyambitsa nkhondo, komanso okhudzidwa kwambiri ndimikhalidwe yabwino ya anthu omwe sakuyambitsa muliri wankhondo. Ndiophunzira maphunziro andale osowa omwe nthawi zina amatha kuwona nkhondo yolimbana kapena kulemba za kulimbana kopanda chiwawa, pomwe akatswiri amaphunziro amtendere amalimbikitsa zachilengedwe ndi demokalase omwe - mosiyana ndi ena azachilengedwe ndi ma demokalase - amazindikira njira yotchinga kwambiri yankhondo mphatso zawo. Kapenanso zimawonekera kwa omenyera ufuluwo, yemwe amafufuza pachabe ngati pali maphunziro akuluakulu okhudzana ndi nkhondo komanso mabodza ankhondo omwe akuyenera kuwayenerera.
Zomwe zimayambitsa zachilengedwe, zomwe zikuyimiridwa ndi magulu akuluakulu a zachilengedwe ndi olankhula nawo, zikuwoneka ngati wopondereza wamtendere ngati wopondereza kapena wofuna kumenya nkhondo, wina yemwe akufuna kupulumutsa dziko lapansi pamene akuyimba pa bungwe lomwe ndilo wowononga wamkulu kwambiri.
Wotsutsa mtendere, akawoneka ndi wokhala ndi zachilengedwe, sangaoneke ngati chitsiru, wopandukira, kapena wachikondi wa Vladimir-Putin.
Amster ndi maphunziro a mtendere ndi chilengedwe ndi chilakolako champhamvu chofuna kuchita zachiwawa. Mbali za bukhu lake zikanakhala zitalembedwa ndi munthu wokonda zachilengedwe amene amakondwera ndi nkhondo, koma zambiri zomwe sizikanatheka. Kodi Amster ndi chiyani pambuyo pake ndi dziko lonse lomwe timapewa kuopsa kwa nkhondo ndi chiwonongeko cha chilengedwe, kuphatikizapo kuzindikira mgwirizano wawo.
Othandizira pankhondo angauze onse omwe akupanga minda yachilengedwe komanso zachuma ndi malo achilengedwe, ndi ntchito zina zomwe Amster adalemba, kuti "asitikali athu olimba mtima" akupereka malo abwino oti azitsatira zinthu zabwinozi. Ndikuganiza kuti Amster angauze omenyera nkhondo kuti ntchito yawo ikuchepetsa malo amenewo, kuti kuyesayesa kumeneku ndikofunikira kuti munthu akhale ndi moyo, ndikuti kuwamvetsetsa kumafunikira mkhalidwe wamaganizidwe omwe amatsutsanso nkhondo ngati yosavomerezeka tsoka.
"Izi zingawoneke ngati zopanda chiyembekezo," Amster alemba za chiyembekezo cha gulu lodzipereka kuti likhale lamtendere, "koma taganizirani kuti sizongopitilira zomwe tikupangazi pano ndikuyembekeza kukhala ndi moyo wabwino.
Amster amanenanso kuti New York Times limaona kuti ndi "nzeru yovomerezeka" yomwe imalimbikitsa kuteteza nyengo iyenera kulimbikitsa lingaliro loti kusintha kwanyengo kumawopseza "chitetezo chamayiko." Lingaliro ndiloti masoka achilengedwe obwera chifukwa cha nyengo komanso kuchepa kumabweretsa nkhondo. Pomwe Amster sananene izi, awa ndi malingaliro omwe awonetsedwa ndi a Bill McKibben, wokonzekera kutsogolaku. Ngati bungwe lake, 350.org, lingakane nthawi iliyonse Purezidenti Obama atumiza asitikali ena a 350 ku Iraq, iyamba kuyamba kugula mafuta omwe tili nawo: asitikali. Zoterezi sizikanachitikapo ku bungwe lalikulu lililonse lazachilengedwe ku US.
Zachidziwikire, masoka achilengedwe amatsogolera kunkhondo pokhapokha anthu akasankha kuzithetsa ndi nkhondo, ndipo kuchuluka kwa chuma kumayambitsa nkhondo nthawi zambiri monga kusowa. Kukhazikika ndi kufanana, Amster akuti, zitha kulimbikitsa bata, pomwe kuzunza kosagwirizana komanso kusalinganika kumatanthauza kusakhazikika komanso nkhondo. Kodi tiyenera kuyesetsa kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa nyengo kapena kuchepetsa mavuto omwe timakumana nawo posinthasintha? Amster akuwonetsa kuti machitidwe omwewo nthawi zambiri amatha kuchita zonse ziwiri. Chimodzi chomwe sichingakhale, komabe, ndi nkhondo yomwe imakulitsa vutoli pomwe ikulephera kuzolowera.
Posachedwapa Ian Morris analemba buku lopusa kwambiri buku kukangana za kuyenera kwa nkhondo. Mmenemo adatinso a Thomas Hobbes ngati ngwazi yamtendere yomwe imamvetsetsa njira yopita kumtendere kudzera munkhondo zampikisano ndi maboma okhaokha pazachiwawa. Amster akutsutsa bwino, ndikuwonetsa kuti maboma "otukuka" amayang'anira magulu achiwawa kwambiri omwe asinthitsa mpikisano wankhanza powayesa kuti ndiosapeweka ndikudzibowoleza okha kuyenera kwa zikhalidwe zina. Amster amatitsogolera kukana malingaliro oyambira a Hobbes.
Amster amachitanso chimodzimodzi kwa a Garrett Hardin Zoopsa za Commons. Ngati anthu enieni anali zidutswa zamasewera zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi umbombo komanso kuwerengera, kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi kutukuka ziyenera kuyambitsa tsoka. Koma monga anthu amawonetsera kuwolowa manja komanso maubwenzi nthawi zambiri monga umbombo wopanda dyera komanso kudzikonda, sizingakhale kukhalapo kwa anthu wamba komwe kumabweretsa mavuto koma kubisalira ndi kutseka kwa maboma - kapena, kusiya moyo wa ma commons, omwe amatsogolera mosatayika pamavuto.
Nchiyani chomwe ife tiri nacho chotsalira chomwe chingakhoze kuchitidwa ngati commons? Amster akuwonetsa mpweya, madzi, mapaki, misewu, ma libraries, airwaves, intaneti, zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, kayendedwe, Antarctica, mapulogalamu otseguka, malo osungira, ndi zina zambiri. Ndipo amapereka zitsanzo za anthu amachita mogwirizana.
Kodi anthu omwe akukhala ndi moyo wathanzi amaphunzira kuti kuphulika kwa bomba sikothandiza poyambitsa kukhosi kwa ISIS? Mwina ayi. Koma pali njira ina yowonera kulumikizana. Kulamulira mafuta ndi chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimalimbikitsa nkhondo, ndipo nkhondo ndizomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mafuta. M'malo mwake chinali chikhumbo chofuna kuyendetsa asitikali ankhondo aku Britain omwe adayambitsa chidwi chakumadzulo ndi mafuta aku Middle East. Koma gulu lodzipereka mwamtendere silikanafuna kuyendetsa gulu lankhondo kapena kumenya nkhondo kuti ipangitse gulu lankhondo. Gulu lodzipereka mwamtendere likupanga mphamvu zobiriwira komanso moyo wobiriwira.
Gulu lazachilengedwe lomwe limafuna mamiliyoni a otenga nawo mbali likufuna gulu lodzipereka mwamtendere. Phindu lotsatira ndikutulutsa $ 2 trilioni pachaka padziko lonse lapansi, $ 1 trilioni ku United States, yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera nkhondo koma tsopano itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa kunamizira konse kuti mphamvu yobiriwira singachite zozizwitsa.
Ngati mumakhala mdera losawunikiridwa kwambiri usiku, mutha - pongoyenda mdima - kumvetsetsa za malo omangidwa ndi anthu osinthidwa mwachilengedwe. Mdima umaphimba chilichonse. Ndipo mdziko lapansi lomwe ndimakhala, kulira kwa tizilombo kumalamulira kwambiri mumdima.
Ngati mukukhala m'dera lomwe lakhala losaoneka bwino chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito "zoopsa" kuposa kale, mutha kudziwa zomwe dziko lomwe sianthu lidzachitire zolengedwa zaumunthu ngati umunthu uchoka. Misewu ndi nyumba zidzasowa monga ma dinosaurs. Zinyalala zanyukiliya zokha zomwe pamapeto pake zidzatsimikizire kuti zamoyo zathu zilipo.
Kupatula ngati titasintha.
"Sungani chilengedwe" mwina sichingakhale lingaliro lathu labwino, Amster akuwonetsa. Zowonjezera pamfundoyi zitha kukhala "Sungani anthu."
