ndi Patterson Deppen, TomDispatch, August 19, 2021
Mu Januwale 2004, Chalmers Johnson adalemba "Ufumu wa America wa Maziko"Chifukwa TomDispatch, kuthyola komwe kunali, kwenikweni, kukhala chete kuzungulira nyumba zachilendozi, zina kukula kwake kwa matauni ang'onoang'ono, omwazikana kuzungulira dziko lapansi. Anayamba motere:
"Mosiyana ndi anthu ena, anthu ambiri aku America sazindikira - kapena sakufuna kuzindikira - kuti United States ikulamulira dziko lapansi pogwiritsa ntchito gulu lankhondo. Chifukwa chobisika kwa boma, nzika zathu nthawi zambiri samadziwa kuti magulu athu ankhondo azungulira dziko lapansi. Magulu ambiriwa aku America kumayiko onse kupatula Antarctica kwenikweni amapanga ufumu watsopano - ufumu wazoyambira zokhala ndi madera ake omwe sangaphunzitsidwe mkalasi iliyonse yasekondale. Popanda kumvetsetsa kukula kwa Baseworld yomwe ikudzaza dziko lonse lapansi, munthu sangathe kumvetsetsa kukula ndi zomwe zikhumbo zathu zachifumu zili kapena momwe mtundu watsopano wankhondo ukusokonezera dongosolo lathu. ”
Zaka XNUMX zapita kuyambira pamenepo, zaka zomwe US wakhala ali ku nkhondo ku Afghanistan, kudutsa Greater Middle East, mpaka ku Africa. Nkhondo zonsezi zakhala zikuchitika - ngati mungavomereze kugwiritsa ntchito dzinali motere - kutengera "ufumuwo" womwewo, womwe udakula kukula modabwitsa m'zaka za zana lino. Ndipo komabe ambiri aku America sanasamale za izi. (Ndikumbutseni nthawi yomaliza mbali iliyonse ya Baseworld idachita nawo zandale mdziko muno.) Ndipo komabe inali njira yapadera (komanso yokwera mtengo) yokhazikitsira dziko lapansi, osavutikira mitundu yamalamulo akale kudalira.
At TomDispatch, komabe, sitinachotsepo maso ku nyumba yachifumu yachilendo yapadziko lonse. Mwachitsanzo, mu Julayi 2007, Nick Turse adatulutsa yoyamba ya ambiri zidutswa pazomwe sizinachitikepo ndi zankhondo padziko lapansi zomwe zidapita nawo. Potengera zazikulu mu Iraq yomwe idalandidwa ndi US panthawiyo, iye analemba: "Ngakhale atakhala ndi ma kilomita angapo, madola mabiliyoni ambiri, Balad Air Base ndi Camp Victory aponyedwamo, komabe, maziko a [Secretary of Defense Robert] Gates sadzangokhala Ikani chidebe cha bungwe lomwe lingakhale mwini nyumba wamkulu padziko lonse lapansi. Kwa zaka zambiri, gulu lankhondo laku US lakhala likuwongolera madera akuluakulu padziko lapansi komanso zochuluka kwambiri pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe chili (kapena mkati mwake). Chifukwa chake, ndikuganiza za Pentagon Iraq yatsopano, ganizirani mwachangu za dziko lathu la Pentagon. ”
Momwemonso, patatha zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, mu Seputembara 2015, panthawi yomwe adafalitsa buku lake latsopano Base Nation, David Vine adatenga TomDispatch owerenga pa kusinthidwa spin kudzera mu pulaneti yomweyi mu "Garrisoning the Globe." Anayamba ndi ndime yomwe, mwachisoni, idalembedwa dzulo (kapena mosakayikira, chomvetsa chisoni kwambiri, mawa):
"Ndi asitikali aku US atachotsa gulu lake lankhondo ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan, anthu aku America ambiri adzakhululukidwa chifukwa chosadziwa kuti magulu mazana ambiri aku US ndi asitikali mazana ambiri aku US akuzungulirabe dziko lapansi. Ngakhale ndi ochepa omwe amadziwa izi, United States ikuyang'anira dzikoli mosiyana ndi dziko lina lililonse m'mbiri, ndipo umboni ukuwoneka kuchokera ku Honduras mpaka Oman, Japan mpaka Germany, Singapore mpaka Djibouti. ”
Lero, zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri, a Patterson Deppen akuwonetsa mawonekedwe aposachedwa kwambiri amfumu yayikulu yapadziko lonse lapansi, yomwe idakalipobe ngakhale yaposachedwa Ngozi yaku America ku Afghanistan, komanso kwa anthu ambiri padziko lino lapansi (monga si aku America), zofananira ndi kupezeka kwa US padziko lonse lapansi. Chidutswa chake chimatengera kuwerengera kwatsopano kwa maziko a Pentagon ndipo chimatikumbutsa kuti, popeza Johnson adalemba mawu awa za Baseworld yathu zaka 17 zapitazo, zochepa zomwe zasintha momwe dziko lino limayendera madera ena onse padziko lapansi. Tom
Dziko Lonse Loyamba ku America
Mabungwe Asitikali aku US aku 750 aku US Akukhalabe Padziko Lonse Lapansi
Munali masika a 2003 pomwe aku America amatsogolera Iraq. Ndinali m'kalasi yachiwiri, ndikukhala kumalo ena ankhondo aku US ku Germany, ndikupita ku imodzi mwa Pentagon masukulu ambiri mabanja a anyamata ogwira ntchito kunja. Tsiku lina Lachisanu m'mawa, m'kalasimo munali chipwirikiti. Tinasonkhana mozungulira chakudya chathu chamasana, tidachita mantha kuwona kuti batala zachifalansa, zophika bwino zomwe tidapembedza zidalowedwa m'malo ndi zina zotchedwa "free fries."
“Kodi batala zaufulu ndi chiyani?” tidafunsa kuti tidziwe.
Aphunzitsi athu adatilimbikitsa posachedwa motere: "Ma batala a ufulu ndi chimodzimodzi ndi ma batala achi French, ndibwino." Popeza France, adalongosola, sichikuthandizira nkhondo "yathu" ku Iraq, "tangosintha dzinalo, chifukwa ndani akufuna France?" Pokhala ndi njala ya nkhomaliro, sitinawone chifukwa chotsutsana. Kupatula apo, mbale yathu yolakalakidwa kwambiri ikadakhalabe, ngakhale itakhala kubwezeretsedwanso.
Ngakhale zaka 20 zadutsa kuyambira pamenepo, kukumbukira kosamveka bwino kwaubwana kunandibwerera mwezi watha pomwe, mkati mwa US kuchoka ku Afghanistan, Purezidenti Biden analengeza kutha kwa ntchito "zankhondo" zaku America ku Iraq. Kwa anthu ambiri aku America, zitha kuwoneka kuti amangosunga zake lonjezo kuthetsa nkhondo ziwiri kwamuyaya zomwe zidatanthauzira pambuyo pa 9/11 "nkhondo yapadziko lonse yachiwopsezo." Komabe, ngakhale "zokometsera ufulu" zija sizinakhale zina, nkhondo zamuyaya za dziko lino sizingakhalenso kutha. M'malo mwake, ali kubwezeretsedwanso ndipo zikuwoneka kuti zikupitilira kudzera munjira zina.
Atatseka magulu mazana ambiri ankhondo ndi malo omenyera nkhondo ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq, Pentagon tsopano ipita ku "kulangiza-ndi-kuthandizira”Ku Iraq. Pakadali pano, utsogoleri wake wapamwamba tsopano uli kalikiliki "kusunthira" ku Asia pakufunafuna zolinga zatsopano za geostrategic makamaka zomwe zili ndi "China". Zotsatira zake, ku Greater Middle East komanso madera ena akulu mu Africa, US ikuyesetsa kupitiliza kukhala otsika kwambiri, pomwe ikukhala muntchito zankhondo kudzera m'mapulogalamu ophunzitsira komanso makontrakitala wamba.
Za ine, patatha zaka makumi awiri nditamaliza ma fries aufulu ku Germany, ndangomaliza kumene kulemba mndandanda wazankhondo zaku America padziko lonse lapansi, zotheka kwambiri pakadali pano kuchokera pazambiri zomwe zikupezeka pagulu. Ziyenera kuthandiza kuzindikira bwino zomwe zingakhale nthawi yayikulu pakusintha kwa asitikali aku US.
Ngakhale kuchepa pang'ono pamaziko amenewa, onetsetsani kuti mazana omwe atsalawo atenga gawo lofunikira pakupitiliza kwa nkhondo zina zamuyaya za Washington komanso zitha kuthandizira Cold War watsopano ndi China. Malinga ndi kuwerengera kwanga pano, dziko lathu lidakali ndi zida zopitilira 750 zofunikira padziko lonse lapansi. Nazi izi zowona: pokhapokha, pamapeto pake, atachotsedwa, udindo wamfumu yaku America padziko lino lapansi sudzatha, kutchulira tsoka dziko lino m'zaka zikubwerazi.
Kulimbitsa “Maziko a Ufumu”
Ndidapatsidwa ntchito yolemba zomwe (mwachiyembekezo) tidazitcha "2021 US Overseas Base Closed List" titalankhula ndi Leah Bolger, Purezidenti wa World BEYOND War. Monga gawo la gulu lotchedwa Overseas Base Realignment and Closed Coalition (OBRACC) odzipereka kutseka mabowo, Bolger adandilumikizitsa ndi omwe adayambitsa nawo David Vine, the wolembar wa buku lakale pamutuwu, Base Nation: Mmene US Mabungwe Akumidzi Amayiko Amayiko Amawononga America ndi Dziko.
Bolger, Vine, ndipo tidaganiza zopanga mndandanda watsopano ngati chida chothandizira kutseka kwamabizinesi aku US padziko lonse lapansi. Kuphatikiza pakupereka zowerengera zambiri zakunyanja zakunja, kafukufuku wathu akutsimikiziranso kuti kukhalapo kwa amodzi mdziko muno atha kuthandizira kwambiri pakuchita ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi America, kuwononga zachilengedwe, komanso kulipirira okhometsa misonkho aku America ndalama zambiri.
M'malo mwake, kuwerengera kwathu kwatsopano kukuwonetsa kuti chiwerengero chawo chonse padziko lapansi chatsika pang'ono (ndipo, nthawi zina, chatsika kwambiri) pazaka 2011 zapitazi. Kuyambira XNUMX, pafupifupi a zikwi malo omenyera nkhondo komanso malo ochepa atsekedwa ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq, komanso ku Somalia. Zaka zopitilira zisanu zapitazo, David Vine Akuti kuti panali malo ozungulira 800 akulu aku US m'maiko opitilira 70, madera, kapena madera kunja kwa kontrakitala United States. Mu 2021, kuwerengera kwathu kukuwonetsa kuti chiwerengerocho chagwera pafupifupi 750. Komabe, kuwopa kuti mungaganize kuti zonse zikuyenda bwino, kuchuluka kwa malo okhala ndi malo oterowo kwakula mzaka zomwezo.
Popeza Pentagon yakhala ikufuna kubisa kukhalapo kwa ena mwa iwo, kuphatikiza mndandandawo kungakhale kovuta kwambiri, kuyambira momwe munthu amatanthauzira "maziko" amenewa. Tinaganiza kuti njira yosavuta ndikugwiritsa ntchito tanthauzo la Pentagon la "tsamba loyambira," ngakhale kuchuluka kwake kutchuka zosalondola. (Ndikukhulupirira kuti simudzadabwa kudziwa kuti ziwerengero zake ndizotsika kwambiri, sizokwera kwambiri.)
Chifukwa chake, mndandanda wathu umatanthauzira maziko akulu ngati "malo ena aliwonse omwe ali ndi magawo amtunda kapena malo omwe apatsidwa ... ndiko kuti, kapena anali nawo, adachita lendi, kapena kwina pansi paulamuliro wa Dipatimenti Yachitetezo m'malo mwake a ku United States. ”
Kugwiritsa ntchito tanthauzo ili kumathandizira kusintha zomwe zimawerengedwa ndi zomwe sizili, komanso zimasiya zambiri pachithunzichi. Palibenso madoko ang'onoang'ono, malo okonzera, malo osungira, malo opangira mafuta, ndi malo owunikira kuyang'aniridwa ndi dziko lino, osanenapo za mabungwe pafupifupi 50 omwe boma la America limapereka mwachindunji kwa asitikali akumayiko ena. Ambiri akuwoneka kuti ali ku Central America (ndi madera ena a Latin America), malo omwe amadziwika bwino ndi kupezeka kwa asitikali aku US, omwe akhala akuchita nawo zaka 175 zachitetezo zankhondo mderali.
Komabe, malinga ndi mndandanda wathu, magulu ankhondo aku America kutsidya lina tsopano ali omwazikana m'maiko, madera, kapena madera a 81 kumayiko onse kupatula Antarctica. Ndipo ngakhale kuchuluka kwawo kukhoza kukhala kutsika, kufikira kwawo kungopitilira kukulira. Pakati pa 1989 mpaka lero, asitikali achulukitsa kuposa malo omwe ali ndi 40 mpaka 81.
Kukhalapo kwapadziko lonse lapansi sikunachitikepo. Palibe mphamvu yachifumu yomwe yakhalapo yofanana nayo, kuphatikiza maufumu aku Britain, France, ndi Spain. Amapanga zomwe Chalmers Johnson, mlangizi wakale wa CIA adadzudzula zankhondo zaku US, zomwe kale zimadziwika kuti "ufumu wa mabango"Kapena"kuzungulira Padziko Lonse Lapansi. "
Malingana ngati kuchuluka kwa zida zankhondo za 750 m'malo a 81 zikadali zenizeni, momwemonso, nkhondo zaku US. Monga ananenera mwachidule David Vine m'buku lake laposachedwa, United States of War, "Nthawi zambiri pamakhala nkhondo, zomwe zimatha kubala mizere yambiri, yomwe ingayambitse nkhondo zambiri, ndi zina zambiri."
Nkhondo Zapamwamba?
Ku Afghanistan, komwe Kabul adagwera a Taliban koyambirira sabata ino, asitikali athu anali atangolamula kuti achoke mwachangu, mochedwa pakati pausiku, Bagram Ndege, ndipo palibe maziko a US otsalira pamenepo. Ziwerengerozi zagweranso ku Iraq komwe asitikaliwo amalamulira mabwalo asanu ndi limodzi okha, pomwe koyambirira kwa zaka zana lino chiwerengerocho chikadakhala choyandikira 505, kuyambira akulu mpaka ang'onoang'ono asitikali ankhondo.
Kuwononga ndikutseka malo amenewa m'maiko amenewo, ku Somalia, ndi m'maiko ena, komanso kuchoka kwathunthu kwa asitikali ankhondo aku America kuchokera kumayiko atatuwa, zinali zofunikira m'mbiri, ngakhale zitatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji, olamulira “nsapato pansi”Njira yomwe adathandizira kale. Ndipo nchifukwa ninji kusintha koteroko kunachitika pamene kunachitika? Yankho lake likukhudzana kwambiri ndi kukokomeza kwa anthu, ndale, komanso chuma cha nkhondo zosalephera izi. Malinga ndi University ya Brown Ndalama za Nkhondo Yachiwawa, kuchuluka kwa mikangano yomwe sinapambane mu nkhondo yankhondo yaku Washington inali yayikulu: pang'ono 801,000 imfa (ndizambiri panjira) kuyambira 9/11 ku Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Syria, ndi Yemen.
Kulemera kwa kuzunzika kumeneku, kunali, komwe kunanyamulidwa mopanda malire ndi anthu akumayiko omwe akumana ndi kuwukira kwa Washington, ntchito, kuwomberana ndege, komanso kusokonezedwa kwazaka pafupifupi makumi awiri. Anthu opitilira 300,000 m'maiko amenewo ndi m'maiko ena aphedwa ndipo akuti akuti pafupifupi 37 miliyoni osowa pokhala. Pafupifupi asitikali aku 15,000 aku US, kuphatikiza asitikali ndi makontrakitala wamba, nawonso amwalira. Kuvulala kosaneneka kwachitika komanso kwa mamiliyoni a anthu wamba, omenyera nkhondo, komanso Asitikali aku America. Ponseponse, akuti, pofika 2020, nkhondo zapambuyo pa 9/11 zidawononga okhometsa misonkho aku America $ 6.4 zankhaninkhani,.
Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa asitikali ankhondo aku US akunja kumatha kutsika chifukwa cholephera nkhondo yankhondo, nkhondo zosatha zili zikuyenera kupitilirabe mobisa kwambiri kudzera muntchito ya Special Operations, omanga asitikali ankhondo, komanso kuwukira kwakanthawi kwa ndege, kaya ku Iraq, Somalia, kapena kwina kulikonse.
Ku Afghanistan, ngakhale panali magulu ankhondo aku US 650 okha, akuyang'anira kazembe wa US ku Kabul., US idali kukulitsa ndege zake mdziko muno. Idakhazikitsa khumi ndi awiri mu Julayi okha, posachedwa kupha anthu wamba 18 m'chigawo cha Helmand kumwera kwa Afghanistan. Malinga ndi Mlembi wa Chitetezo Lloyd Austin, ziwawa ngati izi zinali kuchitika m'munsi kapena m'munsi ku Middle East okhala ndi "kutsogola," komwe akuti United Arab Emirates, kapena UAE, ndi Qatar. Munthawi imeneyi, Washington yakhala ikufunafuna (koma osapambana) kukhazikitsa mabungwe atsopano m'maiko oyandikana ndi Afghanistan kuti apitilize kuyang'anira, kuyang'anira, komanso kuwukira kwa ndege, kuphatikiza kuthekera kwa mabungwe ankhondo aku Russia ku Tajikistan.
Ndipo dziwani, zikafika ku Middle East, UAE ndi Qatar ndi chiyambi chabe. Pali magulu ankhondo aku US mdziko lililonse la Persian Gulf kupatula Iran ndi Yemen: asanu ndi awiri ku Oman, atatu ku UAE, 11 ku Saudi Arabia, asanu ndi awiri ku Qatar, 12 ku Bahrain, 10 ku Kuwait, ndipo asanu ndi mmodziwo ali ku Iraq. Zonsezi zitha kuchititsa nkhondo "zakuthambo" zomwe US tsopano zikuwoneka ngati zadzipereka kumayiko ngati Iraq, monganso momwe maziko ake ku Kenya ndi Djibouti akuwathandizira kuti akhazikitse mimph ku Somalia.
Maziko atsopano, Nkhondo Zatsopano
Pakadali pano, pakati padziko lonse lapansi, zikomo pang'ono chifukwa cha zomwe zikuchitika pakulimbana kwa Cold War "zopezeka”Waku China, mabungwe atsopano akumangidwa ku Pacific.
Pali, koposa zonse, zopinga zochepa mdziko muno pakupanga magulu ankhondo akunja. Akuluakulu a Pentagon atazindikira kuti pakufunika ndalama zokwana $ 990 miliyoni ku Guam kuti "Limbikitsani kuthana ndi nkhondo”Pachilumba cha Washington kupita ku Asia, pali njira zochepa zoletsera izi.
Msasa Blaz, maziko oyamba a Marine Corps omwe amamangidwa pachilumba cha Pacific ku Guam kuyambira 1952, akhala akumangidwa kuyambira 2020 popanda kukankhira kumbuyo kapena kutsutsana ngati angafunike kapena ayi kuchokera kwa opanga mfundo ndi akuluakulu ku Washington kapena pakati pa anthu aku America. Malo ena atsopano akupangidwanso kuzilumba zapafupi za Pacific za Palau, Tinian, ndi Yap. Mbali inayi, kwanuko wotsutsa kwambiri malo atsopano ku Henoko pachilumba cha Japan ku Okinawa, Futenma Replacement Facility, ndi "zokayikitsa”Kuti zikwaniritsidwe.
Zochepa za izi zimadziwika ngakhale mdziko muno, ndichifukwa chake mndandanda wamagulu onse azakale, akale ndi atsopano, padziko lonse lapansi ndi ofunikira, ngakhale zitakhala zovuta bwanji kutulutsa potengera mbiri yakale ya Pentagon zilipo. Sikuti zingangowonetsa kufalikira komanso kusintha kwa zoyesayesa za mfumuyi mdziko lonse lapansi, zitha kukhalanso chida chothandizira kupititsa patsogolo kutsekedwa kwamtsogolo m'malo ngati Guam ndi Japan, komwe pakadali pano pali mabungwe 52 ndi 119 motsatana - anali anthu aku America tsiku lina kuti afunse mafunso kuti ndalama zawo zamsonkho zimapita kuti ndipo chifukwa chiyani.
Monga momwe ziliri zochepa panjira ya Pentagon yomanga mabesi atsopano kutsidya kwa nyanja, palibe chomwe chikulepheretsa Purezidenti Biden kuti asazitseke. Monga OBRACC akunena, pomwe pali ndondomeko Kuphatikiza chilolezo chamsonkhano woti atseke gulu lililonse lankhondo laku US, chilolezo chotere sichofunikira kunja. Tsoka ilo, mdziko muno padakali pano palibe mayendedwe ofunikira othetsa Baseworld yathu. Kwina konse, komabe, zikufuna ndi ziwonetsero zomwe cholinga chake ndi kutseka maziko amenewo Belgium ku Guam, Japan ku ku United Kingdom - m'maiko pafupifupi 40 omwe awuzidwa - zachitika m'zaka zaposachedwa.
Mu Disembala 2020, komabe, ngakhale wamkulu wankhondo waku US, tcheyamani wa Joint Chiefs of Staff a Mark Milley, anafunsa: "Kodi zonsezi [maziko] ndizofunikiradi poteteza United States?"
Mwachidule, ayi. China chilichonse koma. Komabe, mpaka lero, ngakhale kuchepa pang'ono kwa anthu, ma 750 kapena apo omwe atsala atenga gawo lofunikira pakupitilizabe kwa Washington "nkhondo zamuyaya," ndikuthandizira kukulitsa kwa Cold War yatsopano ndi China. Monga Chalmers Johnson anachenjezedwa mu 2009, "Ndi maufumu ochepa am'mbuyomu omwe adadzipereka kusiya maulamuliro awo kuti akhalebe odziyimira pawokha, andale odziyang'anira ... Ngati sitiphunzira pazitsanzo zawo, kuchepa kwathu ndi kugwa zidakonzedweratu."
Mapeto ake, mabungwe atsopano amangotanthauza nkhondo zatsopano ndipo, monga pafupifupi zaka 20 zapitazi, sizomwe zimapangitsa kuti nzika zaku America kapena anthu ena padziko lonse lapansi azichita bwino.
Umwini wa 2021 Patterson Deppen
Tsatirani TomDispatch pa Twitter ndi kujowina ife Facebook. Onani Mabuku atsopano a Dispatch, buku latsopanoli la a John Feffer, Nyimbo za ku Songlands (womaliza m'mndandanda wake wa Splinterlands), buku la Beverly Gologorsky Thupi Lililonse Lili Ndi Nkhani, ndi a Tom Engelhardt Mtundu Wopanda Nkhondo, komanso Alfred McCoy's M'mithunzi ya American Century: Kukwera ndi Kutha kwa US Global Power ndi a John Dower Wachiwawa ku America Century: Nkhondo ndi Nkhanza Kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse.
