Gawo 2: Chifukwa Chiyani Aliyense Angadziphe Yekha Poyesa Kuletsa Nkhondo?

Ndi Ann Wright, World BEYOND War, February 27, 2024

Zaka zinayi zapitazo mu 2018, nditabwerera kuchokera ku Veterans For Peace ulendo wopita ku Viet Nam, ndinalemba nkhani yotchedwa "N'chifukwa Chiyani Aliyense Angadziphe Yekha Poyesa Kuletsa Nkhondo?"

Tsopano, patatha zaka zinayi, m'miyezi itatu yapitayi, anthu awiri ku United States adzipha pofuna kusintha ndondomeko za US pa Palestine ndikuyitanitsa Kuyimitsa moto ndikuyimitsa ndalama za US ku State of Israel zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. kupha mu Israeli ku Gaza.

Mayi wina yemwe sanadziwikebe, atakulungidwa mu mbendera ya Palestina, adadziwotcha pamoto pamaso pa kazembe wa Israeli ku Atlanta, Georgia pa December 1, 2023. Patadutsa miyezi itatu akuluakulu sanatulutse dzina la mkaziyo.

Sabata ino, Lamlungu, February 25, 2024, ntchito yogwira ntchito ya US Air Force Aaron Bushnell, adawotcha moto ku Embassy ya Israeli ku Washington, DC, pamene anali kunena "Free Palestine ndi Kuletsa Kuphana."

Monga ndanenera mu nkhani mu 2018, ambiri ku America amasirira anyamata ndi atsikana omwe amalowa usilikali ndipo amanena kuti ndi okonzeka kutaya moyo wawo chifukwa cha zomwe andale kapena boma la United States lingasankhe kuti ndi zabwino kwa dziko lina - "ufulu ndi demokalase" kwa iwo omwe alibe ulamuliro. Mtundu wa US wa izo, kapena kugwetsa kudzilamulira komwe sikukugwirizana ndi malingaliro a olamulira aku US. Chitetezo chenicheni cha dziko la US nthawi zambiri sichikhala ndi chochita ndi kuwukiridwa kwa US ndi maiko ena.

Koma, nanga bwanji nzika wamba yosiya moyo wake kuyesa kuletsa andale/boma kusankha chomwe chili choyenera maiko ena? Kodi munthu “wamba” angade nkhawa kwambiri ndi zochita za andale/boma moti angalole kufa kuti aonetse chidwi cha anthu pa zomwe zachitikazo?

Zochita zodziwika bwino komanso zingapo zodziwika bwino za nzika zapadera kuyambira zaka makumi asanu zapitazo zimatipatsa mayankho.

Tili paulendo wa Veterans for Peace wopita ku Viet Nam ku 2014 komanso tili pagulu lina la VFP mu Marichi 2018, nthumwi yathu idawona chithunzi chodziwika bwino cha amonke odziwika bwino a Buddhist Thich Quang Duc yemwe adadziwotcha mu June, 1963 patanganidwa. msewu ku Saigon kutsutsa zomwe boma la Diem likuchita polimbana ndi Abuda m'masiku oyambirira a nkhondo yaku America pa Viet Nam. Chithunzichi chasungidwa m'makumbukiro athu onse.

The zithunzi wonetsani mazana a amonke ozungulira bwaloli kuti atseke apolisi kuti chigamulo choti wina athe kumaliza nsembe yawo chitheke. Kudzipha kunasintha kwambiri pavuto la Chibuda komanso chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakugwa kwa ulamuliro wa Diem m'masiku oyamba ankhondo yaku America ku Viet Nam.

Koma, kodi mumadziwa kuti anthu angapo aku America nawonso adadziwotcha kuti athetse zida zankhondo zaku US pazaka zankhondo zankhondo mu 1960s?

Sindinatero, mpaka nthumwi zathu za VFP zidawona zithunzi zowonetsedwa za anthu asanu aku America omwe adapereka moyo wawo kutsutsa nkhondo yaku America ku Viet Nam, pakati pa anthu ena apadziko lonse lapansi omwe amalemekezedwa m'mbiri ya Vietnamese, ku Vietnam-USA Friendship Society ku Hanoi. Ngakhale anthu amtendere aku America awa aiwalika m'dziko lawo, ndi ofera chikhulupiriro odziwika bwino ku Viet Nam, zaka makumi asanu pambuyo pake.

Nthumwi zathu za 2014 za asitikali khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri a 6 Vietnam, 3 Viet Nam era vets, 1 Iraq era vet ndi 7 omenyera mtendere wamba - ndi 4 Veterans for Peace mamembala omwe amakhala ku Vietnam, adakumana ndi mamembala a Viet Nam-USA Friendship Society pa iwo. likulu ku Hanoi. Ndinabwerera ku Viet Nam mwezi uno (March, 2018) ndi nthumwi ina ya Veterans for Peace. Nditawonanso chithunzi chimodzi cha Norman Morrison, ndinaganiza zolemba za anthu aku America omwe anali okonzeka kuthetsa moyo wawo poyesa kuletsa nkhondo yaku America pa anthu aku Vietnam.

Chomwe chinasiyanitsa Achimerekawa kwa a Vietnamese chinali chakuti, pamene asilikali a ku America anali kupha Vietnamese, panali nzika za ku America zomwe zinathetsa miyoyo yawo pofuna kuyesa kubweretsa mantha a nkhondo yachiwembu ndi kulanda nzika za Vietnamese kwa anthu aku America kupyolera mu nkhondo yachi Vietnamese. zoopsa za imfa zawo zomwe.

Munthu woyamba ku United States kufa chifukwa chodzipha polimbana ndi nkhondo ya Viet Nam anali mtsikana wina wazaka 82, dzina lake Quaker, dzina lake Alice Herz, yemwe ankakhala ku Detroit, Michigan. Anadziwotcha m’msewu wa Detroit pa March 16, 1965. Asanamwalire chifukwa cha kupsa kwawo patadutsa masiku khumi, Alice ananena kuti anadziwotcha potsutsa “mpikisano wa zida ndipo pulezidenti anagwiritsa ntchito udindo wake wapamwamba kuwononga mayiko ang’onoang’ono. .”

Patapita miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pa November 2, 1965, Norman Morrison, Quaker wa zaka 31 wa ku Baltimore, bambo wa ana aang'ono atatu, anamwalira chifukwa chodzipha yekha ku Pentagon. Morrison adawona kuti ziwonetsero zamwambo zotsutsana ndi nkhondo sizinachite pang'ono kuthetsa nkhondoyo ndipo adaganiza kuti kudziwotcha ku Pentagon kutha kulimbikitsa anthu okwanira kukakamiza boma la United States kuti lisiye kulowererapo ku Viet Nam. Kusankha kwa Morrison kuti adziphe yekha kunali kophiphiritsa makamaka chifukwa chinatsatira chisankho cha Purezidenti Johnson chololeza kugwiritsa ntchito napalm ku Vietnam, gel oyaka moto omwe amamatira pakhungu ndikusungunula thupi. https://web.archive.org/web/ 20130104141815/http://www. wooster.edu/news/releases/ 2009/august/welsh

Zikuoneka kuti, mosadziwa Morrison, adasankha kudziwotcha pawindo la Pentagon la Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara.

Zaka makumi atatu pambuyo pake mu memoir yake ya 1995, In Retrospect: The Tragedy in Lessons of Vietnam, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara anakumbukira imfa ya Morrison:

"Zionetsero zolimbana ndi nkhondo zidachitika mwapang'onopang'ono mpaka pano ndipo sizinakakamize chidwi. Ndiyeno kunafika masana a November 2, 1965. M’kati mwa madzulo tsiku limenelo, Mquaker wachichepere wotchedwa Norman R. Morrison, bambo wa ana atatu ndi ofisala wa Stony Run Friends Meeting ku Baltimore, anawotcha mpaka kufa mkati mwa mamita 40 kuchokera pawindo langa la Pentagon. . Imfa ya Morrison inali yomvetsa chisoni osati kwa banja lake lokha komanso kwa ine m’dzikoli. Kunali kulira kotsutsa kupha komwe kunkawononga miyoyo ya achinyamata ambiri aku Vietnam ndi America.

Ndidachita mantha ndi zomwe adachitazo posokoneza malingaliro anga ndikupewa kulankhula za iwo ndi aliyense - ngakhale ndi banja langa. Ndinadziŵa kuti (mkazi wake) Marge ndi ana athu atatu anali ndi malingaliro ambiri a Morrison ponena za nkhondo. Ndipo ndidakhulupirira kuti ndimamvetsetsa ndikugawana malingaliro ake. Nkhaniyi idayambitsa mikangano kunyumba komwe kudangokulirakulira pomwe kutsutsa kwankhondoku kukukulirakulira. ”

Memoir yake ya In Retrospect isanasindikizidwe, m'nkhani ya 1992 mu Newsweek, McNamara adalembapo anthu kapena zochitika zomwe zidakhudza kufunsa kwake zankhondo. Chimodzi mwazochitikazo, McNamara adadziwika kuti "imfa ya Quaker wachichepere."

Sabata imodzi pambuyo pa imfa ya Norman Morrison, Roger La Porte, 22, Mkatolika Wogwira ntchito, anakhala wachitatu wotsutsa nkhondo kuti adziphe. Anamwalira ndi moto chifukwa chodzivulaza yekha pa November 9, 1965 pa United Nations Plaza ku New York City. Iye anasiya kakalata kakuti, “Ndikulimbana ndi nkhondo, nkhondo zonse. Ndinachita zimenezi chifukwa cha chipembedzo.”

Imfa zitatu za ziwonetserozi mu 1965 zidalimbikitsa anthu odana ndi nkhondo kuti ayambe kuchezera mlungu uliwonse ku White House ndi Congress. Ndipo sabata iliyonse, a Quaker anamangidwa pamasitepe a Capitol pamene akuwerenga mayina a anthu akufa a ku America, malinga ndi David Hartsough, mmodzi wa nthumwi pa ulendo wathu wa 2014 VFP.

Hartsough, yemwe adachita nawo miliri yolimbana ndi nkhondo makumi asanu m'mbuyomu, adafotokoza momwe adalimbikitsira mamembala ena a Congress kuti alowe nawo. Congressman George Brown waku California adakhala membala woyamba wa Congress kutsutsa nkhondo pamasitepe a Congress. A Quakers atamangidwa ndi kutsekeredwa m'ndende chifukwa chowerenga mayina a asilikali omwe anamwalira, Brown adzapitiriza kuwerenga mayina, akusangalala ndi chitetezo cha Congressional kumangidwa.

Zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake, pa Okutobala 15, 1967, Florence Beaumont, mayi wazaka 56 wa ku Unitarian wa ana aŵiri, anadziwotcha pamoto pamaso pa Federal Building ku Los Angeles. Mwamuna wake George pambuyo pake anati, "Florence anali ndi malingaliro ozama motsutsana ndi kuphedwa ku Vietnam ... Napalm yankhanza yomwe imawotcha matupi a ana aku Vietnam yatenthetsa miyoyo ya onse omwe, monga Florence Beaumont, alibe madzi oundana a magazi, miyala ya mitima. Machesi omwe Florence ankakonda kukhudza zovala zake zoviikidwa ndi petulo adayatsa moto womwe sungazime - moto pansi pathu osasunthika, amphaka olemera kwambiri omwe ali otetezeka kwambiri m'nsanja zathu za njovu 9,000 mailosi kuchokera kuphulika kwa napalm, ndi KUTI, tikukhulupirira, ndicho cholinga cha machitidwe ake. ”

Zaka zitatu pambuyo pake, pa May 10, 1970, George Winne, Jr., wazaka 23, mwana wa Navy Captain komanso wophunzira pa yunivesite ya California, San Diego anadziwotcha pa Revelle Plaza ya yunivesite pafupi ndi chizindikiro. imene inati, “M’dzina la Mulungu, thetsani nkhondo imeneyi.” https://sandiegofreepress.org/2017/05/ george-winne-peace-vietnam- war/

Imfa ya Winne inachitika patangopita masiku asanu ndi limodzi kuchokera pamene asilikali a ku Ohio National Guard adawombera gulu la ophunzira a Kent State University, kupha anayi ndi kuvulaza asanu ndi anayi, panthawi ya ziwonetsero zazikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya maphunziro apamwamba ku America.

Pamsonkhano wathu wa 2014 ku ofesi ya Vietnam-USA Friendship Society ku Hanoi, David Hartsough anapereka buku lakuti Held in the Light, buku lolembedwa ndi Ann Morrison, mkazi wamasiye wa Norman Morrison, kwa Ambassador Chin, kazembe wa Vietnamese wopuma pantchito ku United Nations ndipo tsopano. mkulu wa Sosaite. Hartsough adawerenganso kalata yochokera kwa Ann Morrison kupita kwa anthu aku Vietnam.

Kazembe Chin adayankha pouza gululo kuti zomwe Norman Morrison ndi anthu ena aku America adathetsa miyoyo yawo zikukumbukiridwa bwino ndi anthu aku Vietnam. Ananenanso kuti mwana aliyense wasukulu yaku Vietnam amaphunzira nyimbo ndi ndakatulo yolembedwa ndi ndakatulo waku Vietnam Tố Hữu wotchedwa "Emily, Mwana Wanga" woperekedwa kwa mwana wamkazi wamng'ono yemwe Morrison anali atamugwira mphindi zochepa asanaziwotcha ku Pentagon. Ndakatuloyo imakumbutsa Emily kuti abambo ake anamwalira chifukwa adawona kuti akuyenera kutsutsa m'njira yowonekera kwambiri ya imfa ya ana a Vietnamese m'manja mwa boma la United States.

Kusintha kwa Sparking

M’madera ena a dziko lapansi, anthu asiya moyo wawo n’cholinga choti afotokoze nkhani zapadera. Arab Spring idayamba pa Disembala 10, 2010 pomwe wogulitsa malonda waku Tunisia wazaka 26 dzina lake Mohamed Bouazizi adaziwotcha pamoto wapolisi wina atalanda ngolo yake yogulitsira chakudya mumsewu. Iye yekha ndiye ankasamalira banja lake ndipo nthawi zambiri ankapereka ziphuphu kwa apolisi kuti ayendetse ngolo yake.

Imfa yake inachititsa nzika ku Middle East kutsutsa maboma awo opondereza. Maboma ena adakakamizika kulamulira ndi nzika, kuphatikiza Purezidenti wa Tunisia Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, yemwe adalamulira ndi chitsulo kwazaka 23.

Kapena Kunyalanyazidwa Ngati Zochita Zopanda nzeru

Ku United States, zochita za chikumbumtima monga kudzipha chifukwa cha nkhani yofunika kwambiri kwa munthuyo zimaonedwa kuti n’zopanda nzeru ndipo boma ndi mawailesi ofalitsa nkhani zimachepetsa kufunika kwake.

Kwa m'badwo uno, ngakhale masauzande a nzika zaku US akumangidwa ndipo ambiri amakhala kundende za boma kapena ndende za federal chifukwa chotsutsa mfundo za boma la US, mu Epulo, 2015, achinyamata a Leo Thornton adalowa nawo gulu laling'ono koma lofunikira la azimayi ndi abambo omwe asankha kuthetsa poyera. miyoyo yawo ndi chiyembekezo chobweretsa chidwi cha anthu aku America kuti asinthe ndondomeko za US.

Pa Epulo 13, 2015, Leo Thornton, wazaka 22, adadzipha ndi mfuti ku West Lawn ku US Capitol. Anamanga m’manja mwake chikwangwani cholembedwa kuti “Tax the 1%. Kodi chikumbumtima chake chinakhudza chilichonse ku Washington-White House kapena US Congress? Mwatsoka, ayi.

Sabata yotsatira, Nyumba Yoyimira Yotsogozedwa ndi Republican idapereka lamulo lomwe lingathetse msonkho wanyumba limagwira ntchito pa 1% yokha ya malo. Ndipo palibe kutchulidwa kwa Leo Thornton, ndi chisankho chothetsa moyo wake chifukwa cha msonkho wosagwirizana, adawonekera m'manyuzipepala kutikumbutsa kuti adathetsa moyo wake motsutsana ndi lamulo lina labwino kwa olemera.

Zaka zisanu zapitazo, mu October 2013, msilikali wazaka 64 wa ku Vietnam John Constantino anaziwotcha pa malo ogulitsa ku Washington, DC-kachiwiri chifukwa cha zomwe amakhulupirira. "ufulu wamavoti." Mboni ina idati adapereka "saluti yakuthwa" ku Capitol asanayatse moto. Woyandikana naye yemwe adalumikizidwa ndi mtolankhani wakomweko adati Constantino amakhulupirira kuti boma "silisamala za ife ndipo sasamala kanthu kalikonse koma matumba awo okha."

Atolankhani sanafufuzenso za chifukwa chomwe Constantino adadzipha pagulu la likulu la dzikoli.

Pankhani ya mkulu wa ndege ya ku United States ya Air Force Aaron Bushnell, Aaron anauza dziko lonse chifukwa chake: “Sindikufuna kungokhala mphwayi pa kupha anthu ku Gaza! Palestine yaulere! ” Malingaliro ake akutsimikiziridwa ndi mazana a mamiliyoni padziko lonse lapansi omwe amazindikira kupha koopsa kwa Israeli ku Gaza. Kwa nzika zaku US, ndi udindo wathu kukakamiza akuluakulu a Biden kuti asiye kupereka ndalama ku Gaza ku Gaza komanso ziwawa ku West Bank.

Ann Wright adatumikira zaka 29 ku US Army/Army Reserves ndipo adapuma pantchito ngati Colonel. Anatumikiranso zaka 16 ngati kazembe wa US ku Embassy za US ku Nicaragua, Grenada, Somalia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Sierra Leone, Micronesia, Afghanistan ndi Mongolia. Adasiya ntchito ku boma la US mu Marichi, 2003 potsutsana ndi nkhondo ya Iraq. Iye ndi mlembi wina wa Dissent: Voices of Conscience.