Kuyang'ana Zowonekera Ndi Naomi Klein

Poyamba, ndikufuna kuyamika Naomi Klein pa buku lake lolimbikitsa.  Zosinthazi Zonse yathandiza owerenga ake kumvetsetsa bwino kumera kwa nyengo yotakata, yokhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana kuyambira pansi mpaka pansi komanso kuthekera kwake kolimbikitsa ndi kutsitsimutsa Kumanzere. Komanso, wasonyeza kulimba mtima kutchula gwero la vuto—ukapitalizimu—pamene anthu ambiri omenyera ufulu wawo amasiya kutchula mawu oti “c”. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyang'ana kwake pamakampani opangira mafuta opangira mafuta monga njira yoyendetsera kayendetsedwe kake kukuwonetsa bwino kufunikira kopatula gawo limodzi loyipa kwambiri la capitalism yamakampani.

Koma ngakhale iye wanzeru ndi yolimbikitsa chithandizo cha nyengo kayendedwe angathe kusintha chirichonse, Ndikukhulupirira Klein akunena mopambanitsa mlandu wake ndikunyalanyaza zofunikira zadongosolo loyipa lomwe tikulimbana nalo. Poyika kusintha kwanyengo pachimake, amachepetsa kumvetsetsa kwathu momwe tingathetsere mphamvu za imfa ya capitalism pamiyoyo yathu ndi tsogolo lathu.

Mwachitsanzo, Klein amanyalanyaza kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa chipwirikiti cha nyengo, zankhondo, ndi nkhondo. Pomwe amathera mutu wonse akufotokoza chifukwa chomwe mwiniwake wa Virgin Airlines, Richard Branson, ndi mabiliyoni ena a Green sadzatipulumutsa, amapereka ziganizo zocheperako zitatu ku bungwe lachiwawa, lowononga, lowotcha mafuta padziko lapansi — asitikali aku US.[1]  Klein amagawana malo osawona awa ndi bungwe la United Nations lazanyengo. Bungwe la UNFCCC siliphatikiza mafuta ambiri a gulu lankhondo komanso kutulutsa mpweya m'mafakitale a mpweya wotenthetsa dziko.[2]  Kukhululukidwa kumeneku kudachitika chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa kwambiri ndi United States panthawi ya zokambirana za Kyoto pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1990. Kuyambira pamenepo, gulu lankhondo lankhondo "bootprint" silinanyalanyazidwe mwalamulo.[3]  Buku la Klein linataya mwayi wofunika kwambiri woululira zinthu zobisika zimenezi.

Pentagon simalo okhawo omwe amawotcha mafuta oyambira padziko lapansi; Ndiwogulitsanso zida zapamwamba komanso owononga ndalama zankhondo.[4]  Ulamuliro wankhondo wapadziko lonse waku America umayang'anira zoyenga za Big Oil, mapaipi, ndi ma tanker apamwamba kwambiri. Imathandizira ma petro-tyrannies omwe amatsutsa kwambiri; amadya mafuta ochuluka kwambiri kuti azisonkhezera zida zake zankhondo; ndipo amalavula poizoni woopsa kwambiri m'chilengedwe kuposa woipitsa aliyense wamakampani.[5]  Asilikali, opanga zida zankhondo, ndi makampani opangira mafuta a petroleum akhala akugwira ntchito zachinyengo kuyambira kalekale. Ubale wonyansawu ukuwoneka bwino kwambiri ku Middle East komwe Washington imagwira maboma opondereza am'derali ndi zida zaposachedwa ndikuyika zida zambiri pomwe asitikali aku America, ma mercenaries, ndi ma drones amatumizidwa kuti aziyang'anira mapampu, zoyeretsera, ndi mizere yoperekera. Exxon-Mobil, BP, ndi Chevron.[6]

Gulu lankhondo la petro ndi gawo lokwera mtengo kwambiri, lowononga, lodana ndi demokalase m'boma lamakampani. Zili ndi mphamvu zazikulu pa Washington ndi zipani zonse zandale. Gulu lililonse lothana ndi chipwirikiti chanyengo, kusintha tsogolo lathu lamphamvu, ndikulimbikitsa demokalase yapansi panthaka silinganyalanyaze ufumu wa petro waku America. Koma chodabwitsa kwambiri pamene Klein akuyang'ana njira zopezera ndalama zosinthira mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu ku US, bajeti yankhondo yowonongeka siganiziridwa.[7]

Pentagon yokha imazindikira poyera kugwirizana pakati pa kusintha kwa nyengo ndi nkhondo. Mu June, lipoti la US Military Advisory Board pa Chitetezo cha Dziko ndi Zowopsa Zowonjezereka za Kusintha kwa Nyengo anachenjeza kuti “… kusintha kwa nyengo kudzakhala kochuluka kuposa kuchulukitsa ziwopsezo; adzakhala ngati zoyambitsa kusakhazikika ndi mikangano.” Poyankha, Pentagon ikukonzekera kulimbana ndi "nkhondo zanyengo" pazinthu zomwe zikuwopsezedwa ndi kusokonezeka kwamlengalenga, monga madzi abwino, malo olima, ndi chakudya.[8]

Ngakhale Klein amanyalanyaza kugwirizana pakati pa zankhondo ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndikunyalanyaza gulu lamtendere ngati gawo lofunikira, gulu lamtendere silinyalanyaza kusintha kwanyengo. Magulu odana ndi nkhondo monga Veterans for Peace, War Is A Crime, ndi War Resisters League apangitsa kulumikizana pakati pa zankhondo ndi kusokoneza nyengo kukhala cholinga cha ntchito yawo. Vuto la nyengo linali vuto lalikulu la anthu mazana ambiri olimbikitsa mtendere ochokera padziko lonse lapansi omwe anasonkhana ku Capetown, South Africa mu July 2014. Msonkhano wawo, womwe unakonzedwa ndi War Resisters International, unakamba za ziwawa zopanda chiwawa, zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. kukwera kwa militarism padziko lonse lapansi.[9]

Klein akuti akuganiza kuti kusintha kwanyengo kuli ndi mwayi wapadera wolimbikitsa chifukwa kumapangitsa anthu kukhala ndi "mavuto omwe alipo." Akufuna kuwonetsa momwe angasinthire chilichonse mwa kuphatikiza "zovuta zonsezi zomwe zimawoneka ngati zosagwirizana kukhala nkhani yogwirizana ya momwe angatetezere anthu ku zovuta zazachuma zopanda chilungamo komanso kusokonekera kwanyengo." Koma nkhani yake imanyalanyaza zankhondo pafupifupi kwathunthu. Izi zimandipatsa kaye kaye. Kodi gulu lililonse lomwe likupita patsogolo lingateteze dziko lapansi popanda kugwirizanitsa madontho pakati pa chipwirikiti cha nyengo ndi nkhondo kapena kulimbana ndi ufumu wa petro-gulu la asilikali? Ngati US ndi maboma ena apita kunkhondo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mphamvu ndi zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi, kodi tiyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri zakusintha kwanyengo, kapena kodi kukana zida zankhondo kukhala nkhawa yathu nthawi yomweyo?

Malo ena osawona ofunika m'buku la Klein ndi nkhani ya "mafuta apamwamba". Apa ndiye pamene kuchuluka kwa mafuta opangira mafuta kwachulukira ndipo kumayamba kuchepa kwambiri. Pakadali pano zadziwika kuti mafuta a CONVENTIONAL apanga mafuta padziko lonse lapansi cha 2005.[10]  Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti izi zidatulutsa mitengo yayikulu yamafuta yomwe idayambitsa kutsika kwachuma kwa 2008 ndikuyambitsa njira yaposachedwa yotulutsa mafuta okwera mtengo, onyansa osagwirizana ndi mchenga wa shale ndi mchenga wa phula pomwe mtengowo udawapangitsa kukhala opindulitsa.[11]

Ngakhale kuti zina mwazotulutsazi ndizomwe zimathandizidwa kwambiri, zongopeka zazachuma zomwe zitha kuwoneka kuti zachulukirachulukira, kukwera kwakanthawi kwa ma hydrocarbon osagwirizana nawo kwapangitsa kuti chuma chichepetse kuchepa kwachuma. Komabe, kupanga mafuta wamba kukuyembekezeka kutsika ndi 50 peresenti m'zaka makumi awiri zikubwerazi pomwe magwero osagwirizana ndi 6 peresenti sangasinthe.[12]  Chotero kusokonekera kwachuma kwapadziko lonse kungabwerenso posachedwapa ndi kubwezera.

Vuto lalikulu lamafuta limadzutsa zovuta zomanga mayendedwe kwa olimbikitsa nyengo ndi onse omwe akupita patsogolo. Klein ayenera kuti adapewa nkhaniyi chifukwa anthu ena omwe ali pachiwopsezo chamafuta amatsutsa kufunikira kwa kayendedwe kamphamvu kwanyengo. Osati kuti akuganiza kuti kusokonekera kwanyengo si vuto lalikulu, koma chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti tatsala pang'ono kugwa kwamakampani padziko lonse lapansi komwe kumabweretsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwachuma. ukonde ma hydrocarbon omwe alipo kuti akweze chuma. M'malingaliro awo, mafuta oyaka padziko lonse lapansi adzatsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kukwera kwa kufunikira kwa anthu chifukwa anthu adzafunika mphamvu zochulukirachulukira nthawi zonse kuti apeze ndikuchotsa ma hydrocarbon otsala onyansa, osavomerezeka.

Motero, ngakhale kuti pangakhalebe mphamvu zambirimbiri za zinthu zakale zokwiririka pansi pa nthaka, anthu adzafunika kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi ndalama zochulukirachulukira kuti akwaniritse zimenezi, n’kungotsala pang’ono kuchita china chilichonse. Okhulupirira mafuta apamwamba akuganiza kuti mphamvu ndi kukhetsa kwachuma kudzawononga chuma chonse. Akukhulupirira kuti kuwonongeka komwe kukubweraku kungathandize kwambiri kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya kuposa gulu lililonse landale. Kodi iwo akulondola? Angadziwe ndani? Koma ngakhale atakhala kuti akulakwitsa kugwa kwathunthu, ma hydrocarbon apamwamba kwambiri amayenera kuyambitsa kutsika kwachuma komanso kutsika kotsatizana ndi mpweya wotulutsa mpweya. Kodi izi zitanthauza chiyani pakuyenda kwanyengo komanso kuwononga kwake Kumanzere?

Klein mwiniwake akuvomereza kuti, mpaka pano, kuchepetsa kwakukulu kwa mpweya wa GHG kwabwera chifukwa cha kuchepa kwachuma, osati ndale. Koma amapewa funso lozama lomwe limadzutsa: ngati capitalism ilibe mphamvu zambiri, zotsika mtengo zomwe zimafunikira kuti zipitirire kukula, mayendedwe anyengo angayankhe bwanji ngati kusakhazikika, kutsika kwachuma, ndi kupsinjika maganizo kumakhala kwatsopano ndipo mpweya wa carbon uyamba kutsika?

Klein amawona capitalism ngati makina akukula kosalekeza omwe akuwononga dziko lapansi. Koma chitsogozo chachikulu cha capitalism ndi phindu, osati kukula. Ngati kukula kutembenukira ku kukomoka ndikugwa, capitalism siidzatha. Otsatira a Capitalist atenga phindu kuchokera pakusungira, katangale, zovuta, ndi mikangano. M'chuma chomwe sichikukulirakulira, cholinga chopezera phindu chikhoza kukhala ndi chiwonongeko chowononga anthu. Mawu akuti “catabolism” amachokera ku Chigiriki ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu biology kutanthauza mkhalidwe womwe chamoyo chimadzidyera chokha. Catabolic capitalism ndi dongosolo lazachuma lodzipha. Pokhapokha tidzimasula tokha ku mphamvu zake, capitalism ya catabolic imakhala tsogolo lathu.

Kutengera kwamphamvu kwa capitalism kumabweretsa zovuta zomwe olimbikitsa nyengo ndi akumanzere ayenera kuziganizira. M'malo mwa kukula kosalekeza, bwanji ngati tsogolo likhala chipwirikiti cha kusokonekera kwachuma komwe kumayambitsa mphamvu - kutsika kwamphamvu, kosagwirizana, masitepe kuchokera pachitunda chamafuta? Kodi mabungwe azanyengo angachite chiyani ngati ngongole zatsika, chuma chatsika, mitengo yandalama ikukwera movutikira, malonda atha, ndipo maboma akhazikitsa njira zopondereza kuti apitirize kulamulira? Ngati anthu a ku America sangapeze chakudya m'masitolo akuluakulu, ndalama m'ma ATM, gasi m'mapampu, ndi magetsi m'zingwe zamagetsi, kodi nyengo idzakhala nkhawa yawo yaikulu?

Kuwonongeka kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi ndi kutsika kungachepetse kugwiritsa ntchito hydrocarbon, kupangitsa kuti mitengo yamagetsi igwe kwa kanthawi. M'kati mwa kutsika kwachuma komanso kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya, kodi chipwirikiti cha nyengo chikhalabe chodetsa nkhawa anthu ambiri komanso nkhani yolimbikitsa kumanzere? Ngati sichoncho, kodi gulu lopita patsogolo lokhazikika pakusintha kwanyengo lingasungebe mphamvu zake? Kodi anthu adzalabadira kuyitanidwa kuti achepetse kutulutsa mpweya kuti apulumutse nyengo ngati kuwotcha ma hydrocarbon otsika mtengo kumawoneka ngati njira yachangu kwambiri yoyambitsira kukula, ngakhale kwanthawi yayitali bwanji?

Pazimenezi, mayendedwe anyengo atha kugwa mwachangu kuposa chuma. Kuchepetsa komwe kumayambitsa kukhumudwa kwa ma GHG kungakhale chinthu chabwino kwa nyengo, koma kungayamwire mayendedwe anyengo chifukwa anthu sawona chifukwa chodera nkhawa ndi kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya. M'kati mwa kupsinjika maganizo ndi kutsika kwa mpweya wa carbon, anthu ndi maboma adzakhala ndi nkhawa kwambiri za kuyambiranso kwachuma. Pansi pazimenezi, kayendetsedwe kake kadzakhalapo kokha ngati chitasintha maganizo ake kuchoka ku kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kumanga kuchira kokhazikika, kosasunthika kuchoka ku chizoloŵezi cha kuwonongeka kwa mafuta otsalira.

Ngati okonza madera obiriwira ndi magulu amagulu a anthu ayambitsa njira zopanda phindu zamabanki, kupanga, ndi kusinthana komwe kumathandiza anthu kuti apulumuke kuwonongeka kwadongosolo, adzalandira chivomerezo ndi ulemu wa anthu.  If amathandizira kukonza minda ya anthu, khitchini, zipatala zachipatala ndi chitetezo chapafupi, adzapeza mgwirizano ndi chithandizo china. Ndipo if atha kusonkhanitsa anthu kuti ateteze ndalama zawo zosunga ndi penshoni ndikuletsa kulandidwa, kuthamangitsidwa, kuchotsedwa ntchito, ndi kutsekedwa kwa malo antchito, ndiye kuti kukana kotchuka kwa capitalism kudzakula kwambiri. Kuti tithe kusintha kupita ku dziko lotukuka, lolungama, lokhazikika pazachilengedwe, zolimbana zonsezi ziyenera kulumikizidwa ndikuphatikizidwa ndi masomphenya olimbikitsa a momwe moyo ungakhalire wabwino ngati titadzimasula ku dongosolo losagwira ntchito, lokonda phindu, lokonda mafuta. kamodzi kokha.

Phunziro lomwe Naomi Klein amanyalanyaza likuwoneka lomveka. Kusokonekera kwanyengo ndi chizindikiro chimodzi CHOSANGALALA cha gulu lathu lomwe silikuyenda bwino. Kuti apulumuke ukapitalizimu wankhanza ndikumera njira ina, omenyera ufulu amayenera kuyembekezera ndikuthandizira anthu kuthana ndi zovuta zingapo pomwe akuwakonzekeretsa kuti azindikire ndikuchotsa gwero lawo. Ngati gululi likusowa kuwoneratu zam'tsogolo zoyembekezera masoka owopsawa ndikusintha malingaliro ake pakafunika kutero, tikhala titawononga phunziro lofunika kuchokera m'buku lapitalo la Klein, The Shock Doctrine. Pokhapokha kumanzere kungathe kulingalira ndi kupititsa patsogolo njira ina yabwinoko, akuluakulu amphamvu adzagwiritsa ntchito vuto lililonse kuti akwaniritse zolinga zawo za "kubowola ndi kupha" pamene anthu akugwedezeka komanso okhumudwa. Ngati Kumanzere sikungapange gulu lolimba mokwanira komanso losinthika mokwanira kuti lithane ndi zochitika zadzidzidzi zachilengedwe, zachuma, komanso zankhondo zakugwa kwachitukuko chamakampani ndikuyamba kupanga njira zina zopatsa chiyembekezo zidzatha msanga kwa iwo omwe amapindula ndi tsoka.

Craig Collins Ph.D. ndiye wolemba "Poizoni Malowedwe” ( Cambridge University Press), yomwe imayang'ana machitidwe olakwika a America oteteza chilengedwe. Amaphunzitsa sayansi ya ndale ndi malamulo a chilengedwe ku California State University East Bay ndipo anali membala woyambitsa Green Party of California.