Kuthetsa Zaka Makumi Agawa pakati pa India ndi Pakistan: Kumanga Mtendere Ponseponse pa Radcliffe Line

ndi Dimpal Pathak, World BEYOND War Pakati, Julayi 11, 2021

Nthawi itakwana pakati pausiku pa Ogasiti 15, 1947, kufuula kokondwerera ufulu wakudziko lachikoloni kunasokonezedwa ndi kulira kwa mamiliyoni akuyenda modutsa malo okhala ndi matupi a India ndi Pakistan. Lero ndi tsiku lomwe lidawonetsa kutha kwaulamuliro waku Britain mderali, komanso kudalekanitsa India kukhala mayiko awiri osiyana - India ndi Pakistan. Kutsutsana kwakanthawi, kwaufulu komanso magawano, kwapitilizabe chidwi ndi olemba mbiri ndikuzunza anthu mbali zonse ziwiri za malire mpaka pano.

Kudzilamulira pawokha kuchokera kuulamuliro waku Britain kudadziwika chifukwa chogawa mbali zachipembedzo, ndikupangitsa kuti India akhale achi India komanso Asilamu omwe ali Amisilamu ambiri ngati mayiko awiri odziyimira pawokha. "Pomwe adagawikana, mwina sipadakhala mayiko awiri Padziko Lapansi ofanana India ndi Pakistan," atero a Nisid Hajari, wolemba Zozizira Pakati Pakati pausiku: Cholowa Chowopsa Cha Gawo la India. “Atsogoleri mbali zonse amafuna kuti maiko azigwirizana ngati US ndi Canada. Chuma chawo chinali chosokonekera kwambiri, zikhalidwe zawo zinali zofanana. ” Asanapatukane, panali zosintha zambiri zomwe zidapangitsa kugawa India. Indian National Congress (INC) makamaka idatsogolera nkhondo yomenyera ufulu India komanso anthu ena otchuka monga MK Gandhi ndi Jawaharlal Nehru kutengera lingaliro la kusakhulupirika komanso mgwirizano pakati pa zipembedzo zonse, makamaka pakati pa Ahindu ndi Asilamu. Koma mwatsoka, kuopa kukhala pansi paulamuliro wachihindu, womwe atsamunda komanso atsogoleri amapititsa patsogolo zolinga zawo zandale, zidapangitsa kuti pakhale Pakistan. 

Maubwenzi apakati pa India ndi Pakistan nthawi zonse amakhala osasinthasintha, osamvana, osakhulupirika, komanso mayimidwe andale omwe ali pachiwopsezo padziko lonse lapansi makamaka ku South Asia. Chiyambireni Kudziyimira pawokha mu 1947, India ndi Pakistan akhala ali pankhondo zinayi, kuphatikiza nkhondo imodzi yosadziwika, ndikumenya nkhondo zambiri kumalire komanso kumenya nkhondo. Palibe kukayika kuti pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe zimayambitsa kusakhazikika pazandale, koma nkhani ya Kashmir idakhalabe chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakulimbikitsa ubale pakati pa mayiko awiriwa. Mayiko onsewa adatsutsa Kashmir kuyambira tsiku lomwe adasiyana chifukwa chachihindu ndi Asilamu. Gulu lalikulu kwambiri lachi Muslim, lomwe lili ku Kashmir, lili mdera la India. Koma boma la Pakistani lakhala likunena kale kuti Kashmir ndi yawo. Nkhondo pakati pa Hindustan (India) ndi Pakistan mu 1947-48 ndi 1965 zidalephera kuthetsa nkhaniyi. Ngakhale India idapambana motsutsana ndi Pakistan mu 1971, nkhani ya Kashmir idakalipobe. Kuwongolera kwa madzi oundana a Siachen, kupezeka kwa zida zankhondo, ndi pulogalamu ya zida za nyukiliya kwathandizanso pakukangana pakati pa mayiko awiriwa. 

Ngakhale mayiko onsewa apitilizabe kusiya kuyimitsa nkhondo kuyambira 2003, nthawi zonse amasinthana moto kudutsa malire omwe apikisana nawo, omwe amadziwika kuti Mzere Woyang'anira. Mu 2015, maboma onsewa adatsimikiziranso kutsimikiza mtima kwawo kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wa Nehru-Noon wa 1958 kuti akhazikitse bata pamalire amalire a Indo-Pakistan. Mgwirizanowu umakhudzana ndi kusinthana kwa madera akum'mawa ndikukhazikitsa mikangano ya Hussainiwala ndi Suleiman kumadzulo. Iyi ndi nkhani yabwino kwa iwo omwe amakhala minyumbayi, chifukwa idzawonjezera mwayi pazinthu zofunikira monga maphunziro ndi madzi oyera. Idzateteza malire ndikuthandizira kuthana ndi kuzembetsa anthu pamalire. Pansi pa mgwirizanowu, nzika zanyumbayi zitha kupitiliza kukhala patsamba lawo kapena kusamukira kudziko lomwe akufuna. Akapitilizabe, adzakhala anthu am'mayiko omwe madera awo adasamutsidwa. Kusintha kwa utsogoleri kwaposachedwa kwalimbitsanso mikangano ndipo kwalimbikitsa mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi kuti alowerere pamikangano pakati pa India ndi Pakistan pa Kashmir. Koma, mochedwa, mbali zonse ziwiri zikuwonetsa chidwi kuti ayambenso zokambirana zamayiko awiri. 

Mgwirizano wamalonda pakati pawo, pazaka makumi asanu zapitazi, wawona mbiri yakale, kuwonetsa kusintha kwa mikangano yazandale komanso ubale wapakati pa mayiko awiriwa. India ndi Pakistan atengera njira yogwirira ntchito yolimbikitsa mgwirizano; Zambiri zamgwirizano wawo ndizokhudzana ndi zinthu zopanda chitetezo monga malonda, kulumikizana, mayendedwe, ndi ukadaulo. Maiko awiriwa adakhazikitsa mapangano angapo othetsera maubwenzi awiriwa, kuphatikiza pangano lodziwika bwino la Simla la 1972. Maiko awiriwa adasainanso mapangano oyambitsanso malonda, kukhazikitsanso zofunikira za visa, ndikuyambiranso kusinthana kwa ma telegraph ndi positi. Pomwe India ndi Pakistan amayesa kubwezeretsa ubale wawo wazamalamulo komanso magwiridwe antchito pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapakati pawo, adapanga mapangano angapo obisika. Ngakhale mgwirizano wapagulu sunachepetse kapena kuthana ndi ziwawa zapakati pa India ndi Pakistan, zikuwonetsa kuthekera kwa mayiko kupeza mipata yothandizana yomwe pamapeto pake ingafalikire m'malo ena, ndikupangitsa mgwirizano. Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale mkangano pakati pamalire udachitika, akazitape aku India ndi Pakistani anali ndi zokambirana kuti apatse amwendamnjira aku India mwayi wopita kukachisi wa Kartarpur Sikh womwe uli mkati mwa Pakistan, ndipo mwamwayi, njira ya Kartarpur idatsegulidwa ndi Prime Minister waku Pakistani Imran Khan mu Novembala 2019 ya amwendamnjira achi India Sikh.

Ofufuza, ofufuza, komanso akasinja ambiri amakhulupirira kuti nthawi ndiyofunika kwambiri kuti mayiko awiri oyandikana nawo aku South Asia athane ndi katundu wawo wakale ndikupita patsogolo ndi chiyembekezo chatsopano chofuna kukhazikitsa ubale wamphamvu pachuma ndikupanga mzimu wa msika wamba. Omwe adzapindule kwambiri ndi malonda pakati pa India ndi Pakistan ndi omwe azigula, chifukwa chotsika mtengo wazopanga komanso chuma chambiri. Mapindu azachuma awa adzakhudza kwambiri zikhalidwe za anthu monga maphunziro, thanzi, ndi zakudya.

Pakistan ndi India ali ndi zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri zokhalapo ngati mayiko osiyana poyerekeza ndi pafupifupi zaka chikwi chimodzi cholumikizana ulamuliro waku Britain usanachitike. Kudziwika kwawo kumakhudzana ndi zochitika za mbiri yakale, madera, chilankhulo, chikhalidwe, zikhulupiriro, ndi miyambo. Cholowa chogawana ichi ndi mwayi womanga mayiko onsewa, kuthana ndi mbiri yawo yaposachedwa yankhondo komanso mpikisano. "Paulendo waposachedwa ku Pakistan, ndidadzionera ndekha kuti ndife ofanana ndipo, koposa zonse, chikhumbo chamtendere chomwe ambiri kumeneko adalankhula, chomwe ndikuganiza ndichikhalidwe chapadziko lonse lapansi cha mtima wamunthu. Ndinakumana ndi anthu angapo koma sindinawone mdani. Iwo anali anthu onga ife. Amalankhula chilankhulo chimodzi, amavala zovala zofanana, ndipo amafanana ndi ife, ”akutero Priyanka Pandey, mtolankhani wachinyamata waku India.

Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, njira yamtendere iyenera kupitilizidwa. Kukhazikika m'ndale kuyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi nthumwi za Pakistani ndi India. Njira Zina Zokhalira ndi Chidaliro ziyenera kutsatiridwa ndi mbali zonse ziwiri. Maubale pamadongosolo azokambirana komanso kulumikizana ndi anthu ndi anthu akuyenera kulimbikitsidwa koposa. Kusinthasintha kuyenera kuwonedwa pokambirana kuti athetse mavuto akulu pakati pa mayiko awiriwa kuti akhale ndi tsogolo labwino kutali ndi nkhondo zonse. Magulu awiriwa akuyenera kuchita zambiri kuthana ndi madandaulo ndikuchita nawo zoyipa zomwe zachitika mzaka za zana lino, m'malo modzudzula m'badwo wotsatira kuti zaka 75 za mikangano komanso mikangano yankhondo yozizira. Ayenera kulimbikitsa mitundu yonse yolumikizana ndi mayiko awiri ndikukweza miyoyo ya a Kashmiris, omwe achita nkhanza zoipitsitsa. 

Intaneti imapereka chida champhamvu chokhazikitsira zokambirana zina ndikusinthana zambiri, kupitirira boma. Mabungwe aboma agwiritsa ntchito kale zida zama digito moyenera. Malo osungira ogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti pazinthu zonse zamtendere pakati pa nzika za mayiko awiriwa zitha kukulitsa kuthekera kwamabungwewa kuti azidziwitsana ndikukonzekera ntchito zawo mogwirizana kuti athe kuchita bwino. Kusinthana kwakanthawi pakati pa anthu amayiko awiriwa kumatha kupanga kumvetsetsa bwino komanso kufunirana zabwino. Zomwe zachitika posachedwa, monga kusinthana kwa kuchezera pakati pa nyumba yamalamulo yaboma ndi zigawo, zikuyenda m'njira yoyenera ndipo zikuyenera kulimbikitsidwa. Mgwirizano wamalamulo omasulidwa kwa visa ndi chitukuko chabwino. 

Pali zambiri zomwe zimagwirizanitsa India ndi Pakistan kuposa kuzigawa. Njira zothetsera kusamvana ndikulimbikitsa chidaliro ziyenera kupitilizidwa. "Mabungwe amtendere ndi kuyanjanitsa ku India ndi Pakistan amafunikira kulimbikitsanso ndikulimbikitsa. Amagwira ntchito pomanganso kukhulupirirana, ndikulimbikitsa kumvana pakati pa anthu, kuthandizira kuthetsa zopinga zomwe zimadza chifukwa chamagulu, "alemba Dr. Volker Patent, Chartered Psychologist komanso mphunzitsi ku School of Psychology ku The Open University. M'mwezi wa Ogasiti, chikumbutso cha 75th cha magawano pakati pa India ndi Pakistan. Ino ndi nthawi yoti atsogoleri a India ndi Pakistan achotse mkwiyo, kusakhulupirira, magawano azipembedzo komanso zipembedzo. M'malo mwake, tiyenera kugwirira ntchito limodzi kuthana ndi zovuta zomwe tidagawana ngati mtundu komanso dziko lapansi, kuthana ndi zovuta zanyengo, kuchepetsa ndalama zankhondo, kuwonjezera malonda, ndikupanga cholowa limodzi.