Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, October 7, 2022
Ndangowerenga Posaka Zowopsa Zoti Muwononge ndi Christopher J. Coyne. Ilo linasindikizidwa ndi Independent Institute (yomwe ikuwoneka yodzipereka kuti ipereke msonkho kwa olemera, kuwononga socialism, ndi zina zotero). Bukhuli limayamba ndi kutchula ngati zisonkhezero onse olimbikitsa mtendere komanso akatswiri azachuma.
Ndikadayenera kuyika zifukwa zomwe ndikufuna kuthetsa nkhondo, choyamba chikanakhala kupewa chiwonongeko cha nyukiliya, ndipo chachiwiri chikanakhala kuyika ndalama mu socialism m'malo mwake. Kubwezeretsanso ngakhale kachigawo kakang'ono ka ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo pazosowa zaumunthu ndi zachilengedwe kungapulumutse miyoyo yambiri kuposa nkhondo zonse zomwe zakhala zikuchitika, kusintha miyoyo yambiri kuposa nkhondo zonse zomwe zakhala zikuipiraipira, ndikuthandizira mgwirizano wapadziko lonse pazovuta zomwe sizingachitike (nyengo, chilengedwe, matenda). , kusowa pokhala, umphawi) kuti nkhondo yalepheretsa.
Coyne amadzudzula gulu lankhondo chifukwa chakupha ndi kuvulaza, ndalama zake, ziphuphu zake, kuwononga ufulu wa anthu, kuwonongeka kwa ulamuliro wawo, ndi zina zotero, ndipo ndikugwirizana nazo ndikuyamikira zonsezi. Koma Coyne akuwoneka kuti akuganiza kuti china chilichonse chomwe boma limachita (zaumoyo, maphunziro, ndi zina zambiri) chimakhudza zoyipa zomwezo pokhapokha pamlingo wochepetsedwa:
"Ambiri okayikira mapologalamu aboma (mwachitsanzo, mapologalamu azaumoyo, zaumoyo, maphunziro, ndi zina zotero) komanso mphamvu zapakati pazachuma ndi ndale zomwe anthu ndi mabungwe (mwachitsanzo, chisamaliro chamakampani, kulanda malamulo, mphamvu zolamulira) ndi omasuka kukumbatirana. mapulogalamu akuluakulu aboma ngati atakhala pansi pa "chitetezo cha dziko" ndi "chitetezo". Komabe, kusiyana pakati pa mapologalamu aboma am'nyumba ndi maufumu sikwabwino m'malo mokoma mtima. ”
Coyne, ndikukayikira, angagwirizane nane kuti boma lingakhale lachinyengo komanso losakaza ngati ndalama zankhondo zikaperekedwa ku zosowa za anthu. Koma ngati ali ngati aliyense wa libertarian yemwe ndidamufunsapo, angakane kuthandizira ngakhale kusagwirizana pakuyika gawo la ndalama zankhondo pakuchepetsa msonkho kwa ma gazillionaires ndi gawo lina, tinene, chisamaliro chaumoyo. Mwachikhazikitso, sakanatha kuthandizira ndalama zomwe boma limagwiritsa ntchito ngakhale zitakhala kuti boma likugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zochepa, ngakhale zitakhala kuti zaka zonsezi zachitika zolembedwa zenizeni zoyipa zopatsa anthu chithandizo chamankhwala sizinatsimikizidwe, ngakhale ziphuphuzo zitakhalapo. komanso kuwononga makampani a inshuwaransi yazaumoyo ku US kukuposa katangale ndi kuwononga machitidwe omwe amalipira m'modzi m'maiko ambiri. Monga momwe zilili ndi zovuta zambiri, kugwira ntchito mwachidziwitso zomwe zakhala zikuyenda bwino kwanthawi yayitali kumakhalabe chopinga chachikulu kwa ophunzira aku US.
Komabe, pali zambiri zomwe mungagwirizane nazo komanso mawu ochepa otsutsana nawo m'bukuli, ngakhale zolimbikitsa zomwe zili m'bukuli ndizosamvetsetseka kwa ine. Coyne amatsutsana ndi kulowererapo kwa US ku Latin America kuti alephera kukakamiza chuma cha US ndipo adachipatsa dzina loyipa. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, iwo alephera pa zofuna zawo. Mfundo yakuti amenewo si mawu anga, komanso kuti ndine wokondwa kuti alephera, sichimaletsa kutsutsa.
Ngakhale Coyne akutchula za kuphedwa ndi kusamuka kwa anthu chifukwa cha nkhondo, iye amayang'ana kwambiri pa ndalama zandalama - popanda, ndithudi, kunena zomwe zikanatheka kuti dziko lipite patsogolo ndi ndalamazo. Zili bwino ndi ine momwe zingakhalire. Koma akuti akuluakulu aboma omwe akufuna kusokoneza chuma amakhala openga kwambiri. Izi zikuwoneka kuti zikunyalanyaza momwe maboma azachuma omwe amayendetsedwa ndi maboma akutali kuposa momwe US adakhalira amtendere. Coyne sanatchule umboni wotsutsa zomwe zikuwoneka ngati zenizeni.
Pano pali Coyne pa kufalikira kwa "boma loteteza": "[T] zochita zake zachitetezo cha dziko zimakhudza pafupifupi mbali zonse za moyo wapakhomo-zachuma, ndale, ndi chikhalidwe. M'mawonekedwe ake abwino, chitetezo chochepa chimangokhazikitsa mapangano, kupereka chitetezo chamkati kuti chiteteze ufulu, ndikupereka chitetezo cha dziko ku ziwopsezo zakunja. " Koma zomwe akuchenjeza zikuwoneka kuti zidachokera m'malemba azaka za m'ma 18 mosasamala za zomwe zidachitika zaka mazana ambiri. Palibe mgwirizano weniweni pakati pa socialism ndi nkhanza kapena pakati pa socialism ndi militarism. Komabe, Coyne akulondola kwambiri zankhondo zomwe zikuwononga ufulu wa anthu. Amapereka mbiri yabwino ya kulephera kwakukulu kwa nkhondo ya US pa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ku Afghanistan. Amaphatikizanso mutu wabwino wokhudza kuopsa kwa ma drones opha. Ndinali wokondwa kwambiri kuwona izi, popeza zinthuzo zakhala zokhazikika komanso zaiwalika.
Ndi buku lililonse lotsutsana ndi nkhondo, ndimayesetsa kupeza malingaliro aliwonse okhudza ngati wolembayo akufuna kuthetsa kapena kungosintha nkhondo. Poyamba, Coyne akuwoneka kuti akukonda kuyikanso patsogolo, osati kuthetseratu: "[T] amawona kuti imperialism ya usilikali ndiyo njira yaikulu yochitira ubale wapadziko lonse iyenera kuchotsedwa pazomwe zikuchitika." Ndiye iyenera kukhala njira yachiwiri?
Coyne nayenso sakuwoneka kuti sanapange dongosolo lenileni la moyo wopanda nkhondo. Amakonda kupanga mtendere wapadziko lonse lapansi, koma osatchulapo za kupanga malamulo padziko lonse lapansi kapena kugawana chuma padziko lonse lapansi - makamaka, kukondwerera mayiko omwe akusankha zinthu popanda ulamuliro wapadziko lonse lapansi. Coyne akufuna zomwe amachitcha "polycentric" chitetezo. Izi zikuwoneka ngati zazing'ono, zodzitchinjiriza kwanuko, zankhondo, zodzitchinjiriza zachiwawa zomwe zafotokozedwa m'masukulu abizinesi, koma osati chitetezo chopanda zida:
"Panthawi yankhondo yomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe, omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe waku Africa America sakanayembekezera chitetezo choperekedwa ndi boma kuti chiwateteze ku nkhanza zamitundu. Poyankha, amalonda mdera la Africa America adapanga zida zodzitchinjiriza kuti ziteteze omenyera ziwawa. ”
Ngati simunadziwe kuti gulu la Civil Rights lidachita bwino mabizinesi achiwawa, mwakhala mukuwerenga chiyani?
Coyne amaponya momasuka chikondwerero chogula mfuti - popanda chiŵerengero chimodzi, kuphunzira, mawu apansi, kuyerekezera zotsatira pakati pa eni mfuti ndi osakhala mfuti, kapena kuyerekeza pakati pa mayiko.
Koma ndiye - kuleza mtima kumapindula - kumapeto kwa bukhuli, akuwonjezera pakuchita zopanda chiwawa ngati njira imodzi ya "chitetezo cha polycentric." Ndipo apa akutha kutchula umboni weniweni. Ndipo apa ndiye woyenera kunena:
"Lingaliro lopanda chiwawa ngati njira yodzitetezera lingawoneke ngati losatheka komanso lachikondi, koma lingaliro ili lingakhale losemphana ndi mbiri yakale. Monga momwe [Gene] Sharp ananenera, ‘Anthu ambiri sadziwa kuti . . . Kulimbana kopanda chiwawa kwagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati njira yaikulu yodzitetezera kwa adani akunja kapena olanda akunja.’ (54) Agwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi magulu oponderezedwa kuti ateteze ndi kukulitsa ufulu wawo ndi ufulu wawo. Pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi, munthu akhoza kuwona zitsanzo za zochitika zazikulu zopanda chiwawa ku Baltic, Burma, Egypt, Ukraine, ndi Arab Spring. Nkhani ya 2012 mu Financial Times anatsindika za 'kufalikira kwa zigawenga zopanda chiwawa' padziko lonse lapansi, ponena kuti izi 'zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi malingaliro anzeru a Gene Sharp, wophunzira wa ku America yemwe buku lake la momwe mungagonjetsere nkhanza zanu, Kuchokera ku Dictatorship mpaka. Demokalase, ndi Baibulo la omenyera ufulu wa anthu kuyambira ku Belgrade mpaka ku Rangoon.'(55) Audrius Butkevičius, yemwe kale anali nduna ya chitetezo ku Lithuania, akufotokoza mwachidule mphamvu ndi kuthekera kopanda chiwawa ngati njira yodzitetezera ku nzika pamene adanena kuti, 'Ndikanakonda bukuli [buku la Gene Sharp, Civilian-Based Defense] kuposa bomba la nyukiliya.’”
Coyne akupitiriza kukambirana za kupambana kwakukulu kwa kusachita zachiwawa pa zachiwawa. Ndiye kodi chiwawa chikuchitabe m'buku? Nanga bwanji boma ngati Lithuania lomwe likupanga mapulani adziko lonse odziteteza opanda zida - zomwe zayipitsa miyoyo yawo ya capitalist kuposa kuwomboledwa? Kodi ziyenera kuchitidwa pamlingo woyandikana nawo ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yofooka kwambiri? Kapena chitetezo cha dziko popanda zida ndi sitepe yodziwikiratu kuti ithandizire njira yopambana kwambiri yomwe tili nayo? Mosasamala kanthu, masamba omaliza a Coyne akusonyeza kusuntha kwa kuthetsa nkhondo. Chifukwa chake, ndikuphatikiza bukuli pamndandanda wotsatirawu.
NKHONDO YOMAGWIRIZO WA NKHONDO:
Kusaka Zilombo Zoti Ziwononge Wolemba Christopher J. Coyne, 2022.
The Greatest Evil Is War, lolemba Chris Hedges, 2022.
Kuthetsa Chiwawa cha Boma: Dziko Loposa Mabomba, Malire, ndi Cages lolemba Ray Acheson, 2022.
Kulimbana ndi Nkhondo: Kumanga Chikhalidwe Chamtendere ndi Papa Francis, 2022.
Ethics, Security, and The War-Machine: The True Cost of the Military lolemba Ned Dobos, 2020.
Kumvetsetsa Nkhondo Yankhondo ndi Christian Sorensen, 2020.
Palibenso Nkhondo yolemba Dan Kovalik, 2020.
Mphamvu Kupyolera mu Mtendere: Momwe Kuchotsa Usilikali Kudabweretsera Mtendere ndi Chimwemwe ku Costa Rica, ndi Zomwe Dziko Lonse Lingaphunzire kuchokera ku Tiny Tropical Nation, lolembedwa ndi Judith Eve Lipton ndi David P. Barash, 2019.
Social Defense yolembedwa ndi Jørgen Johansen ndi Brian Martin, 2019.
Murder Incorporated: Buku Lachiwiri: America's Favorite Pastime lolemba Mumia Abu Jamal ndi Stephen Vittoria, 2018.
Waymakers for Peace: Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki Survivors Amalankhula wolemba Melinda Clarke, 2018.
Kupewa Nkhondo ndi Kulimbikitsa Mtendere: Buku Lothandizira Ogwira Ntchito Zaumoyo lolembedwa ndi William Wiist ndi Shelley White, 2017.
Business Plan for Peace: Kumanga Dziko Lopanda Nkhondo lolemba Scilla Elworthy, 2017.
Nkhondo Siyingokhala Yolemba David Swanson, 2016.
Global Security System: Njira ina yankhondo ndi World Beyond War, 2015, 2016, 2017 .
Mlandu Wamphamvu Wolimbana ndi Nkhondo: Zomwe Amereka Anaphonya Mkalasi Yambiri ya US ndi Zomwe (Tonse) Tingachite Tsopano ndi Kathy Beckwith, 2015.
Nkhondo: A Crime Against Humanity lolemba Roberto Vivo, 2014.
Zowona Zachikatolika ndi Kuthetsa Nkhondo ndi David Carroll Cochran, 2014.
Waging Peace: Global Adventures of a Lifelong Activist wolemba David Hartsough, 2014.
Nkhondo ndi Kusocheretsedwa: Kufufuza Kwambiri ndi Laurie Calhoun, 2013.
Shift: The Beginning of War, Ending of War by Judith Hand, 2013.
Nkhondo Palibenso: Mlandu Wothetseratu Wolemba David Swanson, 2013.
Mapeto a Nkhondo ndi John Horgan, 2012.
Kusintha kwa Mtendere ndi Russell Faure-Brac, 2012.
Kuchokera ku Nkhondo kupita ku Mtendere: Kalozera wa Zaka zana limodzi lotsatira lolemba Kent Shifferd, 2011.
Nkhondo Ndi Bodza lolemba David Swanson, 2010, 2016.
Pambuyo pa Nkhondo: The Human Potential for Peace wolemba Douglas Fry, 2009.
Living Beyond War lolemba Winslow Myers, 2009.
Kukhetsa Magazi Okwanira: 101 Solutions to Violence, Terror, and War lolemba Mary-Wynne Ashford ndi Guy Dauncey, 2006.
Planet Earth: The Weapon of War Posachedwapa lolemba Rosalie Bertell, 2001.
Anyamata Adzakhala Anyamata: Kuswa Ulalo Pakati Pa Umuna Ndi Chiwawa Wolemba Myriam Miedzian, 1991.
