ndi Jeffrey St. Clair – Alexander Cockburn, December 8, 2017, CounterPunch.
Chowonadi chodetsa nkhawa ndichakuti kuunikanso mosamalitsa ntchito za CIA ndi mabungwe omwe idachokera kukuwonetsa kutanganidwa kwambiri ndi chitukuko cha njira zowongolera machitidwe, kusokoneza ubongo, komanso kuyesa mobisa kwazachipatala ndi zamatsenga pamitu yosadziwa kuphatikiza magulu achipembedzo, mafuko. ochepa, akaidi, odwala matenda amisala, asilikali ndi odwala matenda aakulu. Zolinga zazochitika zoterezi, njira zamakono komanso maphunziro aumunthu omwe amasankhidwa amasonyeza kufanana kodabwitsa komanso kochititsa mantha ndi zoyesera za Nazi.
Kufanana kumeneku kumakhala kosadabwitsa kwambiri tikamafufuza zoyesayesa zotsimikizika komanso zopambana za asitikali aku US kuti apeze zolemba za kuyesa kwa Nazi, komanso nthawi zambiri kulembera ofufuza a Nazi ndikuwayika ntchito, kusamutsa ma laboratories kuchokera ku Dachau, Kaiser. Wilhelm Institute, Auschwitz ndi Buchenwald kupita ku Edgewood Arsenal, Fort Detrick, Huntsville Air Force Base, Ohio State, ndi University of Washington.
Pamene magulu ankhondo a Allied adawoloka English Channel panthawi yomwe D-Day idawukira mu June 1944, asitikali pafupifupi 10,000 omwe amadziwika kuti T-Forces anali kumbuyo kwa zigawengazo. Ntchito yawo: kulanda akatswiri a zida zankhondo, akatswiri, asayansi aku Germany ndi zida zawo zofufuzira, pamodzi ndi asayansi aku France omwe adagwirizana ndi chipani cha Nazi. Posakhalitsa asayansi ochuluka oterowo anatengedwa n’kuikidwa m’ndende yotchedwa Dustbin. Pokonzekera koyambirira kwa ntchitoyi, chinthu chachikulu chinali chakuti zida zankhondo zaku Germany - akasinja, ma jeti, roketi ndi zina zotero - zinali zapamwamba mwaukadaulo ndipo asayansi omwe adagwira, akatswiri ndi mainjiniya amatha kufotokozedwa mwachangu poyesa ndi Allies kuti agwire. pamwamba.
Kenaka, mu December 1944, Bill Donovan, mkulu wa OSS, ndi Allen Dulles, mkulu wa ntchito za intelligence ku OSS ku Ulaya omwe akugwira ntchito kuchokera ku Switzerland, adalimbikitsa mwamphamvu FDR kuvomereza ndondomeko yolola akuluakulu a intelligence a Nazi, asayansi ndi mafakitale "kupatsidwa chilolezo. kuti alowe mu United States nkhondo itatha ndi kukaika ndalama zawo ku banki ya ku America ndi zina zotero.” FDR idakana mwachangu pempholi, nati, "Tikuyembekeza kuti chiwerengero cha anthu aku Germany omwe akufunitsitsa kupulumutsa zikopa ndi katundu wawo chichulukirachulukira. Ena mwa iwo angakhale ena amene ayenera kuzengedwa mlandu wolakwa pankhondo, kapena kumangidwa chifukwa chochita nawo ntchito za chipani cha Nazi. Ngakhale ndikuwongolera kofunikira komwe mukunena, sindine wokonzeka kuvomereza kuperekedwa kwa zitsimikizo. ”
Koma veto iyi ya pulezidenti inali kalata yakufa ngakhale pamene inali kukonzedwa. Operation Overcast inali mkati mwa Julayi 1945, yovomerezedwa ndi Joint Chiefs of Staff kuti abweretse ku US 350 asayansi aku Germany, kuphatikiza Werner Von Braun ndi gulu lake la roketi la V2, opanga zida za mankhwala, ndi akatswiri amisiri ndi oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi. Pakhala pali zoletsa zina za chipani cha Nazi kutumizidwa kunja, koma izi zinali zopanda kanthu monga lamulo la FDR. M'zigawozi munali akuluakulu a chipani cha Nazi ndi SS omwe anali otchuka kwambiri monga Von Braun, Dr. Herbert Axster, Dr. Arthur Rudolph ndi Georg Richkey.
Gulu la Von Braun linagwiritsa ntchito ukapolo ku ndende yozunzirako anthu ya Dora ndipo anagwirapo ntchito akaidi mpaka kufa ku Mittelwerk complex: oposa 20,000 anafa chifukwa cha kutopa ndi njala. Woyang'anira akapolo anali Richkey. Pobwezera kuwonongedwa kwa zida zoponya mizinga - akaidi amakodza zida zamagetsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri - Richkey amawapachika khumi ndi awiri nthawi imodzi kuchokera ku makina a fakitale, ndi ndodo zamatabwa zomwe zimakankhidwa mkamwa mwawo kuti asokoneze kulira kwawo. Mumsasa wa Dora womwewo adawona ana ngati pakamwa zopanda pake ndipo adalangiza alonda a SS kuti aziwawombera mpaka kufa, zomwe adachita.
Mbiriyi sinalepheretse kusamutsidwa kwa Richkey kupita ku United States, komwe adatumizidwa ku Wright Field, malo a Army Air Corps pafupi ndi Dayton, Ohio. Richkey adapita kukayang'anira chitetezo kwa a Nazi ena ambiri omwe akutsatira kafukufuku wawo ku United States. Anapatsidwanso ntchito yomasulira zolembedwa zonse zochokera kufakitale ya Mittelwerk. Motero anali ndi mwayi, umene anaugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, wowononga zinthu zilizonse zimene zingawononge anzake ndi iye mwini.
Pofika m'chaka cha 1947 panali chipwirikiti chokwanira cha anthu, cholimbikitsidwa ndi wolemba nkhani Drew Pearson, kuti afunse kuti Richkey ndi ena ochepa aimbidwe mlandu. Richkey adabwezeredwa ku West Germany ndipo adayesedwa mwachinsinsi moyang'aniridwa ndi Asitikali aku US, omwe anali ndi zifukwa zomveka zochotsera Richkey popeza chigamulochi chikawululira kuti gulu lonse la Mittelwerk lomwe tsopano ku US lakhala likuthandizira pakugwiritsa ntchito ukapolo komanso kuzunza. ndi kupha akaidi ankhondo, motero analinso olakwa pankhondo. Chifukwa chake gulu lankhondo lidasokoneza mlandu wa Richkey poletsa zolembedwa pano ku US komanso poletsa kufunsidwa mafunso kwa Von Braun ndi ena ochokera ku Dayton: Richkey adamasulidwa. Chifukwa chakuti zida zina zoyeserera zidakhudza Rudolph, Von Braun ndi Walter Dornberger, komabe, mbiri yonseyi idasankhidwa ndikusungidwa mwachinsinsi kwa zaka makumi anayi, motero kubisa umboni womwe ukanatumiza gulu lonse la rocket kumtengowo.
Akuluakulu a asilikali a US Army ankadziwa zoona. Poyambirira kulembedwa kwa zigawenga zankhondo zaku Germany kunali koyenera kuti pakhale nkhondo yolimbana ndi Japan. Pambuyo pake, kulungamitsidwa kwa makhalidwe kunakhala m’njira yoitanira “kubwezera mwaluntha” kapena monga momwe a Joint Chiefs of Staff ananenera, monga “njira yodyera masuku pamutu anthu osankhidwa achilendo amene kupitirizabe kupindula kwaluntha tikufuna kuwagwiritsira ntchito.” Chivomerezo cha kaimidwe kameneka chinachokera ku gulu la National Academy of Sciences, lomwe lidavomereza kuti asayansi aku Germany adathawa kufalikira kwa chipani cha Nazi pokhala "chilumba chosagwirizana ndi ndale za Nazi," zomwe Von Braun ananena. Richkey ndi oyendetsa akapolo ena ayenera kuti anayamikira kwambiri.
Pofika mu 1946 malingaliro ozikidwa pa njira ya Cold War anali kofunika kwambiri. Anazi anafunikira kulimbana ndi Chikomyunizimu, ndipo mphamvu zawo zinayenera kubisidwa kwa Asovieti. Mu Seputembala 1946 Purezidenti Harry Truman adavomereza pulojekiti ya Dulles-inspired Paperclip, yomwe cholinga chake chinali kubweretsa asayansi a Nazi osachepera 1,000 ku United States. Pakati pawo panali zigawenga zoipitsitsa zankhondoyo: panali madokotala ochokera kundende yozunzirako anthu ya Dachau omwe anapha akaidi powayesa pamalo okwera, omwe adaundana ozunzidwa ndi kuwapatsa madzi amchere ochuluka kuti afufuze njira yomira. . Panali akatswiri opanga zida za mankhwala monga Kurt Blome, yemwe adayesa mpweya wa Sarin pa akaidi ku Auschwitz. Panali madokotala amene anayambitsa zoopsa zankhondo mwa kutenga akazi akaidi ku Ravensbrück ndi kudzaza mabala awo ndi zikhalidwe za gangrene, utuchi, utsi wa mpiru, ndi galasi, kenako n’kuzisoka ndi kuchiritsa ena ndi mankhwala a sulfa pamene ena amayang’anira nthaŵi kuti awone utali umene unatenga. kuti apange matenda oopsa a gangrene.
Zina mwazolinga za pulogalamu yolembera anthu ntchito za Paperclip zinali Hermann Becker-Freyseng ndi Konrad Schaeffer, olemba kafukufuku wa "Ludzu ndi Kuthetsa Ludzu muzochitika Zadzidzidzi pa Nyanja." Kafukufukuyu adapangidwa kuti apeze njira zotalikitsira moyo kwa oyendetsa ndege omwe adatsitsidwa pamadzi. Kuti izi zitheke, asayansi awiriwa adafunsa Heinrich Himmler za "mitu makumi anayi athanzi" kuchokera ku misasa yachibalo ya mkulu wa SS, mtsutso wokhawo pakati pa asayansi ndikukhala ngati ozunzidwa ayenera kukhala Ayuda, gypsies kapena Communist. Kuyesera kunachitika ku Dachau. Akaidiwa, ambiri a iwo Ayuda, anali ndi madzi amchere omwe amawalowetsa m'khosi mwawo kudzera m'machubu. Ena anabayidwa madzi amchere mwachindunji m’mitsempha yawo. Theka la maphunzirowa adapatsidwa mankhwala otchedwa berkatit, omwe amayenera kupangitsa madzi amchere kukhala okoma, ngakhale asayansi onse amakayikira kuti berkatit yokhayo ikhala ndi poizoni wakupha mkati mwa milungu iwiri. Iwo anali olondola. Pakuyezetsa madotolo adagwiritsa ntchito singano zazitali kutulutsa minofu yachiwindi. Palibe mankhwala oletsa ululu omwe anaperekedwa. Onse ofufuza adamwalira. Onse awiri Becker-Freyseng ndi Schaeffer adalandira mapangano a nthawi yayitali pansi pa Paperclip; Schaeffer adatha ku Texas, komwe adapitiliza kafukufuku wake wokhudza "ludzu ndi kutulutsa mchere wamadzi amchere."
Becker-Freyseng adapatsidwa udindo wokonza gulu lankhondo la US Air Force sitolo yayikulu yofufuza za ndege zomwe a Nazi anzake. Panthawiyi anali atafufuzidwa ndipo adazengedwa mlandu ku Nuremberg. Ntchito yochulukirapo, yotchedwa German Aviation Medicine: World War II, pamapeto pake idasindikizidwa ndi US Air Force, yomaliza ndi mawu oyamba olembedwa ndi Becker-Freyseng kuchokera kundende yake ya Nuremberg. Ntchitoyi inanyalanyaza kutchula anthu omwe anakhudzidwa ndi kafukufukuyo, ndipo inayamikira asayansi a Nazi monga amuna owona mtima ndi olemekezeka "omwe ali ndi khalidwe laufulu ndi la maphunziro" akugwira ntchito pansi pa zovuta za Third Reich.
Mmodzi mwa anzawo otchuka anali Dr. Sigmund Rascher, amenenso anatumizidwa ku Dachau. Mu 1941 Rascher adadziwitsa Himmler zakufunika kofunikira kuti achite zoyeserera zamtunda wapamwamba pamaphunziro a anthu. Rascher, yemwe anamanga chipinda chapadera chapang'onopang'ono panthawi yomwe anali pa Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, anapempha Himmler kuti amulole kuti apereke "zigawenga ziwiri kapena zitatu" m'manja mwake, mawu onyoza a Nazi kwa Ayuda, akaidi a ku Russia ndi mamembala ake. za kukana mobisa kwa Poland. Himmler anavomereza mwamsanga ndipo kuyesa kwa Rascher kunali kuchitika mkati mwa mwezi umodzi.
Ozunzidwa a Rascher adatsekeredwa m'chipinda chake chocheperako, chomwe chimatengera kutalika kwa 68,000 mapazi. Nkhumba za anthu XNUMX zinafa zitasungidwa kwa theka la ola popanda mpweya. Ena ambiri adakokedwa m'chipindamo ali ndi chikumbumtima ndipo nthawi yomweyo adamira m'madzi oundana. Rascher adatsegula mwachangu mitu yawo kuti awone kuti ndi mitsempha ingati muubongo yomwe idaphulika chifukwa cha mpweya wa embolism. Rascher adajambula zoyesererazi ndi ma autopsies, kutumiza chithunzicho pamodzi ndi zolemba zake mosamala kubwerera kwa Himmler. Rascher analemba kuti: “Kufufuza kwina kunkachititsa amuna kupanikizika kwambiri m’mitu mwawo moti amatha kuchita misala n’kuzula tsitsi lawo pofuna kuthetsa vutoli. Iwo ankang’amba kumutu ndi kumaso ndi manja awo n’kumakuwa pofuna kuti makutu awo amveke.” Zolemba za Rascher zidatengedwa ndi anzeru aku US ndikuperekedwa ku Air Force.
Akuluakulu azamalamulo aku US adawona kutsutsidwa kwa anthu ngati Drew Pearson monyansidwa. Bosquet Wev, mtsogoleri wa JOIA, adatsutsa zakale za asayansi za Nazi monga "tsatanetsatane wa picayune"; kupitiriza kuwatsutsa kaamba ka ntchito yawo Hitler ndi Himmler kunali chabe “kumenya kavalo wakufa.” Pochita mantha ndi America ponena za zolinga za Stalin ku Ulaya, Wev ananena kuti kusiya asayansi a chipani cha Nazi ku Germany "kumapereka chiwopsezo chachikulu cha chitetezo ku dziko lino kuposa ubale uliwonse wakale wa Nazi umene angakhale nawo kapena ngakhale chifundo cha Nazi chomwe angakhale nacho."
pragmatism yofananayi idawonetsedwa ndi m'modzi mwa anzawo a Wev, Colonel Montie Cone, wamkulu wa gulu la G-2. Cone anati: “Poona asilikali, tinkadziwa kuti anthuwa ndi ofunika kwambiri kwa ife. "Tangoganizani zomwe tili nazo pakufufuza kwawo - ma satelayiti athu onse, ndege za jet, maroketi, pafupifupi china chilichonse."
Apolisi a ku United States anachita chidwi kwambiri ndi ntchito yawo moti anachita khama kwambiri kuti ateteze anthu omwe amawalemba ntchito kwa ofufuza milandu ku US Department of Justice. Imodzi mwa milandu yonyansa kwambiri inali ya wofufuza zandege wa chipani cha Nazi, Emil Salmon, amene panthaŵi ya nkhondo anathandiza kuwotcha sunagoge wodzala ndi akazi achiyuda ndi ana. Salmon adatetezedwa ndi akuluakulu aku US ku Wright Air Force Base ku Ohio atapezeka kuti ndi wolakwa ndi bwalo lamilandu ku Germany.
Achipani cha Nazi sanali asayansi okha amene anafunsidwa ndi akatswiri azamalamulo aku US pambuyo pa kutha kwa Nkhondo Yadziko II. Ku Japan gulu lankhondo la United States linapereka malipiro awo Dr. Shiro Ishii, mkulu wa gulu lankhondo lankhondo lankhondo la Imperial Army la Japan. Dr. Ishii adatumiza zida zambiri za biology ndi mankhwala motsutsana ndi asitikali aku China ndi Allied, komanso adagwiritsa ntchito malo akulu ofufuza ku Manchuria, komwe adayesa zida zankhondo zankhondo zaku China, Russia ndi America. Ishii anapatsira akaidi akaidi; anawapatsa tomato wopangidwa ndi typhoid; anayambitsa utitiri wogwidwa ndi mliri; amayi omwe ali ndi kachilombo ndi chindoko; ndi kuphulika mabomba a majeremusi pa POWs ambiri omangidwa pamtengo. Pakati pa nkhanza zina, zolemba za Ishii zimasonyeza kuti kaŵirikaŵiri iye anachita “kupima m’thupi” pa ovulala amoyo. Pamgwirizano womwe General Douglas MacArthur adachita, Ishii adatembenuza masamba opitilira 10,000 a "kafukufuku" wake ku Asitikali aku US, adapewa kuimbidwa milandu yankhondo ndipo adaitanidwa kukaphunzira ku Ft. Detrick, malo ofufuza za zida zankhondo zaku US pafupi ndi Frederick, Maryland.
Pansi pa mawu a Paperclip panali mpikisano woopsa osati pakati pa ogwirizana pa nthawi ya nkhondo komanso pakati pa mautumiki osiyanasiyana a US - nthawi zonse nkhondo yankhanza kwambiri. Curtis LeMay adawona gulu lake latsopano lankhondo la US Air Force ngati lotsimikizika kuti lithandizire kuti asitikali apanyanja awonongeke ndipo adaganiza kuti izi zitha kufulumira ngati adatha kupeza asayansi ndi mainjiniya aku Germany ambiri momwe angathere. Kumbali yake, Asitikali ankhondo aku US nawonso anali ofunitsitsa kutchera msampha wa zigawenga zankhondo. M’modzi mwa anthu oyamba kutengedwa ndi gulu lankhondo la pamadzi anali wasayansi wa chipani cha Nazi dzina lake Theordore Benzinger. Benzinger anali katswiri pa mabala omenyera nkhondo, ukatswiri womwe adaupeza kudzera muzoyeserera zophulika zomwe zidachitika pamitu ya anthu mkati mwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Benzinger adamaliza ndi mgwirizano wopindulitsa waboma wogwira ntchito ngati wofufuza pachipatala cha Bethesda Naval Hospital ku Maryland.
Kudzera mu Technical Mission ku Europe, gulu lankhondo la pamadzi linali lotenthanso panjira ya kafukufuku wamakono wa chipani cha Nazi pa njira zofunsa mafunso. Akuluakulu anzeru a Navy posakhalitsa anapeza mapepala ofufuza a Nazi pa seramu za choonadi, kufufuza kumeneku kunachitika ku msasa wachibalo wa Dachau ndi Dr. Kurt Plotner. Plotner anapatsa akaidi achiyuda ndi a ku Russia mlingo waukulu wa mescalin ndipo amawawona akuwonetsa khalidwe la schizophrenic. Akaidiwo anayamba kulankhula momasuka za kudana kwawo ndi andende awo Achijeremani, ndi kunena mawu ovomereza ponena za mpangidwe wawo wamaganizo.
Apolisi aku America adachita chidwi ndi malipoti a Dr. Plotner. OSS, Naval Intelligence ndi ogwira ntchito zachitetezo pa Manhattan Project anali atachita kafukufuku wawo pa zomwe zimatchedwa TD, kapena "mankhwala owona." Monga tidzakumbukiridwa kuchokera ku kufotokozera mu Mutu 5 wa mkulu wa OSS George Hunter White kugwiritsa ntchito THC pa Mafioso Augusto Del Gracio, iwo anali akuyesera ndi TDs kuyambira 1942. Ena mwa maphunziro oyambirira anali anthu ogwira ntchito ku Manhattan Project. Mlingo wa THC unkaperekedwa ku zolinga za Manhattan Project m'njira zosiyanasiyana, ndi njira yamadzimadzi ya THC imayikidwa muzakudya ndi zakumwa, kapena kudzaza pamapepala. "TD ikuwoneka kuti ipumula zoletsa zonse komanso kupha mbali zaubongo zomwe zimayang'anira nzeru ndi kuchenjeza kwa munthu" gulu lachitetezo ku Manhattan lidanenanso mokondwera mu memo yamkati. "Imakulitsa malingaliro ndikuwonetsa umunthu wamphamvu wa munthu."
Koma panali vuto. Mlingo wa THC udapangitsa kuti anthuwo azingodandaula ndipo omwe amafunsa sakanatha kupangitsa asayansi kuti aulule zambiri, ngakhale atawonjezera kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa.
Powerenga malipoti a Dr. Plotner Apolisi a Naval Intelligence a ku United States anapeza kuti anagwiritsa ntchito mescalin mopambana monga mankhwala olankhula komanso olimbikitsa anthu kuti azilankhula zoona, zomwe zinachititsa kuti ofunsa mafunso atulutse “ngakhale zinsinsi zachinsinsi za nkhaniyi pamene mafunso afunsidwa mochenjera.” Plotner adanenanso kafukufuku wokhudza kuthekera kwa mescalin ngati wothandizira kusintha kwamakhalidwe kapena kuwongolera malingaliro.
Izi zinali zosangalatsa kwambiri kwa a Boris Pash, m'modzi mwa anthu oyipa kwambiri pagulu la CIA panthawi yoyambilira. Pash anali wochokera ku Russia kupita ku United States yemwe adadutsa zaka zachisinthiko pakubadwa kwa Soviet Union. Mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse adamaliza kugwira ntchito ku OSS yoyang'anira chitetezo ku Manhattan Project, komwe, mwazinthu zina, adayang'anira kafukufuku wa Robert Oppenheimer ndipo anali wofunsa mafunso wasayansi wotchuka wa atomiki pomwe womalizayo anali kukayikira kuti akuthandiza zinsinsi zowulutsa. ku Soviet Union.
M'malo mwake monga mkulu wa chitetezo Pash adayang'anira mkulu wa OSS George Hunter White kugwiritsa ntchito THC pa asayansi a Manhattan Project. Mu 1944 Pash adasankhidwa ndi Donovan kuti atsogolere zomwe zimatchedwa Alsos Mission, zomwe zidapangidwa kuti zipeze asayansi aku Germany omwe adachita nawo kafukufuku wa zida za atomiki, mankhwala ndi biological. Pash anakhazikitsa sitolo kunyumba ya mnzake wakale wakale nkhondo isanayambe, Dr. Eugene von Haagen, pulofesa pa yunivesite ya Strasburg, kumene asayansi ambiri a Nazi anali mamembala a faculty. Pash anakumana ndi von Haagen pamene dokotala anali pa sabata pa yunivesite ya Rockefeller ku New York, akufufuza mavairasi a m'madera otentha. Pamene von Haagen anabwerera ku Germany chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1930 iye ndi Kurt Blome anakhala akuluakulu a gulu la zida zankhondo za chipani cha Nazi. Von Haagen adakhala nthawi yayitali yankhondo akudwala akaidi achiyuda kundende yozunzirako anthu ya Natzweiler ndi matenda kuphatikiza malungo. Osakhumudwitsidwa ndi zochitika za nthawi ya nkhondo za bwenzi lake lakale, Pash nthawi yomweyo adayika von Haagen mu pulogalamu ya Paperclip, komwe adagwira ntchito ku boma la US kwa zaka zisanu ndikupereka ukadaulo wofufuza zida za majeremusi.
Von Haagen adalumikizana ndi Pash ndi mnzake wakale Blome, yemwe adalembetsanso mwachangu pulogalamu ya Paperclip. Panali chisokonezo chovuta pamene Blome anamangidwa ndikuzengedwa mlandu ku Nuremberg chifukwa cha milandu yachipatala, kuphatikizapo kupatsira mwadala mazana a akaidi ochokera ku Poland mobisa ndi TB ndi mliri wa bubonic. Koma mwamwayi munthu wasayansi wa Nazi, US Army Intelligence ndi OSS sanabisire zikalata zomwe adapeza powafunsa. Umboniwo sunangowonetsa kulakwa kwa Blome komanso udindo wake woyang'anira pomanga labu ya Germany CBW kuyesa zida za mankhwala ndi zamoyo kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pa asilikali a Allied. Blome ananyamuka.
Mu 1954, patatha miyezi iwiri Blome atamasulidwa, apolisi a intelligence ku United States anapita ku Germany kuti akamufunse mafunso. M’nkhani imene analembera akuluakulu ake, HW Batchelor anafotokoza cholinga cha ulendowu kuti: “Tili ndi anzathu ku Germany, mabwenzi asayansi, ndipo uwu ndi mwayi wosangalala kukumana nawo kuti tikambirane mavuto athu osiyanasiyana.” Pamsonkhanowu Blome adapatsa Batchelor mndandanda wa ofufuza a zida zankhondo omwe adamugwirira ntchito pankhondoyo ndikukambirana njira zatsopano zofufuzira zida zakupha. Blome posakhalitsa adasaina pangano latsopano la Paperclip la $6,000 pachaka ndipo adawulukira ku United States, komwe adayamba ntchito yake ku Camp King, malo ankhondo kunja kwa Washington, DC Mu 1951 von Haagen adatengedwa ndi akuluakulu aku France. Ngakhale khama la oteteza ake mu nzeru za US, dokotalayo anapezeka ndi milandu yankhondo ndipo anaweruzidwa kuti akhale m'ndende zaka makumi awiri.
Kuchokera pa ntchito ya Paperclip, Pash, yemwe tsopano ali mu CIA wobadwa kumene, adakhala mtsogoleri wa Programme Branch/7, kumene chidwi chake chokhazikika pa njira zofunsa mafunso chinapatsidwa ntchito yokwanira. Ntchito ya Program Branch/7, yomwe idadziwika pamilandu ya Senator Frank Church mu 1976, inali ndi udindo wobedwa ndi CIA, kuwafunsa mafunso komanso kupha anthu omwe akuwaganizira kuti ndi othandizira pawiri a CIA. Pash adayang'ana ntchito ya madotolo a Nazi ku Dachau kuti akhale ndi njira zothandiza kwambiri zopezera zidziwitso, kuphatikiza mankhwala olimbikitsa kulankhula, kugwedezeka kwamagetsi, hypnosis ndi psycho-operation. Panthawi yomwe Pash adapita ku PB/7 CIA idayamba kuthira ndalama ku Project Bluebird, kuyesa kubwereza ndikuwonjezera kafukufuku wa Dachau. Koma m'malo mwa mescalin CIA idatembenukira ku LSD, yomwe idapangidwa ndi wasayansi waku Swiss Albert Hoffman.
Mayeso oyamba a CIA Bluebird a LSD adaperekedwa kwa anthu khumi ndi awiri, ambiri mwa iwo anali akuda, ndipo, monga a CIA psychiatrist-emulators a madotolo a Nazi ku Dachau adanena, "osakhala okwera kwambiri." Anthuwo adauzidwa kuti akupatsidwa mankhwala atsopano. M'mawu a CIA Bluebird memo, madotolo a CIA, akudziwa bwino kuti kuyesa kwa LSD kudayambitsa schizophrenia, adawatsimikizira kuti "palibe chowopsa" kapena chowopsa chomwe chingawachitikire. Madotolo a CIA adapatsa ma micrograms khumi ndi awiri a LSD a LSD ndipo adawafunsa mwankhanza.
Mlanduwu utatha, CIA ndi Asitikali aku US adayamba kuyesa ku Edgewood Chemical Arsenal ku Maryland kuyambira 1949 ndikupitilira zaka khumi zikubwerazi. Asilikali opitilira 7,000 aku US anali zinthu zosadziwa za kuyesa kwachipatalaku. Amunawa adzalamulidwa kukwera masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi masks okosijeni pa nkhope zawo, momwe mankhwala osiyanasiyana a hallucinogenic adawapopera, kuphatikizapo LSD, mescalin, BZ (hallucinogen) ndi SNA (sernyl, wachibale wa PCP, wodziwika bwino pa. msewu ngati fumbi la angelo). Chimodzi mwa zolinga za kafukufukuyu chinali kupangitsa kuti amnesia akhale ndi vuto lililonse. Cholinga chimenechi chinakwaniritsidwa pa nkhani zingapo. Asilikali opitilira chikwi chimodzi omwe adalowa nawo muzoyeserera adatuluka ndizovuta zamaganizidwe komanso khunyu: ambiri adayesera kudzipha.
Mmodzi wa oterowo anali Lloyd Gamble, munthu wakuda amene analoŵa m’gulu la asilikali apamlengalenga. Mu 1957 Gamble adakopeka kuti achite nawo pulogalamu yoyesa mankhwala a Department of Defense/CIA. Gamble adatsogoleredwa kuti akhulupirire kuti akuyesa zovala zankhondo zatsopano. Monga chilimbikitso chotenga nawo gawo mu pulogalamuyi adapatsidwa tchuthi chotalikirapo, malo okhalamo apayekha komanso maulendo obwerezabwereza. Kwa milungu itatu Gamble adavala ndikuvula mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya yunifolomu ndipo tsiku lililonse mkati mwazochita zotere adapatsidwa, pokumbukira, magalasi awiri kapena atatu amadzi ngati madzi, omwe analidi LSD. Gamble anavutika ndi ziwonetsero zoopsa ndipo anayesa kudzipha. Anaphunzira chowonadi patapita zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi pamene msonkhano wa Tchalitchi unaulula kukhalapo kwa pulogalamuyo. Ngakhale pamenepo dipatimenti ya chitetezo idakana kuti Gamble adachitapo nawo gawo, ndipo kubisalako kudagwa pomwe chithunzi chakale chachitetezo chachitetezo chachitetezo chidawonekera, monyadira chowonetsa Gamble ndi ena khumi ndi awiri monga "odzipereka pantchito yomwe inali yothandiza kwambiri pachitetezo cha dziko. .”
Zitsanzo zochepa chabe zosonyeza kukonzeka kwa mabungwe azamalamulo ku US kuyesa zinthu zosadziŵika bwino kwambiri kuposa zomwe bungwe lachitetezo cha dziko likuchita pofufuza zotsatira za kuyatsa kwa radiation. Panali mitundu itatu yoyesera. Imodzi idakhudza zikwizikwi za asitikali aku America ndi anthu wamba omwe adakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi kuyesa kwa zida zanyukiliya ku US ku America Kumwera chakumadzulo ndi South Pacific. Ambiri amvapo za amuna akuda omwe anali mikhole ya maphunziro a chindoko operekedwa ndi boma kwa zaka makumi anayi m’mene ozunzidwa ena anapatsidwa ma placebo kuti madokotala awone mmene nthendayo ikuyendera. Pankhani ya Marshall Islanders, asayansi aku US adapanga kuyesa kwa H - nthawi chikwi mphamvu ya bomba la Hiroshima - kenako adalephera kuchenjeza anthu okhala pafupi ndi Rongelap za kuopsa kwa ma radiation ndiyeno, molondola. kufanana kwa asayansi a chipani cha Nazi (zosadabwitsa, popeza asilikali a chipani cha Nazi a ku Germany omwe anapulumutsidwa ndi mkulu wa CIA Boris Pash anali pa gulu la US), adawona momwe adayendera.
Poyamba anthu a pachilumba cha Marshall analoledwa kukhala pachilumba chawo kwa masiku awiri, atakumana ndi ma radiation. Kenako anasamutsidwa. Patapita zaka ziŵiri Dr. G. Faill, wapampando wa komiti ya Atomic Energy Commission yoona za biology ndi mankhwala, anapempha kuti anthu a pachilumba cha Rongelap abwezedwe kudera lawo “kuti afufuze zothandiza za majini za anthu ameneŵa.” Pempho lake linavomerezedwa. Mu 1953 Central Intelligence Agency ndi Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo adasaina chikalata chopangitsa boma la US kutsatira malamulo a Nuremberg pa kafukufuku wachipatala. Koma malangizowa adasankhidwa kukhala chinsinsi chachikulu, ndipo kukhalapo kwake kudabisidwa kwa ofufuza, maphunziro ndi opanga mfundo kwa zaka makumi awiri ndi ziwiri. Ndondomekoyi idafotokozedwa mwachidule ndi Colonel OG Haywood wa Atomic Energy Commission, yemwe adakhazikitsa lamulo lake motere: "Tikufuna kuti pasatulutsidwe chikalata chonena za kuyesa ndi anthu. Izi zitha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwa anthu kapena kubweretsa milandu. Zolemba zofotokoza nkhani zoterezi ziyenera kukhala zachinsinsi. ”
Zina mwazochita zodziwika ngati zachinsinsi zinali zoyeserera zisanu zomwe zimayang'aniridwa ndi CIA, Atomic Energy Commission ndi dipatimenti yachitetezo chokhudza jekeseni wa plutonium mwa anthu osachepera khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu, makamaka akuda ndi osauka, popanda chilolezo. Panali zotulutsidwa dala khumi ndi zitatu za zinthu zotulutsa ma radio pa mizinda yaku US ndi Canada pakati pa 1948 ndi 1952 kuti aphunzire momwe madontho amadzimadzi amawola komanso kuwonongeka kwa tinthu ta radioactive. Panali zambiri zoyesera zothandizidwa ndi CIA ndi Atomic Energy Commission, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachitidwa ndi asayansi ku UC Berkeley, University of Chicago, Vanderbilt ndi MIT, zomwe zinawonetsa anthu oposa 2,000 osadziwika kuti awonetsere ma radiation.
Nkhani ya Elmer Allen ndi yofanana. Mu 1947 wazaka 36 zakubadwa wogwira ntchito m’sitima yakuda ameneyu anapita ku chipatala ku Chicago ndi ululu m’miyendo yake. Madokotala anapeza kuti matenda ake anali a khansa ya m’mafupa. Anamubaya mwendo wake wakumanzere ndi mlingo waukulu wa plutonium m'masiku awiri otsatira. Patsiku lachitatu, madotolo adadula mwendo wake ndikuutumiza kwa atomic Energy Commission of physiologist kuti akafufuze momwe plutonium idabalalika kudzera mu minofu. Zaka makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi pambuyo pake, mu 1973, adabweretsa Allen ku Argonne National Laboratory kunja kwa Chicago, komwe adamupatsa chithunzithunzi chonse cha thupi, kenako anatenga mikodzo, ndowe ndi magazi kuti ayese zotsalira za plutonium m'thupi lake kuyambira 1947. kuyesa.
Mu 1994 Patricia Durbin, yemwe ankagwira ntchito ku Lawrence Livermore labs pa zoyesera za plutonium, anakumbukira kuti, "Nthawi zonse tinkayang'ana munthu amene ali ndi mtundu wina wa matenda osachiritsika amene angadulidwe. Zinthu zimenezi sizinkachitidwa pofuna kuvutitsa anthu kapena kuwadwalitsa kapena kuwamvetsa chisoni. Sanachitidwe kupha anthu. Iwo anachitidwa kuti apeze zidziwitso zomwe zingakhale zamtengo wapatali. Mfundo yakuti iwo anabadwira ndi kupereka deta yamtengo wapataliyi iyenera kukhala chikumbutso chamtundu osati chinachake chochitira manyazi. Zimandivuta kunena za majekeseni a plutonium chifukwa cha mtengo wa chidziwitso chomwe amapereka. Vuto lokhalo ndi nkhani ya misozi iyi ndi yakuti Elmer Allen akuwoneka kuti alibe cholakwika chilichonse ndi iye pamene anapita kuchipatala ndi ululu wa mwendo ndipo sanauzidwepo za kafukufuku wochitidwa pa thupi lake.
Mu 1949 makolo a anyamata opunduka maganizo pa Sukulu ya Fernald ku Massachusetts anapemphedwa kuti alole ana awo kuloŵa mu “kalabu ya sayansi” ya sukuluyo. Anyamata aja omwe adalowa nawo gululi anali zinthu zosadziwa zomwe bungwe la Atomic Energy Commission mogwirizana ndi kampani ya Quaker Oats idawapatsa ufa wa radioactive. Ofufuzawo ankafuna kuona ngati zinthu zotetezera mankhwala mu phala zimalepheretsa thupi kutenga mavitamini ndi mchere, ndi zinthu zotulutsa ma radioactive zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati tracers. Ankafunanso kuti awone zotsatira za zida zotulutsa ma radiation pa ana.
Pogwiritsa ntchito njira za chipani cha Nazi, kuyesa kwachipatala kosabisa kwa boma la US kufunafuna anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo komanso ogwidwa ukapolo: opuwala m'maganizo, odwala matenda osachiritsika, komanso, mosadabwitsa, akaidi. Mu 1963 akaidi a 133 ku Oregon ndi Washington anali ndi scrotums ndi machende awo poyera ku 600 roentgens of radiation. Mmodzi mwa anthu amene anafunsidwa anali Harold Bibeau. Masiku ano ndi wojambula zithunzi wazaka 55 ndipo amakhala ku Troutdale, Oregon. Kuyambira 1994 Bibeau wakhala akulimbana ndi munthu mmodzi yekha ndi Dipatimenti ya Zamagetsi ku US, Dipatimenti ya Oregon ya Corrections, Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs ndi Oregon Health Sciences University. Chifukwa iye ndi wonyenga wakale, mpaka pano, sanakhutitsidwe.
Mu 1963 Bibeau anaimbidwa mlandu wopha mwamuna wina amene anayesa kumgoneka. Bibeau adakhala ndi zaka khumi ndi ziwiri chifukwa chopha mwakufuna. Ali m’ndende mkaidi wina anamuuza za njira imene angachotsere chilango chake n’kupanga ndalama zochepa. Bibeau atha kuchita izi polowa nawo ntchito yofufuza zamankhwala yomwe akuti imayang'aniridwa ndi Oregon Health Science University, sukulu yachipatala ya boma. Bibeau akunena kuti ngakhale adasaina pangano kuti akhale nawo pa kafukufukuyu, sanauzidwepo kuti pangakhale zotsatira zoopsa pa thanzi lake. Zoyeserera za Bibeau ndi akaidi ena (zonse zanenedwa, akaidi 133 ku Oregon ndi Washington) zidakhala zowononga kwambiri.
Kafukufukuyu adakhudzanso kafukufuku wa zotsatira za ma radiation pa umuna wa munthu komanso kukula kwa ma gonadal cell.
Bibeau ndi anzake adathiridwa ndi ma radiation 650. Ichi ndi mlingo wokwera kwambiri. X-ray pachifuwa chimodzi masiku ano imakhudza pafupifupi 1 rad. Koma sizinali zonse. M’zaka zingapo zotsatira m’ndende Bibeau akunena kuti anabayidwa majekeseni ambiri amankhwala ena, amtundu wosadziwika kwa iye. Anali ndi biopsy ndi maopaleshoni ena. Iye akuti atatuluka m’ndende sadabwerenso kuti akamuwone.
Kuyesa kwa Oregon kunachitika ku Atomic Energy Commission, ndi CIA ngati bungwe logwirizana. Woyang'anira mayeso a Oregon anali Dr. Carl Heller. Koma ma X-ray enieni a Bibeau ndi akaidi ena anachitidwa ndi anthu osayenerera kotheratu, m’mawonekedwe a akaidi ena andende. Bibeau sanapeze nthawi yopuma ndipo ankalipidwa $5 pamwezi ndi $25 pa biopsy iliyonse yochitidwa pamachende ake. Ambiri mwa akaidi omwe adayesa kundende za Oregon ndi Washington adapatsidwa ma vasectomies kapena kuthedwa opaleshoni. Dokotala yemwe adachita maopaleshoni oletsa kubereka adauza akaidiwo kuti kulera kunali kofunikira kuti "asawononge anthu ambiri ndi zosintha zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi ma radiation."
Poteteza zoyeserera zoletsa kubereka, Dr. Victor Bond, dotolo wa labotale ya zida za nyukiliya ku Brookhaven, adati, "Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuchuluka kwa ma radiation omwe amaletsa. Ndizothandiza kudziwa zomwe mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma radiation ingachite kwa anthu. ” Mmodzi wa anzake a Bond, Dr. Joseph Hamilton wa pa University of California Medical School ku San Francisco, ananena mosapita m’mbali kuti kuyesa kwa radiation (komwe iye anathandiza kuyang’anira) “kunali ndi kukhudza pang’ono kwa Buchenwald.”
Kuchokera ku 1960 mpaka 1971 Dr. Eugene Sanger ndi anzake ku yunivesite ya Cincinnati anachita "mayesero a thupi lonse la radiation" pa maphunziro a 88 omwe anali akuda, osauka komanso akudwala khansa ndi matenda ena. Ophunzirawo adakumana ndi ma radiation 100 - ofanana ndi 7,500 pachifuwa X-rays. Kuyeserako nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa kupweteka kwambiri, kusanza ndi kutuluka magazi m'mphuno ndi m'makutu. Onse anamwalira kupatula mmodzi wa odwalawo. M'katikati mwa zaka za m'ma 1970 komiti ya congressional idapeza kuti Sanger adapanga mafomu ovomerezeka pazoyesererazi.
Pakati pa 1946 ndi 1963 oposa 200,000 asilikali a US adakakamizika kuyang'ana, pafupi kwambiri, kuyesa mabomba a nyukiliya ku Pacific ndi Nevada. Mmodzi mwa otenga nawo mbali, wagulu lankhondo la US dzina lake Jim O'Connor, adakumbukira mu 1994, "Panali munthu wowoneka bwino, yemwe mwachiwonekere adakwawa kuseri kwachipinda chogona. Chinachake chonga mawaya anamangidwira m’manja mwake, ndipo nkhope yake inali yamagazi. Ndinamva fungo ngati nyama yoyaka moto. Kamera yozungulira yomwe ndidayiwona ikuchita zoom zoom ndipo mnyamatayo adangoyesa kuyimirira. ” O'Connor nayenso adathawa pamalo omwe adaphulitsidwa koma adatengedwa ndi oyang'anira a Atomic Energy Commission ndikumuyesa kwanthawi yayitali kuti ayeze kuwonetseredwa kwake. O'Connor adanena mu 1994 kuti kuyambira pomwe adayesedwa adakumana ndi mavuto ambiri azaumoyo.
Kumtunda ku Washington, pa malo osungirako zida za nyukiliya ku Hanford, Komiti ya Atomic Energy Commission ikugwira ntchito yaikulu kwambiri yotulutsa mankhwala a radioactive mpaka pano mu December 1949. ayodini mu nsonga yomwe inatambasula mazana a mailosi kummwera ndi kumadzulo mpaka ku Seattle, Portland ndi kumalire a California-Oregon, akuyatsa mazana masauzande a anthu. Padakali pano kuti achenjezedwe za mayeso panthawiyo, anthu wamba adaphunzira zakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, ngakhale kuti panali kukayikirana kosalekeza chifukwa cha magulu a khansa ya chithokomiro yomwe imachitika m'madera omwe akugwa.
Mu 1997 National Cancer Institute inapeza kuti ana mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America adakumana ndi ayodini wambiri wa radioactive omwe amadziwika kuti amayambitsa khansa ya chithokomiro. Zambiri mwazomwezi zidachitika chifukwa chakumwa mkaka woyipitsidwa ndi kuyesa kwanyukiliya komwe kunachitika pamwamba pa nthaka pakati pa 1951 ndi 1962. Bungweli linanena mosamalitsa kuti ma radiation awa anali okwanira kupangitsa khansa ya chithokomiro 50,000. Chiwopsezo chonse chotulutsa ma radiation chinali chachikulu kuwirikiza kakhumi kuposa chomwe chinatulutsidwa ndi kuphulika kwa nyukiliya ya Soviet Chernobyl mu 1986.
Komiti ya pulezidenti mu 1995 inayamba kuyang'ana zoyesera za anthu ndipo inapempha CIA kuti isinthe zolemba zake zonse. Bungweli lidayankha motsimikiza kuti "lilibe zolemba kapena zidziwitso zina pazoyeserera zotere." Chifukwa chimodzi chomwe CIA mwina idakhulupirira ndi miyala yoyipayi ndikuti mu 1973, mkulu wa CIA Richard Helms adagwiritsa ntchito mphindi zomaliza asanapume pantchito kulamula kuti zolemba zonse za kuyesa kwa CIA pa anthu ziwonongeke. Lipoti la 1963 lochokera kwa CIA's Inspector General likuwonetsa kuti kwa zaka zopitilira khumi m'mbuyomo bungweli lakhala likuchita kafukufuku ndi kupanga zida zamankhwala, zamankhwala ndi ma radiological zomwe zimatha kugwira ntchito mobisa kuwongolera machitidwe amunthu. Lipoti la 1963 linapitiriza kunena kuti mkulu wa CIA Allen Dulles adavomereza njira zosiyanasiyana zoyesera anthu monga "njira zoyendetsera khalidwe laumunthu" kuphatikizapo "radiation, electroshock, madera osiyanasiyana a psychology, sociology ndi anthropology, graphology, maphunziro ozunza ndi magulu ankhondo. zipangizo ndi zipangizo.”
Lipoti la Inspector General lidawonekera pamisonkhano ya Congress mu 1975 mwanjira yosinthidwa kwambiri. Idakali m'gulu mpaka lero. Mu 1976 bungwe la CIA linauza komiti ya Tchalitchi kuti silinagwiritsepo ntchito ma radiation. Koma zonenazi zidakwaniritsidwa mu 1991 pomwe zolemba zidapezeka pa Agency's
Pulogalamu ya ARTICHOKE. Chidule cha CIA cha ARTICHOKE chimati "kuphatikiza pa kugodomalitsa, kafukufuku wamankhwala ndi amisala, magawo otsatirawa adafufuzidwa ...
Komiti ya pulezidenti ya 1994, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa ndi mlembi wa Dipatimenti ya Zamagetsi, Hazel O'Leary, inatsatira umboniwu ndipo inafika pa mfundo yakuti CIA inafufuza ma radiation ngati njira yodzitetezera komanso yonyansa yogwiritsira ntchito ubongo ndi njira zina zofunsa mafunso. Lipoti lomaliza la komitiyi limatchula zolemba za CIA zosonyeza kuti bungweli lidapereka ndalama mwachinsinsi pomanga mapiko a chipatala cha Georgetown University m'ma 1950. Uku kunali kukhala malo opangira kafukufuku wothandizidwa ndi CIA pamapulogalamu amankhwala ndi zachilengedwe. Ndalama za CIA za izi zidadutsa kudzera kwa Dr. Charles F. Geschickter, yemwe adayendetsa Geschickter Fund for Medical Research. Dokotalayo anali wofufuza za khansa ya Georgetown yemwe adapanga dzina lake poyesa kuchuluka kwa ma radiation. Mu 1977 Dr. Geschickter adachitira umboni kuti CIA idalipira labu yake ya radio-isotopu ndi zida zake ndikuwunika mosamalitsa kafukufuku wake.
CIA inali gawo lalikulu pagulu lonse lamagulu aboma apakati pamabungwe pakuyesa kwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, maofesala atatu a CIA adagwira ntchito mu komiti ya Dipatimenti ya Zachitetezo pazachipatala ndipo maofesala omwewa analinso mamembala ofunikira pagulu lophatikizana pazachipatala pankhondo ya atomiki. Iyi ndi komiti ya boma yomwe inakonza, kupereka ndalama ndikuwunikanso zoyeserera zambiri za radiation ya anthu, kuphatikiza kuyika kwa asitikali aku US pafupi ndi mayeso a nyukiliya omwe adachitika mu 1940s ndi 1950s.
CIA inalinso m'gulu lankhondo lazankhondo, lomwe linapangidwa mu 1948, pomwe bungweli lidayikidwa kuti liyang'anire "nzeru zakunja, atomiki, zamoyo, ndi zamankhwala, malinga ndi sayansi ya zamankhwala. Zina mwa mitu yodabwitsa kwambiri mu ntchitoyi inali kutumizidwa kwa gulu la othandizira kuti akagwire ntchito yolanda thupi, pomwe amayesa kutolera minyewa ndi mafupa a mitembo kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa kugwa pambuyo poyesa zida zanyukiliya. Kuti izi zitheke, adadula minofu m'matupi pafupifupi 1,500 - popanda kudziwa kapena chilolezo cha achibale a womwalirayo. Umboni winanso wa gawo lalikulu la bungweli linali gawo lake lotsogola mu Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee, nyumba yochotsera nzeru zamapulogalamu anyukiliya akunja. CIA idatsogolera Komiti ya Sayansi ya Intelligence ndi nthambi yake, Joint Medical Science Intelligence Committee. Matupi onsewa adakonza kafukufuku wa radiation ndi kuyesa kwa anthu ku Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo.
Izi sizinali mbali zonse za ntchito ya bungwe loyesa anthu amoyo. Monga taonera, mu 1973, a Richard Helms anasiya ntchito yotereyi mwalamulo ndi bungweli ndipo analamula kuti zolembedwa zonse ziwonongedwe, ponena kuti sanafune kuti anzake a bungweli pa ntchito yoteroyo “achite manyazi.” Motero anathetsa mwalamulo kutalikitsa ntchito kwa “asayansi” a chipani cha Nazi monga Becker-Freyseng ndi Blome ndi US Central Intelligence Agency.
magwero
Nkhani yolemba ntchito asayansi a Nazi ndi akatswiri ankhondo ndi Pentagon ndi Central Intelligence Agency imanenedwa m'mabuku awiri abwino kwambiri koma onyalanyazidwa mopanda chilungamo: Tom Bower's. Chiwembu cha Paperclip: Kusaka kwa Asayansi a Nazi ndi Linda Hunt Secret Agenda. Malipoti a Hunt, makamaka, ndiwoyamba. Pogwiritsa ntchito Freedom of Information Act, watsegula masamba zikwizikwi za Pentagon, State Department ndi CIA zomwe ziyenera kuchititsa ofufuza kukhala otanganidwa zaka zambiri. Mbiri yakuyesa kwa madotolo a Nazi imachokera makamaka ku mbiri ya milandu yachipatala ku Khoti la Nuremberg, Alexander Mitscherlich ndi Fred Mielke's. Madokotala a Zoyipa, ndi akaunti yowopsa ya Robert Proctor mu Ukhondo Wamitundu. Kafukufuku wa boma la US pazankhondo zachilengedwe adafotokozedwa modabwitsa m'buku la Jeanne McDermott, Mphepo Zopha.
Nkhani yabwino kwambiri ya gawo la boma la US pakupanga ndi kutumiza othandizira omenyera nkhondo yamankhwala ikadali buku la Seymour Hersh. Nkhondo ya Chemical ndi Biological kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960. Poyesa kufufuza chomwe chimayambitsa matenda a Gulf War Syndrome, Senator Jay Rockefeller adakambirana mochititsa chidwi kwambiri pakuyesera kwa anthu ndi boma la US. Zomvera zomvera zidapereka zambiri zamagawo amutuwu okhudza kuyesa mosazindikira kwa nzika zaku US ndi CIA ndi Asitikali aku US. Zambiri pakuyezetsa ma radiation a anthu ndi Atomic Energy Commission ndi mabungwe ogwirizana (kuphatikiza CIA) zimachokera makamaka kuchokera ku maphunziro angapo a GAO, kuchokera ku lipoti lalikulu lopangidwa ndi dipatimenti yazamagetsi mu 1994 komanso kuchokera kwa wolemba kuyankhulana ndi anayi mwa omwe adazunzidwa ndi plutonium ndi kuyesa kolera.
Nkhaniyi idasinthidwa kuchokera ku mutu wa Whiteout: CIA, Drug and the Press.
