Kugwiritsa Ntchito Opaleshoni ya Condor Anaphunzitsidwa ku Sukulu ya US Army

Ndi Brett Wilkins, July 18, 2019

kuchokera Maloto Amodzi

Amuna asanu a 24 anaweruzidwa sabata yatha ndi khoti la ku Italy kupita ku ndende ya moyo chifukwa cha ntchito yawo yozunza ku United States ya Cold War yoopsa ndi yamagazi yopandukira anthu a ku South America omwe adatsutsidwa ku sukulu yapamwamba yotchedwa US Army school yomwe idadziwika pozunza, kupha, ndi demokarasi.

Pulezidenti wa July 8 ku Khoti la Malamulo ku Rome analamula akuluakulu a boma la Bolivia, Chile, Peru ndi Uruguay ndi akuluakulu a usilikali atagonjetsedwa ndi kupha anthu a 23 ku Italy pa 1970s ndi 1980 pa nthawi yomwe Kugwiritsa ntchito Condor, mgwirizano wogwirizanitsidwa ndi zigawenga zankhondo zankhondo ku Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil-ndipo pambuyo pake, Peru ndi Ecuador-motsutsana ndi zoopsezedwa zomwe zikanakhala zoopsezedwa. Pulogalamuyi, yomwe idadziwika ndi kuwombera, kuzunzidwa, kuthawa ndi kupha, akuti 60,000 amakhala, malinga ndi magulu a ufulu wa anthu. Anthu omwe anazunzidwa ndi ochepa okha, okhulupirira, aluso, ophunzira, ophunzira, osowa ndi ogwira ntchito limodzi, komanso amwenye.

Boma la United States-kuphatikizapo magulu ankhondo ndi alangizi othandizidwa ndi Operation Condor ndi zothandizira usilikali, kukonza, ndi chithandizo komanso luso la kuwonetsetsa ndi kuzunzika pa nthawi ya maofesi a Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter ndi Reagan. Zambiri mwa chithandizo ichi, chimene US anayesera kulongosola panthawi ya nkhondo ya padziko lonse ya Cold War motsutsana ndi chikomyunizimu, idakhazikitsidwa kumalo a asilikali a US ku Panama. Kumeneku kunali kumene asilikali a ku America anatsegula Sukulu ya America ku 1946, yomwe ikamaliza maphunziro a 11 akuluakulu a Latin America m'mazaka makumi anayi otsatira. Palibe mmodzi wa iwo amene adakhala mtsogoleri wa dziko lawo mwa njira za demokalase, otsutsa kutsutsa SOA "School of Assassins" ndi "School of Coups" chifukwa zinabweretsa zambiri.

Ophunzira otchuka kwambiri a SOA akuphatikizapo kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi wolamulira wankhanza wa Panamani, dzina lake Manuel Noriega, wolamulira wankhanza wa ku Guatemalan. Efraín Ríos Montt, Bolivia despot Hugo Banzer (yemwe amadziwika kuti akupha chipani cha Nazi cha Klaus Barbie), mkulu wa asilikali a ku Haiti, Raoul Cédras ndi mkulu wa asilikali wa ku Argentina dzina lake Leopoldo Galtieri, yemwe anali mtsogoleri wa dziko la "Dirty War". amuna ndi akazi adasowa. Nkhosa zina zopanda nkhondo zambiri zaphunzira ku SOA, nthawi zina zimagwiritsa ntchito Zotsatira za US zomwe zinaphunzitsa kupha, kuzunza, kupha, ndi njira zowonongeka za demokalase.

Ena mwa kuphedwa koopsa kwambiri ndi mazunzo ena opangidwa ndi magulu ankhondo a ku America pa nkhondo zapachiŵeniŵeni ku El Salvador ndi Guatemala panthawi ya 1980s, kuphatikizapo kupha anthu a 900-makamaka amayi ndi ana-pa El Mozote, kuphedwa kwa bishopu wamkulu wa Salvador Óscar Romero ndi kugwirira ndi kupha mwa amayi anayi a mpingo wa ku United States omwe ankagwira naye ntchito, anali okonzedwa, odzipereka kapena otsekedwa ndi omaliza maphunziro a SOA. Zinali choncho kuphedwa kwa chainsaw ku Colombia, kuphedwa kwa atolankhani anayi a ku Dutch ku El Salvador, a kuphedwa wa mtsogoleri wakale wachi Chile ndi msilikali wake wa ku United States ku bomba la 1976 ku Washington, DC ndi mazunzo ena ambiri.

Izi zikhoza kuululidwa kuti amuna angapo omwe anaweruzidwa kukhala kundende ku Rome sabata yatha ndi omwe ali maphunziro a SOA. Malingana ndi database a 60,000 SOA alumni omwe analembedwa kuchokera ku US Army Records ndi School of the Americas Watch (SOAW), gulu la anthu ovomerezeka ku Georgia lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi a Roy Roy Bourgeois ku 1990, asanu ndi asanu omwe akuphunzitsidwa ndi SOA ali pakati pa amuna a 24 omwe apezeka ndi mlandu ndi khoti la Italy. Awiri mwa iwo amatchulidwa kuti "otchuka kwambiri a SOA" omwe ali otchuka kwambiri ndi SOAW: omwe kale anali mtumiki wa dziko la Bolivia Luis Arce Gómez, amene panopa akugwira ntchito m'ndende ya 30 chaka chowombera, kupha ndi kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, komanso Luis Alfredo Maurente, woyendetsa dziko la Uruguay anavutitsa anthu pafupifupi 100 ku Uruguay ndi Argentina. Arce Gomez anamaliza mauthenga, maofesayesa ndi mapulogalamu a rediyo ku SOA ku 1958; Maurente anapita ku SOA ku 1969 ndi 1976, akuphunzira nzeru za usilikali. Ophunzira atatu a SOA omwe anawululidwa pakati pa otsutsa a 24 ndi awa: Hernán Ramírez Ramírez (Chili, maulamuliro, 1970), Ernesto Avelino Ramas Pereira (Uruguay; wopita ku motor, 1962) ndi Pedro Antonio Mato Narbondo (Uruguay; osadziwika, 1970).

SOA inagwira ntchito ku Panama kuchokera ku 1946 mpaka 1984, pamene idasamukira ku Fort Benning, Georgia. Pofuna kubwezeretsanso pakati pa chifuwa chachikulu cha anthu pochita zipolowe, SOA inasintha dzina lake lotchedwa Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (WHINSEC) ku 2000, ndipo likugogomezera kwambiri ufulu wa anthu. Komabe, alangizi a sukulu akupitiriza kupanga nkhani zovuta mpaka lero, ndi akuluakulu asanu ndi mmodzi kumbuyo kwa kupondereza kwa 2009 Honduran komanso omwe kale anali a Mexico omwe tsopano akugwiritsidwa ntchito monga magulu a mayiko ena padziko lonse omwe ali otchuka kwambiri.

Sindikudziwa ngati ambiri a mlanduwu ku mlandu wa Rome adzayang'anizana ndi chiweruzo, popeza onse a 24 adayesedwa opanda chidziwitso potsatira malamulo a chilengedwe chonse. Uruguay, yomwe siimalola kuti chilango chikhale chilango, imakhala ikugwirira anthu omwe ali ndi mlandu wofanana ndi milandu yofanana. A January 2017 chigamulo ndi khoti la ku Italy linagamula anthu asanu ndi atatu, kuphatikizapo wolemba boma wa Bolivia, Luis García Meza, pulezidenti wakale wa Peruvia, Francisco Morales Bermúdez, komanso mtsogoleri wakale wa dziko la Uruguay, Juan Carlos Blanco, amene tsopano ali kumangidwa ku Montevideo. , pamene adzalandira ena 19 chifukwa cha zolephera. Zokhululukidwa zimenezo zinasinthidwa ndi chisankho cha Lundilo.

Brndi Wilkins ndi San Francisco wolemba payekha komanso mkonzi wamkulu kwa US News ku Digital Journal. Ntchito yake, yomwe ikukhudza nkhani za nkhondo ndi mtendere ndi ufulu waumunthu, ndizolembedwa pa www.brettwilkins.com.