By Emanuel Pastreich, Wopanda | | Op-Mkonzi
(Chithunzi: guilherme jofili / Flickr)
Kugwira mzere wotsutsana ndi Chipululu cha Kubuchi
Ophunzira 14 aku koleji aku Korea akutuluka m'sitima ya Baotou, Inner Mongolia, akuthwanima ndi kuwala kwadzuwa. Ulendo wa maola XNUMX kuchokera ku Beijing, Baotou si malo otchuka kwa achinyamata a Seoul, koma uku sikungopita kokagula.
Mwamuna wamfupi, wachikulire wovala jekete yobiriwira yonyezimira amatsogolera ophunzira kudutsa pagulu lapasiteshoni, ndikulamula gululo mwachangu. Mosiyana ndi ophunzira, iye samawoneka wotopa konse; kumwetulira kwake sikusokonezedwa ndi ulendo. Dzina lake ndi Kwon Byung-Hyun, kazembe wantchito yemwe adatumikira monga kazembe wa Republic of Korea ku China kuyambira 1998 mpaka 2001. zomwe zimafuna chisamaliro chake chonse. Ali ndi zaka 74, alibe nthawi yocheza ndi anzake omwe ali otanganidwa kusewera gofu kapena kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Kazembe Kwon ali mu ofesi yake yaing'ono ku Seoul pafoni ndikulemba makalata kuti apange yankho lapadziko lonse pa kufalikira kwa zipululu ku China - kapena ali pano, akubzala mitengo.
Kwon amalankhula momasuka komanso momasuka, koma sali wosavuta. Ngakhale kuti zimamutengera masiku awiri kuti achoke kunyumba kwake kumapiri pamwamba pa Seoul kupita kutsogolo kwa chipululu cha Kubuchi pamene akuyenda movutikira kum'mwera chakum'maŵa, amapanga ulendowu nthawi zambiri, komanso mwachidwi.
Chipululu cha Kubuchi chakula kotero kuti chili pamtunda wa makilomita 450 kumadzulo kwa Beijing ndipo, monga chipululu chapafupi kwambiri ndi Korea, ndi gwero lalikulu la fumbi lachikasu lomwe limagwa ku Korea, lowombedwa ndi mphepo yamkuntho. Kwon adayambitsa NGO Future Forest mu 2001 kuti athane ndi chipululu mogwirizana ndi China. Amabweretsa achinyamata aku Korea ndi aku China kuti abzale mitengo pothana ndi vuto la chilengedwe mumgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa achinyamata, boma ndi mafakitale.
Chiyambi cha Ntchito ya Kwon
Kwon akufotokoza momwe ntchito yake yoletsa zipululu inayamba:
"Kuyesetsa kwanga kuti ndiletse kufalikira kwa zipululu ku China kudayamba chifukwa chapadera kwambiri. Nditafika ku Beijing mu 1998 kukatumikira monga kazembe ku China, ndinalandirika ndi chimphepo chachikasu cha fumbi. Mphepo yamchenga ndi fumbi inali yamphamvu kwambiri, ndipo sizinali zododometsa pang'ono kuwona thambo la Beijing lidachita mdima. Ndinalandira foni kuchokera kwa mwana wanga wamkazi tsiku lotsatira, ndipo anandiuza kuti thambo la Seoul linakutidwa ndi chimphepo chamchenga chomwe chinawomba kuchokera ku China. Ndinazindikira kuti ankanena za namondwe yemwe ndinali nditangoona kumene. Foni ija inandidzutsa kumavuto. Ndinawona kwa nthawi yoyamba kuti tonsefe tikukumana ndi vuto limodzi lomwe limadutsa malire a mayiko. Ndinaona bwino lomwe kuti vuto la fumbi lachikasu lomwe ndinaliwona ku Beijing linali vuto langa, komanso vuto la banja langa. Silinali vuto kuti anthu aku China athetse vutoli. ”
Kwon ndi mamembala a Future Forest akukwera basi kwa ola limodzi ndiyeno adutsa m'mudzi wawung'ono momwe alimi, ng'ombe ndi mbuzi amayang'ana alendo osamvetsekawa. Pambuyo pa kuyenda kwa makilomita atatu pamtunda waulimi wa bucolic, komabe, zochitikazo zimayamba kuchititsa mantha: mchenga wosalekeza wotambasulira m'chizimezime popanda moyo umodzi.
Achinyamata a ku Korea akugwirizana ndi anzawo a ku China ndipo posakhalitsa akugwira ntchito mwakhama kukumba zotsalira za dothi lapamwamba kuti abzale mitengo yomwe abwera nayo. Amalumikizana ndi chiŵerengero chowonjezereka cha achinyamata ku Korea, China, Japan ndi kwina kulikonse omwe akudziponyera okha mu vuto la zaka chikwi: kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa zipululu.
Zipululu monga Kubuchi ndi zotulukapo za kuchepa kwa mvula yapachaka, kusagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kwa nthaka komanso kuyesayesa kwamphamvu kwa alimi osauka m’madera otukuka kumene monga Inner Mongolia kuti apeze kandalama pang’ono podula mitengo ndi tchire, zomwe zimasunga nthaka ndi kuswa mphepo. , za nkhuni.
Atafunsidwa za vuto loyankha zipululuzi, kazembe Kwon adayankha mwachidule, “Zipululu izi, komanso kusintha kwanyengo komweko, ndizowopsa kwambiri kwa anthu onse, koma sitinayambenso kusintha momwe bajeti yathu ikuyendera. ku chitetezo.”
Kwon akuwonetsa kuthekera kwakusintha kofunikira pamalingaliro athu okhudza chitetezo. Tsopano tikuchezeredwa ndi omwe adatsogolera kusintha kwanyengo, kaya moto wowopsa womwe unasesa United States m'chilimwe cha 2012 kapena kuwopsa kwa dziko lomwe likumira la Tuvalu, ndipo tikudziwa kuti pakufunika kuchitapo kanthu mwamphamvu. Koma tikuwononga ndalama zoposa thililiyoni pachaka kuponya zida zoponya, akasinja, mfuti, ma drones ndi makompyuta apamwamba - zida zomwe zimagwira ntchito poletsa kufalikira kwa zipululu monga momwe gulayesi imawombera thanki. Zingakhale kuti sitiyenera kuchita zambiri paukadaulo, koma kungodumphadumpha m'mawu akuti chitetezo: kupanga kuyankha pakusintha kwanyengo kukhala cholinga chachikulu cha asitikali omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri.
Kumizidwa ndi chipululu kapena kumizidwa ndi nyanja?
Kusintha kwanyengo kwabala mapasa achinyengo aŵiri amene mwadyera akudya malo okhala padziko lapansi: zipululu zofalikira ndi nyanja zakuchulukirachulukira. Pamene chipululu cha Kubuchi chikalowera kummawa kulowera ku Beijing, chimalumikizana ndi zipululu zina zomwe zikukwera m'malo owuma kudutsa Asia, Africa komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, nyanja zapadziko lapansi zikukwera, zikukula kwambiri acidic ndi kumiza magombe a zilumba ndi makontinenti. Pakati pa ziopsezo ziwirizi, palibe malire ochuluka kwa anthu - ndipo sipadzakhala nthawi yopumula ya zongopeka zapatali za nkhondo za m'makontinenti awiri.
Kutentha kwa dziko, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito molakwa kwa madzi ndi nthaka, ndi malamulo oipa a zaulimi amene amaona nthaka kukhala chinthu chodyera m’malo mwa dongosolo lochirikizira moyo, zathandizira kugwa kwatsoka kwa nthaka yaulimi.
Bungwe la United Nations linakhazikitsa bungwe la United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) mu 1994 kuti ligwirizanitse ogwira nawo ntchito padziko lonse lapansi kuti ayankhe kufalikira kwa zipululu. Pafupifupi anthu mabiliyoni akuyang'anizana ndi chiwopsezo chachindunji cha kufalikira kwa zipululu. Komanso, monga momwe ulimi ndi kuchepa kwa mvula kumawonongera zachilengedwe zosalimba za malo ouma, komwe kuli anthu ena mabiliyoni awiri, kukhudzidwa kwapadziko lonse pakupanga chakudya ndi kuvutika kwa anthu othawa kwawo kudzakhala kokulirapo.
Kutuluka kwa zipululu n’koopsa kwambiri pa kontinenti iliyonse kwakuti United Nations inasankha zaka khumi zimenezi kukhala “Zaka Khumi za Zipululu ndi Kulimbana ndi Kusanduka Zipululu” ndipo inalengeza kufalikira kwa zipululu “vuto lalikulu la chilengedwe la nthaŵi yathu ino.”
Mlembi wamkulu wa UNCCD panthawiyo, Luc Gnacadja, ananena mosabisa kuti “Dothi lapamwamba la masentimita 20 ndilomwe lili pakati pathu ndi kutha.
David Montgomery wafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane kuopsa kwa chiwopsezochi m'buku lake Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations. Montgomery akugogomezera kuti nthaka, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa "dothi," ndi njira yabwino kwambiri, yamtengo wapatali kuposa mafuta kapena madzi. Montgomery ikunena kuti 38 peresenti ya zokolola zapadziko lonse zawonongeka kwambiri kuyambira 1945 ndi kuti chiwopsezo cha kukokoloka kwa nthaka tsopano chikufulumira kuŵirikiza ka 100 kuposa mmene chinapangidwira. Izi zaphatikizana ndi kutentha komanso kuchepa kwa mvula zomwe zapangitsa kuti madera akumadzulo kwa America akhale ochepera pazaulimi komanso kukokoloka kwa mvula yamphamvu. Mwachidule, ngakhale mbali zina zapakatikati pa chidengu cha chakudya cha America, ndi dziko lapansi, zili panjira yopita ku zipululu.
Montgomery akupereka lingaliro lakuti madera monga Inner Mongolia amene akuvutika ndi chipululu lerolino “amakhala ngati ngalande m’mgodi wa malasha wapadziko lonse ponena za nthaka.” Zipululu zimene zikumakulazi ziyenera kukhala chenjezo la zinthu zimene zitichitikire. “Zowonadi, m’nyumba yanga, Seattle, mungachepetse mvula ndi mainchesi angapo pachaka ndi kukweza kutentha ndi digiri imodzi ndikukhalabe ndi nkhalango zobiriwira nthaŵi zonse. Koma ngati mutenga dera louma la udzu ndikuchepetsa mvula ndi mainchesi angapo pachaka - sikunali kupeza mvula yambiri. Kuchepa kwa zomera, kukokoloka kwa mphepo ndi kuchepa kwa nthaka ndi zomwe tikutanthauza ndi kukhala chipululu. Koma ndikufuna kutsindika kuti tikuwona kuwonongeka kwa nthaka padziko lonse lapansi, koma tikungowona zowonekera bwino m'madera omwe ali pachiwopsezo. ”
Pakalipano, kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana a polar kukuyendetsa kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja zomwe zidzawopsyeze anthu okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja pamene magombe akusokonekera komanso nyengo zoopsa monga mphepo yamkuntho Sandy zikuchitika kawirikawiri. Bungwe la National Academy of Sciences linapereka lipoti lotchedwa “Kukwera kwa Mulingo wa Nyanja ku Magombe a California, Oregon, ndi Washington: Past, Present, and Future” mu June 2012, kusonyeza kuti madzi a m’nyanja padziko lonse adzakwera 8 mpaka 23 centimita pofika 2030. poyerekeza ndi msinkhu wa 2000, 18 mpaka 48 centimita pofika 2050, ndi 50 mpaka 140 masentimita ndi 2100. Lipoti la 2100 ndilokwera kwambiri kuposa momwe bungwe la United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change likuwonetsera 18 ndi 59 centimita, XNUMX ndi akatswiri ambiri. yembekezerani zochitika zowopsa kwambiri. Tsoka limenelo lidzakhala mkati mwa moyo wa ana athu ndi adzukulu athu.
Janet Redman, mkulu wa Sustainable Energy and Economy Network ku Institute for Policy Studies ku Washington, DC, adayang'ana ndondomeko ya nyengo kuchokera pamisonkhano ya nyengo ya 40,000-foot. Akufotokoza momwe mphepo yamkuntho Sandy yathandizira kusintha kwanyengo: “Mphepo yamkuntho Sandy idathandizira kuti vuto la kusintha kwanyengo likhale lenileni. Anthu wamba angamve ngati nyengo yoipa ngati imeneyi. Bwanamkubwa wa New York, Andrew Cuomo, akuti mphepo yamkunthoyi idabwera chifukwa cha 'kusintha kwanyengo,' ndipo ndi munthu wodziwika bwino.
Komanso, pomwe bwanamkubwa wa New Jersey a Chris Christie adapempha ndalama za federal kuti amangenso nyanja, Meya wa New York City a Michael Bloomberg adapita patsogolo. Meya Bloomberg adati tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za federal kuti tiyambenso kumanganso mzinda wa New York. "Iye adanena momveka bwino kuti madzi a m'nyanja akukwera, ndipo tiyenera kupanga mzinda wokhazikika pakalipano," akukumbukira Redman. "Bloomberg yalengeza kuti kusintha kwanyengo kwafika. Anafikanso ponena kuti tifunika kubwezeretsa madambo ozungulira mzinda wa New York kuti atenge mafunde amtundu umenewu. Mwanjira ina, timafunikira njira yosinthira. Kotero kuphatikiza kwa nyengo yowopsya ndi mkangano wamphamvu wochokera kwa ndale wodziwika bwino ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba a anthu / zofalitsa zimathandiza kusintha zokambirana. Bloomberg si Al Gore; iye sali woimira Friends of the Earth.”
Nkhawa yozungulira ingakhale ikucheperachepera kukhala malingaliro atsopano pa tanthauzo lachitetezo. Robert Bishop, CEO wakale wa Silicon Graphics Inc., adakhazikitsa International Center for Earth Simulation ngati njira yopangira kusintha kwanyengo masiku ano kwa opanga mfundo ndi mafakitale. Bishopu akunena kuti mphepo yamkuntho Sandy idzawononga ndalama zokwana madola 60 biliyoni, ndipo ndalama zonse za Katrina ndi Wilma, komanso mtengo wotsiriza wa kuyeretsa mafuta a Deep Water Horizon, udzakhala pafupifupi $ 100 biliyoni iliyonse.
"Tikulankhula za masoka achilengedwe omwe amalemera pafupifupi madola 100 biliyoni pachaka." Ananenanso kuti, "Zowopsa zamtunduwu ziyamba kusintha malingaliro ku Pentagon - chifukwa zikuyika dziko lonse pachiwopsezo. Kuonjezera apo, kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Kum'mawa kwa United States kukuwopseza kubweretsa ndalama zazikulu zamtsogolo. Ndalama zazikulu zotetezera mizinda yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa nyanja idzafunika posachedwa. Mwachitsanzo, ku Norfolk, ku Virginia, kuli malo okhawo onyamulira ndege za nyukiliya ku East Coast, ndipo mzindawu uli kale ndi vuto lalikulu la kusefukira kwa madzi.”
Bishopu akupitiriza kufotokoza kuti New York City, Boston ndi Los Angeles, “malo ofunika kwambiri a chitukuko” ku United States, onse ali m’madera omwe ali pachiopsezo cha dzikolo ndipo palibe chimene chachitidwa kuti atetezedwe ku chiwopsezocho. osati za ankhondo akunja kapena zoponya, koma za nyanja yokwera.
Chifukwa chiyani kusintha kwanyengo sikukuwoneka ngati "chiwopsezo"
Sizingakhale zoona kunena kuti palibe chomwe tikuchita kuti tithane ndi vuto la chilengedwe, koma ngati ndife zamoyo zomwe zikukumana ndi kutha, ndiye kuti sitikuchita zambiri.
Mwina gawo la vuto ndi nthawi yake. Asilikali amakonda kuganiza zachitetezo mwachangu: Kodi mungateteze bwanji bwalo la ndege m'maola ochepa, kapena kuphulitsa chandamale chomwe mwapeza kumene mkati mwa bwalo lamasewera mkati mwa mphindi zochepa? Izi zikuchulukirachulukira chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwakusanjika kwanzeru komanso kusanthula kwathunthu. Tiyenera kutha kuyankha ma netiweki a pa intaneti kapena kuwulutsidwa kwa mizinga nthawi yomweyo. Ngakhale kuti kufulumira kwa kuyankha kumakhala ndi mphamvu inayake, kufunikira kwamaganizo kwa yankho lachangu sikukhudzana kwenikweni ndi chitetezo chenicheni.
Bwanji ngati chiwopsezo chachikulu chachitetezo chikayesedwa zaka mazana ambiri? Zikuoneka kuti palibe dongosolo lililonse mu gulu lankhondo ndi chitetezo kulimbana ndi mavuto pa nthawi ngati imeneyi. David Montgomery akuwonetsa kuti vutoli ndi limodzi mwamavuto omwe anthu akukumana nawo masiku ano. Mwachitsanzo, kutayika kwa dothi lapamwamba padziko lonse lapansi ndi chinthu cha 1 peresenti pachaka, zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha kosawoneka pazithunzi za radar ku Washington DC. Koma mkhalidwe umenewo udzakhala wowopsa kwa anthu onse m’zaka zosakwana zana limodzi, chifukwa zimatenga zaka mazana ambiri kupanga dothi lapamwamba. Kutayika kwa malo olimako, pamodzi ndi chiwonjezeko chofulumira cha chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi, mosakayikira chiri chimodzi mwa ziwopsezo zazikulu zachitetezo zomwe timakumana nazo. Ndipo komabe ndi ochepa mwa gulu lachitetezo omwe amayang'ana kwambiri pankhaniyi.
Janet Redman akupereka lingaliro lakuti tiyenera kupeza mtundu wina wa matanthauzo anthaŵi yaitali a chitetezo amene angavomerezedwe m’magulu achitetezo: “Potsirizira pake, tifunikira kuyamba kulingalira za chisungiko m’lingaliro la mibadwo yapakati, monga momwe tingatchulire kuti ‘inter- chitetezo cham'badwo.' Izi zikutanthauza kuti, zomwe mukuchita lero zidzakhudza tsogolo lanu, zidzakhudza ana anu, zidzukulu zanu komanso kupitirira ife. " Kuphatikiza apo, Redman akuwonetsa, kusintha kwanyengo ndikowopsa kwa anthu ambiri. “Ngati vutolo lilidi lalikulu chotere, lingathetseretu chilichonse chimene takhala tikuchiona kukhala chofunika kwambiri; kuwononga dziko monga tikudziwira. Tidzafunika kusintha mmene timakhalira pa moyo wathu. Kuchokera pamayendedwe kupita ku chakudya kupita ku ntchito, banja; zonse ziyenera kusintha. ”
Jared Diamond akusonyeza m’buku lake lakuti Collapse: How Societies Select to Fail or Survive kuti madera nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi amayang’anizana ndi zosankha zaukali pakati pa mapindu anthaŵi yochepa kwa olamulira amakono ndi zizoloŵezi zawo zaufulu ndi zokonda za nthaŵi yaitali za mibadwo yamtsogolo, ndi zimene kaŵirikaŵiri sakhala nazo. kuwonetsa kumvetsetsa kwa "intergenerational justice". Diamond akupitiliza kunena kuti kusintha komwe kumafunikira kumatsutsana ndi malingaliro achikhalidwe ndi malingaliro, m'pamenenso anthu amatha kukana kwambiri. Ngati gwero la chiwopsezo ndi lingaliro lathu lachimbulimbuli kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu kumaphatikizapo ufulu ndi kudzizindikira tokha, mwachitsanzo, titha kukhala panjira yofanana ndi chitukuko chomwe chinasoweka pachilumba cha Easter.
Mwinanso kukhudzidwa kwaposachedwa ndi uchigawenga komanso kuwonjezeka kwankhondo kosatha ndi mtundu wa kukana m'maganizo komwe timasokoneza malingaliro athu ku kusintha kwa nyengo potsata vuto losavuta. Chiwopsezo cha kusintha kwa nyengo ndi chachikulu komanso chowopsa kotero kuti chimafuna kuti tiganizirenso kuti ndife ndani komanso zomwe timachita, kuti tidzifunse tokha ngati cafe latte iliyonse kapena tchuthi cha ku Hawaii ndi gawo la vutoli. Zosavuta kuyang'ana mdani kunja uko kumapiri a Afghanistan.
A John Feffer, director of Foreign Policy in Focus komanso wodzudzula mwamphamvu zomwe amatcha "vuto la kunenepa kwambiri kwa Pentagon," akufotokoza momveka bwino za psychology:
“Ndife pano, tatsekeredwa pakati pa mchenga wotambasuka ndi madzi okwera, ndipo mwanjira ina sitingathe kuyika maganizo athu pa vutolo, osasiyapo kupeza yankho.
“Zimakhala ngati tayimirira pakati pa tchire la mu Africa. Kumbali ina njovu ikukwera pa ife. Kumbali ina, mkango uli pafupi kulumpha. Ndipo kodi ife tikuchita chiyani? Timayang'ana kwambiri zowopseza zazing'ono, monga al-Qaeda. Timayang'ana kwambiri nyerere yomwe idakwawira kumapazi athu ndikumira m'manja mwathu. Zimapweteka, zedi, koma si vuto lalikulu. Tili otanganidwa kwambiri kuyang’ana chala chakumapazi chathu moti tinasiya kuona njovu ndi mkango.”
Chinthu china ndi kusowa kwa malingaliro kwa opanga ndondomeko ndi omwe amapanga zofalitsa zomwe zimatidziwitsa. Anthu ambiri amalephera kuganiza za ngozi yoipitsitsa kwambiri ya chilengedwe. Amakonda kuganiza kuti mawa adzakhala ngati lerolino, kuti kutsogola kudzakhala kofanana nthawi zonse, ndi kuti chiyeso chachikulu cha kulosera kulikonse kwamtsogolo ndicho chokumana nacho chathu. Pazifukwa izi, kusintha kowopsa kwanyengo sikungatheke - kwenikweni.
Ngati ndizovuta kwambiri, kodi tiyenera kutembenukira kunkhondo?
Zakhala njira yodziwika bwino kwa andale kuti azitamanda gulu lankhondo la US kuti ndi lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Koma ngati gulu lankhondo silinakonzekeretu vuto la kufalitsa zipululu ndi nthaka yomwe ikutha, tsoka lathu lingafanane ndi la mfumu yoiwalika ya ndakatulo ya Percy Bysshe Shelley "Ozymandias," yomwe chiboliboli chake chachikulu, chowonongeka chili ndi mawu akuti:
Yang'anani ntchito zanga, Inu Amphamvu, ndi kukhumudwa!
Palibe china koma chotsalira. Kuzungulira kuwonongeka
Za chiwonongeko chachikulucho, chopanda malire komanso chopanda malire
Mchenga wokhawokha komanso wolekeza utalikirana.
Kulimbana ndi kufalikira kwa zipululu ndi kukwera kwa nyanja kudzatenga chuma chambiri komanso nzeru zathu zonse. Yankho limakhudza osati kukonzanso boma lathu lonse ndi chuma, komanso kukonzanso chitukuko chathu. Komabe funso likadalili: Kodi kuyankhako ndikungosintha zinthu zofunika kwambiri komanso zolimbikitsa, kapena kodi kuwopseza uku ndikofanana ndi nkhondo, mwachitsanzo, "nkhondo yonse," yosiyana ndi momwe akuyankhira komanso "mdani" yemwe amaganiziridwa kuti? Kodi tikuyang'ana vuto la moyo ndi imfa lomwe limafuna kusonkhanitsa anthu ambiri, chuma cholamulidwa ndi chochepa komanso ndondomeko zazikulu zakukonzekera kwanthawi yochepa ndi yayitali? Kodi vutoli likufuna, mwachidule, chuma chankhondo ndikuganiziranso zankhondo?
Pali zoopsa zambiri zomwe zimachitika popempha kuti anthu apite kunkhondo, makamaka m'nthawi yomwe malingaliro achiwawa afalikira m'dera lathu. Ndithudi kutsegula chitseko kwa achifwamba a Beltway kuti akhazikitse bizinesi mu kachisi wa kusintha kwa nyengo kungakhale tsoka. Nanga bwanji Pentagon ikadakhala kuti ikugwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwanyengo kuti ivomereze ndalama zochulukirapo zankhondo pama projekiti osakhudzidwa pang'ono kapena osakhudzidwa ndi chiwopsezo chenicheni? Tikudziwa kuti m'mbali zambiri zachitetezo chachikhalidwe chizoloŵezi ichi ndi vuto lalikulu.
Ndithudi pali ngozi yakuti chikhalidwe cha asilikali ndi malingaliro adzagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika pa nkhani ya kusintha kwa nyengo, kuopseza komwe pamapeto pake kumayankhidwa bwino ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Monga dziko la United States lili ndi mavuto aakulu omwe amachititsa kuti agwiritse ntchito usilikali ngati yankho pa chilichonse, tifunika, ngati zili choncho, kuti tilowe usilikali, osati kupititsa patsogolo.
Koma pankhani ya kusintha kwa nyengo, zinthu ndi zosiyana. Kubwezeretsanso usilikali pofuna kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndikofunikira, ngati kuli koopsa, sitepe, ndipo ndondomekoyi ikhoza kusintha kwambiri chikhalidwe, ntchito, ndi zofunikira za chitetezo chonse. Sitingachitire mwina koma kukangana ndi asilikali.
Pokhapokha ngati zokhudzidwa zenizeni zachitetezo zizindikirika, kuyambira kuchipululu ndi kukwera kwa nyanja mpaka kusowa kwa chakudya komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu okalamba, sikungakhale kosatheka kupeza gulu lachitetezo lomwe lingalole mgwirizano wakuya pakati pa magulu ankhondo padziko lapansi. Kupatula apo, ngakhale asitikali aku US atasiya kapena kusiya ntchito yawo yapolisi yapadziko lonse lapansi, chitetezo chonse chikhoza kukhala chowopsa. Pokhapokha ngati tingapeze mpata wogwirizana pakati pa magulu ankhondo amene safuna mdani wamba yemwe angakhale mdani wamba, n’zokayikitsa kuti tingachepetse zoopsa zimene tikukumana nazo panopa.
James Baldwin analemba kuti: “Sikuti chilichonse chimene munthu angakumane nacho chingasinthidwe, koma palibe chimene chingasinthidwe ngati sichinayang’anitsidwe.” Kwa ife kulakalaka kuti usilikali ungokhala chinthu chosiyana mwakufuna kwawo sikukwaniritsa kalikonse. Tiyenera kupanga njira yosinthira ndikukakamiza ndikulimbikitsa asitikali kuti achite ntchito ina. Chifukwa chake mkangano wotsutsana ndi kutenga nawo gawo pankhondo ndi wovomerezeka, koma chowonadi ndichakuti asitikali sangavomereze kuchepetsedwa kwakukulu kwa bajeti zankhondo kuti athandizire kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kuthana ndi kusintha kwanyengo kudzera m'mabungwe ena. M'malo mwake, kuopsa kwa kusintha kwa nyengo kuyenera kuwonetsedwa mkati mwa asilikali. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyambitsa kukhazikika ngati mfundo yofunika kwambiri kwa asitikali kumatha kuthana ndi zankhondo komanso malingaliro achiwawa omwe akuvutitsa anthu aku America popereka mphamvu zankhondo pakuchiritsa zachilengedwe.
Ndizowona zankhondo kuti nthawi zonse ikukonzekera kumenya nkhondo yomaliza. Kaya mafumu a mu Afirika amene anamenyana ndi atsamunda a ku Ulaya ndi zithumwa ndi mikondo, akuluakulu a Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ankakonda kwambiri akavalo amene ankanyoza njanji zauve, kapena akuluakulu ankhondo a Nkhondo Yadziko I amene anatumiza magulu a asilikali oyenda panyanja powombera mfuti ngati kuti akulimbana ndi a Franco-Prussian. Nkhondo, gulu lankhondo limakonda kuganiza kuti mkangano wotsatira udzakhala wongowonjezera womaliza.
Ngati asitikali, m'malo mopereka ziwopsezo zankhondo ku Iran kapena Syria, atenga nawo gawo pakusintha kwanyengo ngati cholinga chake chachikulu, abweretsa gulu latsopano la anyamata ndi atsikana aluso, ndipo gawo lomwe lankhondo lidzasintha. Pamene United States iyamba kugawanso ndalama zake zankhondo, momwemonso mayiko ena padziko lapansi. Chotsatiracho chikhoza kukhala dongosolo lankhondo lochepa kwambiri ndi kuthekera kwa kufunikira kwatsopano kwa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse.
Koma lingalirolo ndilopanda ntchito ngati sitingapeze njira yopititsira asilikali a US njira yoyenera. Momwe zilili, tikuwononga chuma chamtengo wapatali pa zida zankhondo zomwe sizikukwaniritsa zosowa zankhondo, osaperekapo ntchito iliyonse kumavuto akusintha kwanyengo. A John Feffer akuwonetsa kuti kusagwirizana kwaufulu ndi kupikisana kwa bajeti ndizo chifukwa chachikulu chomwe tikuwoneka kuti tilibe chochita koma kuthamangitsa zida zomwe zilibe ntchito momveka bwino: "Mabungwe osiyanasiyana ankhondo amapikisana wina ndi mnzake pa chidutswa cha bajeti, sindikufuna kuwona bajeti yawo yonse ikutsika. ” Feffer akutanthauza kuti mikangano ina imabwerezedwa mpaka kuwoneka ngati Uthenga Wabwino: “Tiyenera kusunga utatu wathu wa nyukiliya; tiyenera kukhala ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha omenyera ndege; tiyenera kukhala ndi Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo loyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi. "
Zofunikira kuti tipitilize kumanganso zomwezo zilinso ndi gawo lachigawo komanso ndale. Ntchito zokhudzana ndi zida izi zabalalika m'dziko lonselo. "Palibe chigawo cha congressional chomwe sichimalumikizidwa mwanjira ina pakupanga zida," akutero Feffer. "Ndipo kupanga zida zimenezo kumatanthauza ntchito, nthawi zina ntchito zotsalira zokha. Andale sanganyalanyaze mawu amenewo. Woimira Barney Frank waku Massachusetts anali wolimba mtima kwambiri poyitanitsa kusintha kwa usilikali, koma injini yosungiramo ndege ya F-35 yomwe idapangidwa m'boma lake idayenera kuvota, adayenera kuyivotera - ngakhale Air Force. adalengeza kuti sikufunika."
Pali ena ku Washington DC omwe ayamba kutanthauzira zambiri za chidwi ndi chitetezo cha dziko. Chimodzi mwazolimbikitsa kwambiri ndi Smart Strategy Initiative ku New America Foundation. Motsogozedwa ndi a Patrick Doherty, "Grand Strategy" ikuchitika yomwe imayang'ana zinthu zinayi zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimawonekera m'magulu ndi dziko lonse lapansi. Nkhani zokambidwa mu “Grand Strategy” ndizo “kuphatikizidwa kwachuma,” kulowa kwa anthu 3 biliyoni m’gulu lapakati pa dziko m’zaka 20 zikubwerazi ndi zotsatira za kusintha kumeneko kwa chuma ndi chilengedwe; “kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe,” chiyambukiro cha zochita za anthu pa chilengedwe ndi zotsatira zake kwa ife; “okhala ndi kupsinjika maganizo,” mkhalidwe wachuma wamakono wosonyeza kufunika kocheperako ndi njira zochepetsera zinthu; ndi "kulephera kupirira," kufooka kwa zomangamanga zathu ndi dongosolo lonse lazachuma. The Smart Strategy Initiative sikutanthauza kupanga gulu lankhondo kukhala lobiriwira, koma ndikukhazikitsanso zofunikira zonse za dziko lonse, kuphatikiza asitikali. Doherty akuganiza kuti asitikali akuyenera kumamatira ku gawo lawo loyambirira ndipo osalowa m'magawo opitilira luso lawo.
Atafunsidwa za kuyankha kwa Pentagon pafunso lakusintha kwanyengo, adazindikira misasa inayi yosiyana. Choyamba, pali ena omwe amangoganizirabe zachitetezo chachikhalidwe ndipo amaganizira zakusintha kwanyengo pakuwerengera kwawo. Ndiye pali ena omwe amawona kusintha kwa nyengo ngati chiwopsezo china chomwe chiyenera kuganiziridwa muzokonzekera zachitetezo chachikhalidwe koma ngati chinthu chakunja kuposa nkhani yoyamba. Iwo amadandaula za mabwalo ankhondo apanyanja omwe adzakhala pansi pa madzi kapena zotsatira za njira zatsopano zapanyanja pamwamba pa mitengoyo, koma malingaliro awo anzeru sanasinthe. Palinso iwo omwe amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito bajeti yayikulu yodzitchinjiriza kuti athandizire kusintha kwa msika ndikuyang'ana kukhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zankhondo ndi anthu wamba.
Pomaliza, pali ena asitikali omwe afika ponena kuti kusintha kwanyengo kumafuna njira yatsopano yadziko yomwe imakhudza mfundo zapakhomo ndi zakunja ndipo ali ndi zokambirana zambiri ndi okhudzidwa osiyanasiyana pazomwe zikuyenera kuchitika.
Malingaliro ena okhudza momwe mungayambitsirenso usilikali, koma mwachangu!
Tiyenera kukhazikitsa ndondomeko ya asilikali omwe amapereka 60 peresenti kapena zambiri za bajeti yake pakupanga matekinoloje, zomangamanga ndi machitidwe kuti athetse kufalikira kwa zipululu, kutsitsimutsa nyanja ndi kusintha machitidwe owononga mafakitale amasiku ano kukhala chuma chatsopano, chokhazikika. . Kodi gulu lankhondo lomwe lidakhala ngati cholinga chake chachikulu chochepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe, kuyang'anira chilengedwe, kukonza kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndikusintha zovuta zatsopano zikuwoneka bwanji? Kodi tingayerekeze gulu lankhondo lomwe cholinga chake chachikulu sikupha ndi kuwononga, koma kusunga ndi kuteteza?
Tikupempha asilikali kuti achite zinthu zomwe panopa sanakonzekere kuchita. Koma m'mbiri yonse, magulu ankhondo nthawi zambiri akhala akufunika kuti adzikonzeretu kuti athane ndi ziwopsezo zomwe zikuchitika. Komanso, kusintha kwa nyengo ndizovuta zosiyana ndi zomwe chitukuko chathu chinayamba kukumana nacho. Kukonzanso usilikali pazovuta zachilengedwe ndi chimodzi mwazosintha zambiri zomwe tiwona.
Kuyikanso mwadongosolo gawo lililonse lachitetezo chankhondo chomwe chilipo tsopano chingakhale sitepe yoyamba kuchoka pagawo laling'ono kupita pakuchitapo kanthu kofunikira. Navy ingathe kuchita makamaka ndi kuteteza ndi kubwezeretsa nyanja; gulu lankhondo la Air Force lidzatenga udindo woyang'anira mlengalenga, kuyang'anira mpweya ndi kukonza njira zochepetsera kuwonongeka kwa mpweya; pomwe Asilikali amatha kuthana ndi vuto la kusamalira nthaka ndi madzi. Nthambi zonse zizikhala ndi udindo wothana ndi ngozi zachilengedwe. Ntchito zathu zanzeru zitha kutenga udindo woyang'anira chilengedwe ndi zomwe zimaipitsa, kuwunika momwe zilili ndikupanga malingaliro anthawi yayitali okonzanso ndikusintha.
Kusintha kotereku kumapereka maubwino angapo akuluakulu. Koposa zonse, zikanabwezeretsa cholinga ndi ulemu kwa Asilikali ankhondo. Asilikali ankhondo nthawi ina anali kuyitanitsa atsogoleri abwino kwambiri komanso owala kwambiri ku America, otulutsa atsogoleri ngati George Marshall ndi Dwight Eisenhower, osati omenyera ndale ndi ma prima donnas ngati David Petraeus. Ngati kufunikira kwa asitikali kusuntha, kuyambiranso kuyanjana ndi anthu aku America ndipo maofesala ake atha kutenganso gawo lalikulu pothandizira mfundo zadziko komanso osayang'ana zida zawo zitamangidwa ngati zida zikutsatiridwa kuti zithandizire. lobbyists ndi othandizira awo makampani.
United States ikuyang'anizana ndi chisankho chambiri: Titha kutsata njira yosapeŵeka yopita kunkhondo ndi kutsika kwa ufumu, kapena kusintha kwambiri gulu lankhondo lankhondo lomwe lilipo kuti likhale chitsanzo cha mgwirizano weniweni wapadziko lonse pothana ndi kusintha kwanyengo. Njira yomalizayi imatipatsa mwayi wokonza zolakwika zaku America ndikuyenda njira yomwe ingatitsogolere pakapita nthawi kuti tizolowerane komanso kuti tipulumuke.
Tiyeni tiyambe ndi Pacific Pivot
A John Feffer akulimbikitsa kuti kusinthaku kungayambike ndi East Asia ndikukhala ngati kukulitsa "Pacific pivot" yomwe Obama Administration yemwe amakonda kwambiri. Feffer akupereka lingaliro lakuti: “Pacific Pivot ingakhale maziko a mgwirizano waukulu umene umasonyeza chilengedwe kukhala mutu waukulu wa mgwirizano wachitetezo pakati pa United States, China, Japan, Korea ndi mayiko ena a Kum’maŵa kwa Asia, mwakutero kuchepetsa ngozi ya mikangano ndi kubwezeretsa zida." Ngati tiyang'ana pa zoopsa zenizeni, mwachitsanzo momwe chitukuko chachuma chachangu - kusiyana ndi kukula kosatha - kwathandizira kufalikira kwa zipululu, kuchepa kwa madzi abwino, ndi chikhalidwe cha ogula chomwe chimalimbikitsa kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa, tikhoza kuchepetsa chiopsezo kumangidwa kwa mikono m'derali. Pomwe gawo la Kum'mawa kwa Asia pazachuma chapadziko lonse lapansi likuchulukirachulukira komanso kuzindikirika ndi mayiko ena onse, kusintha kwachigawo pamalingaliro achitetezo, komanso kusintha kogwirizana ndi bajeti yankhondo, zitha kukhala ndi vuto lalikulu padziko lonse lapansi.
Amene akuganiza kuti "Cold War" yatsopano ikufalikira ku East Asia amakonda kunyalanyaza mfundo yakuti kukula kwachuma, mgwirizano wachuma ndi kukonda dziko, kufanana koopsa sikuli pakati pa East Asia lero ndi East Asia panthawi ya Cold War. koma pakati pa East Asia lerolino ndi Ulaya mu 1914. Nthawi yomvetsa chisoni imeneyo inawona France, Germany, Italy ndi Austro-Hungary Empire, pakati pa mgwirizano wosaneneka wa zachuma ndipo mosasamala kanthu za zokambirana ndi ziyembekezo za mtendere wosatha, zikulephera kuthetsa mbiri yakale. mavuto ndi kulowa mu nkhondo yowononga dziko. Kuganiza kuti tikukumana ndi "nkhondo yozizira" ndikunyalanyaza momwe gulu lankhondo limayendetsedwa ndi zinthu zapakati pazachuma ndipo sizikugwirizana kwenikweni ndi malingaliro.
Ndalama zankhondo zaku China zidafika $100 biliyoni mu 2012 kwa nthawi yoyamba, pomwe kuchuluka kwake kwa manambala awiri kukakamiza oyandikana nawo kuti nawonso awonjezere ndalama zankhondo. Dziko la South Korea likuwonjezera ndalama zomwe limagwiritsa ntchito pa usilikali, zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa kuti ziwonjezeke ndi 5 peresenti mu 2012. Ngakhale kuti dziko la Japan lasunga ndalama zake zankhondo kufika pa 1 peresenti ya GDP yake, nduna yosankhidwa kumene, Abe Shinzo, ikufuna kuti dziko la Japan liwonjezeke kwambiri kunja kwa dziko. ntchito zankhondo monga chidani ku China chakwera kwambiri.
Pakadali pano, Pentagon ikulimbikitsa ogwirizana nawo kuti awonjezere ndalama zankhondo ndikugula zida za US. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, kuchepa kwa bajeti ya Pentagon nthawi zambiri kumaperekedwa ngati mwayi kwa mayiko ena kuti awonjezere ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo kuti ziwonjezeke.
Kutsiliza
Ambassador Kwon's Future Forest yachita bwino kwambiri kubweretsa achinyamata aku Korea ndi achi China pamodzi kuti abzale mitengo ndikumanga “Khoma Lalikulu Lobiriwira” lokhala ndi chipululu cha Kubuchi. Mosiyana ndi Khoma Lalikulu lakale, khoma ili siliyenera kuletsa mdani waumunthu, koma kupanga mzere wa mitengo ngati chitetezo cha chilengedwe. Mwina maboma a East Asia ndi United States angaphunzire kuchokera ku chitsanzo cha ana awa ndi kulimbikitsa zokambirana za Six Party Talks zomwe zakhala zikupuwala kwa nthawi yayitali popanga chilengedwe ndikusintha mutu waukulu wokambirana.
Kuthekera kwa mgwirizano pakati pa magulu ankhondo ndi anthu wamba okhudzana ndi chilengedwe ndikwambiri ngati mfundo za zokambiranazo zikukulitsidwa. Ngati titha kugwirizanitsa omenyana nawo m'madera mu cholinga chimodzi chankhondo chomwe sichifuna "dziko la adani" kuti tigwirizane nawo, titha kupeŵa chimodzi mwa zoopsa zamasiku ano. Zotsatira zakuchepetsa mkhalidwe wa mpikisano ndi kuchulukana kwankhondo zitha kukhala phindu lalikulu palokha, losiyana kwambiri ndi zopereka zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi ntchito yolimbana ndi nyengo.
The Six Party Talks akhoza kusintha kukhala "Green Pivot Forum" yomwe imayang'ana zoopsa za chilengedwe, imayika zofunikira pakati pa anthu ogwira nawo ntchito ndikugawa zofunikira kuti athe kuthana ndi mavutowa.
