Okinawa, Apanso - US Air Force ndi US Marines Awononga Madzi ndi Nsomba za Okinawa ndi Kutulutsidwa Kwakukulu kwa PFAS. Tsopano ndi Gulu Lankhondo.

ndi Pat Elder, World BEYOND War, June 23, 2021

"X" yofiira imawonetsa "malo omwe madzi ozimitsa moto omwe ali ndi organo-fluorine compounds (PFAS) akukhulupirira kuti ayenda. ” Malowa omwe ali ndi zilembo zinayi pamwambapa ndi "Tengan Pier."

Pa Juni 10, 2021, malita 2,400 a "madzi ozimitsa moto" okhala ndi PFAS (mafuta a poly fluoroalkyl) adatulutsidwa mwangozi ku US Army Oil Storage Facility ku Uruma City ndi madera ena oyandikira, malinga ndi Ryukyu Shimpo bungwe lofalitsa nkhani ku Okinawan. Ofesi Yoteteza ku Okinawa yati zida zapoizoni zimatuluka pansi pamunsi chifukwa chamvula yambiri. Kuchuluka kwa PFAS pakumasulidwa sikudziwika pomwe Asitikali sanabwere. Kutayika kumakhulupirira kuti kwatsanulira mu Mtsinje wa Tengan ndi m'nyanja.

Pakufufuza kwakumbuyo komwe kudachitika chigawochi, Mtsinje wa Tengan wapezeka kuti uli ndi PFAS yambiri. Kutulutsa poizoni kwa mankhwala oopsa ndi asitikali aku US kuli ponseponse ku Okinawa.

Ganizirani momwe kutayika kwaposachedwa kumachitidwira mu atolankhani aku Okinawan:

"Madzulo a Juni 11, Defense Bureau idanenanso izi ku boma la oyang'anira, Uruma City, Kanatake Town, ndi m'mabungwe a asodzi omwe akukhudzidwa, ndikupempha mbali yaku US kuti iwonetsetse za kasamalidwe ka chitetezo, kuti zisadzachitikenso, ndikufotokozera mwachangu zomwe zachitikazo. Unduna wa Zachilendo udandaula ku mbali ya US pa Juni 11. Unduna wa Zachitetezo, boma la mzindawu, komanso apolisi oyang'anira madera adatsimikizira malowo. A Ryuko Shimpo afunsa za tsatanetsatane wa zomwe zachitikazo kwa asitikali aku US, koma kuyambira 10 PM pa June11, palibe amene adayankha. ”

Asitikali atayankha, tikudziwa zomwe anganene. Anena kuti ali ndi nkhawa ndi thanzi komanso chitetezo cha anthu aku Okinawans ndipo akudzipereka kuwonetsetsa kuti chitetezo chikuyenda bwino ndikuwonetsetsa kuti palibe chomwe chikuchitika. Awo ndi mathero a nkhaniyi. Chitani nawo, Okinawa.

Anthu aku Okinawa ndi nzika zachiwiri zaku Japan. Boma la Japan lawonetsa mobwerezabwereza kuti silisamala zaumoyo ndi chitetezo cha anthu aku Okinawans ngakhale atatulutsidwa mobwerezabwereza kuchokera ku US. Ngakhale chilumba chaching'ono cha Okinawa chimangokhala ndi 0.6% ya malo okhala ku Japan, 70% ya malo ku Japan omwe ali okhawo ankhondo aku US ali kumeneko. Okinawa ili pafupi gawo limodzi mwa atatu kukula kwa Long Island, New York, ndipo ili ndi malo 32 ankhondo aku America.

Anthu aku Okinawa amadya nsomba zambiri zomwe zaipitsidwa ndi PF yochulukirapoOS, mitundu yoopsa kwambiri ya PFAS yomwe imayenda m'madzi kuchokera kumaiko aku America. Ndizovuta pachilumbachi, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwamagulu ankhondo aku America. Kudya zakudya za m'nyanja ndiye gwero lalikulu la kuyamwa kwa anthu kwa PFAS.

Mitundu inayi yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa (kuyambira pamwamba mpaka pansi) ndi swordtail, pearl danio, guppy, ndi tilapia. (1 nanogram pa gramu, ng / g = magawo 1,000 pa trilioni (ppt), chifukwa chake pangayo inali ndi 102,000 ppt) EPA ikulimbikitsa kuchepetsa PFAS m'madzi akumwa mpaka 70 ppt.

Malingaliro

Mu 2020, njira yozimitsira moto mu hangar ya ndege ku Marine Corps Air Station Futenma idatulutsa thovu loopsa kwambiri lozimitsa moto. Mafupa amadzimadzi omwe adatsanuliridwa mumtsinje wakomweko ndipo matope onga mtambo adawonedwa akuyandama kupitirira mita zana ndikukhala m'malo osewerera komanso oyandikana nawo.

A Marines anali kusangalala ndi kanyenya  mu hangar yayikulu yodzaza ndi mawonekedwe a thovu lopondaponda lomwe mwachiwonekere linatuluka pamene utsi ndi kutentha kunapezeka. Bwanamkubwa wa Okinawan a Denny Tamaki adati, "Ndilibe mawu," atamva kuti kanyenya ndi komwe kachititsa kuti amasulidwe.

Ndipo yankho loyenera kuchokera kwa kazembeyo tsopano ndi lotani? Mwachitsanzo, amatha kunena, "Anthu aku America akutipatsa poizoni pomwe boma la Japan likufuna kupereka moyo wa Okinawan chifukwa chankhondo lamuyaya la US. 1945 inali kalekale ndipo takhala tikukhudzidwa kuyambira pamenepo. Yeretsani gulu lanu lankhondo, United States ndi Japan, ndipo tulukani. ”

Zithumwa zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimayambitsa khansa zimakhazikika m'malo okhala pafupi ndi malo a Futenma Marine Corps ku Okinawa.

Atakakamizidwa kuti afotokoze, a David Steele, wamkulu wa Futenma Air Base, adagawana nzeru zake ndi anthu aku Okinawan. Anawauza kuti "ngati mvula igwa, ichepetsa." Mwachiwonekere, anali kunena za thovu, osati kuchuluka kwa thovu kuti lidwalitse anthu. Ngozi yofananayo idachitika m'munsi momwemo mu Disembala 2019 pomwe makina opondereza moto adasokoneza thovu la khansa.

Kumayambiriro kwa 2021, boma la Okinawan lidalengeza kuti pansi pamadzi m'dera lozungulira Marine Corps panali 2,000 ppt ya PFAS. Maiko ena aku US ali ndi malamulo m'malo omwe amaletsa madzi apansi kukhala ndi 20 ppt ya PFAS, koma ili mu Okinawa.

Lipoti la Okinawa Defense Bureau lati thovu limatulutsa ku Futenma

"Sizinakhudze anthu." Pakadali pano, Ryukyo Shimpo nyuzipepala yotenga madzi amtsinje pafupi ndi Futenma ndipo adapeza 247.2 ppt. ya PFOS / PFOA mumtsinje wa Uchidomari (wowonetsedwa wabuluu.) Madzi am'nyanja ochokera pagombe lakusodza la Makiminato (pamwamba kumanzere) munali 41.0 ng / l wa poizoni. Mtsinjewo unali ndi mitundu 13 ya PFAS yomwe imapezeka mu thovu lamankhwala lopangira madzi (AFFF).

Madzi aku thovu amatuluka kuchokera ku mapaipi azimbudzi (red x) kuchokera ku Marine Malo Oyendetsa Ndege a Corps Malingaliro. Njirayo ikuwonetsedwa kumanja. Mtsinje wa Uchidomari (wabuluu) umanyamula poizoni kupita nawo ku Makiminato ku East China Sea.

Chifukwa chake, zikutanthauza chiyani kuti madzi ali ndi magawo 247.2 pa trilioni ya PFAS? Zikutanthauza kuti anthu akudwala. Dipatimenti ya Zachilengedwe ya Wisconsin imati milingo yam'madzi yomwe kupitirira 2 ppt zingawononge thanzi la munthu. PFOS m'matopewo imasakanikirana kwambiri m'moyo wam'madzi. Njira yoyamba yomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa ndi kudya nsomba. Wisconsin posachedwapa adafalitsa zidziwitso za nsomba pafupi ndi Truax Air Force Base zomwe zikuwonetsa milingo ya PFAS pafupi kwambiri ndi zomwe zidanenedwa ku Okinawa.

Izi ndizokhudza thanzi la anthu komanso momwe anthu amapatsira poizoni kudzera mwa nsomba zomwe amadya.

Mu 2013, ngozi ina ku Kadena Air Base inafalitsa malita 2,270 a zida zozimitsira moto kuchokera pa hangar yotseguka ndikupanga mafunde. Woyendetsa Madzi woyendetsa ndege adayambitsa dongosolo lotsatirali. Ngozi yaposachedwa yankhondo yatulutsidwa 2,400 malita wa thovu lakupha.

Chithovu chodzaza ndi PFAS chimadzaza Kadena Air Force Base, Okinawa ku 2013. Supuni ya tiyi ya chithovu pachithunzichi ikhoza kuwononga malo osungira madzi mumzinda wonse.

Kumayambiriro kwa 2021 boma la Okinawan lidanenanso kuti pansi pamunsi pake panali madzi 3,000 ppt. wa PFAS.  Madzi apansi panthaka amathira m'madzi apamtunda, omwe kenako amapita kunyanja. Izi sizimangosowa zokha. Imapitilira kutha m'munsi ndipo nsomba zili ndi poizoni.

Malo osungira a Kin Wan Petroleum, Mafuta, ndi Mafuta Okhazikika ku Uruma City nthawi yomweyo amakhala pafupi ndi doko, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kulandira zida ndi zida zosiyanasiyana. Malinga ndi wamkulu wa Fleet Operations Okinawa, "Tengan Pier ndi malo odziwika bwino omwe amapita osambira komanso osambira. Mzindawu uli ku Tengan Bay m'mbali mwa nyanja ya Pacific ku Okinawa, ndipo ndi umodzi mwa malo okhala nyama zam'madzi zambirimbiri zomwe zimapezeka kulikonse m'derali. ”

Kumeneko ndikutupa. Vuto limodzi: Zochita zankhondo yaku US zikuwopseza kupitilirabe kwa moyo wam'madzi womwewo, komanso moyo wam'madzi wanyanja. M'malo mwake, zomangamanga zatsopano ku Henoko zimawopseza chilengedwe cha miyala yamiyala yamakorali, gawo loyamba lazachilengedwe zomwe zatha. Zida za nyukiliya zitha kusungidwa ku Henoko, ngati maziko angamalizidwe.

Ntchito Zoyang'anira Kazembe Okinawa

Asitikali apamadzi awopseza kuti awazenga mlandu
Ziphe za Asirikali zogwiritsa ntchito ma insignias apanyanja.

Kin Wan amalandira, amagulitsa, ndikupereka mafuta onse apaulendo, mafuta pagalimoto, ndi mafuta a dizilo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Asitikali aku United States ku Okinawa. Imagwira ndikusunga mapaipi amafuta a petroleum a 100-mile omwe amafika kuchokera ku Futenma Marine Corps Air Station kumwera kwa chilumbachi, kudzera ku Kadena Air Base, kupita ku Kin Wan.

Awa ndi mtima wa asitikali aku America ku Okinawa.

Malo osungira mafuta aku US ngati awa padziko lonse lapansi amadziwika kuti akhala akugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochulukirapo a PFAS kuyambira koyambirira kwa ma 1970. Malo osungira mafuta amalephera kugwiritsa ntchito thovu lakupha, ndikusinthira mafungo opanda mphamvu ofananira ndi zachilengedwe.

TAKAHASHI Toshio ndi wotsutsa zachilengedwe yemwe amakhala moyandikana ndi Futenma Marine Corps. Zomwe adakumana nazo pomenya nkhondo kuti azitha kuyendetsa phokoso kuchokera pa airbase zimapereka phunziro lofunikira pakutsutsana ndi anthu aku America omwe akuwononga dziko lakwawo.

Amagwira ntchito ngati mlembi wa Futenma US Air Base Bombing Lawsuit Group. Kuyambira 2002, adathandizira kuzenga mlandu woweruza milandu kuti athetse phokoso lomwe linayambitsidwa ndi ndege zankhondo yaku US. Khotilo lidagamula mu 2010 komanso mu 2020 kuti phokoso lomwe lidayambitsidwa ndi kayendetsedwe ka ndege zankhondo yaku US ndilosaloleka komanso kupitilira zomwe zimawoneka ngati zololezeka mwalamulo, kuti boma la Japan lilinso ndi mlandu pazowonongekazo kwa anthuwa ndipo liyenera kulipilira nzika .

Popeza boma la Japan lilibe ulamuliro wowongolera kayendetsedwe ka ndege zankhondo yaku US, pempho la Takahashi loti "lamulo lakuwuluka" lidakanidwa, ndipo kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha phokoso la ndege kukupitilizabe. Mlandu wachitatu pakadali pano ukuyembekezera ku Khothi Lalikulu la Okinawa. Imeneyi ndi mlandu waukulu wokhala ndi anthu opitilira 5,000 omwe akuti akuwonongeka.

"Pambuyo pa zomwe Futenma amachita thobvu mu Epulo la 2020," a Takahashi adalongosola,

boma la Japan (komanso boma ndi anthu okhalamo) sanathe kufufuza zomwe zinachitika mkati mwa malo ankhondo a US. Pulogalamu ya

 US - Mgwirizano Wapagulu Wamaphunziro ku Japan, kapena SOFA  amaika patsogolo asitikali aku US omwe amakhala ku Japan ndipo amalepheretsa boma kuti lifufuze komwe kuli PFAS komanso zomwe zachitika ngoziyi. ”

Pankhani yaposachedwa yankhondo ku Uruma City, boma la Japan (mwachitsanzo, boma la Okinawa) silingathe kufufuzanso chomwe chidayambitsa kuipitsidwa.

Takahashi adalongosola, "Zawonetsedwa kuti kuipitsidwa kwa PFAS kumayambitsa khansa ndipo kumatha kukhudza kukula kwa mwana ndi kuyambitsa matenda kwa ana ang'onoang'ono, chifukwa chake kufunafuna choyambitsa ndikuyeretsa kuyipitsako ndikofunikira kuti titeteze miyoyo ya okhala ndikukwaniritsa udindo wathu mtsogolo mibadwo. ”

Takahashi akuti adamva kuti kupita patsogolo ku US, komwe asitikali afufuza za kuipitsidwa kwa PFAS ndipo adatenga gawo lina pakuyeretsa. "Izi sizili choncho ndi asitikali aku US omwe amakhala kutsidya lina," akutero. "Miyezo iwiri yotereyi ndi yosankhana komanso yopanda ulemu kumayiko omwe akutilandirayo komanso zigawo zomwe asitikali aku US akupezeka, ndipo sangaloledwe," adatero.

Tithokoze a Joseph Essertier, Wogwirizira ku Japan chifukwa cha World BEYOND War ndi Pulofesa Wothandizira ku Nagoya Institute of Technology. Joseph adathandizira kumasulira komanso ndemanga zamakalata.