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Chakumapeto kwa Marichi chaka chino, mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi adzakumana ku likulu la United Nations ku New York City kuti ayambe kukambirana za pangano loletsa zida za nyukiliya. Chidzakhala chochitika chosaiwalika m’mbiri yapadziko lonse. Sikuti kukambirana kotereku sikunachitikepo - zida za nyukiliya zimakhalabe gulu lokhalo la zida zowonongeka (WMD) zomwe siziletsedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi malamulo apadziko lonse - ndondomekoyi ikuwonetsanso kusintha kwa zokambirana za mayiko ambiri.
Potulukira monga gawo la “chitukuko” cha ku Ulaya m’zaka za zana la 19, malamulo ankhondo anatanthauza, mwa zina, kuti kusiyanitsa "otukuka" ku Europe kuchokera ku "osatukuka" padziko lonse lapansi. Pamene mbiri yabwino ndi amishonale ake anafalikira kumadera akutali kwambiri a dziko, chizindikiro chamwambo cha Matchalitchi Achikristu cha ku Ulaya sichinachitenso chinyengo. M'mawu a Hegelian, chitukuko cha malamulo a nkhondo chinapangitsa kuti maulamuliro akale a ku Ulaya akhalebe ndi chidziwitso chofanana ponyalanyaza "Zina" zosatukuka.
Anthu omwe amawonedwa kuti sangathe kapena osafuna kutsatira malamulo a ku Europe ndi miyambo yankhondo adanenedwa kuti ndi osatukuka chifukwa chosakhazikika. Kusankhidwa kukhala osatukuka kunatanthauza kuti khomo la umembala wonse wa gulu la mayiko linatsekedwa; ndale zachitukuko sizikanatha kukhazikitsa malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi kapena kutenga nawo gawo pamisonkhano yaukazembe yofanana ndi mayiko otukuka. Komanso, maiko osatukuka akanalandidwa kapena kudyeredwa masuku pamutu ndi Azungu amakhalidwe abwino kwambiri. Komanso anthu osatukuka anali analibe mangawa a khalidwe lofanana monga otukuka. Malingaliro awa nthawi zambiri amakhala osamveka, koma nthawi zina amatsutsana pagulu. Pamsonkhano wa ku Hague mu 1899, mwachitsanzo, maulamuliro atsamunda anakambirana ngati angakhazikitse lamulo loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kukulitsa zipolopolo kwa asitikali amitundu "otukuka" pomwe akusungabe kugwiritsa ntchito zida zotere polimbana ndi "ankhanza". Kwa mayiko ambiri ku Global South, cholowa chazaka za m'ma XNUMX ndi chimodzi chophatikizana manyazi ndi manyazi.
Zonsezi sizikutanthauza kuti malamulo ankhondo alibe malangizo a makhalidwe abwino. Inu mu belloMalamulo ofunikira a "chitetezo chosamenya nkhondo", kulinganiza pakati pa zolinga ndi njira, ndi kupewa kuvulala kopitilira muyeso zitha kutetezedwa ngati malamulo oyenera (komanso akhala akukopa anakayikira). M'kupita kwa nthawi, kuonjezera apo, magwero amtundu wamtundu wa malamulo ankhondo adalowa m'malo mwa zomwe zili padziko lonse lapansi. Ndi iko komwe, malamulo enieni oyendetsera ziwawa sazindikira kuti magulu omenyanawo ndi ndani komanso kuti ali ndi mlandu woyambitsa mikangano.
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa mayiko otukuka ndi osatukuka kumakhalabe mu nkhani zalamulo zapadziko lonse lapansi. The Lamulo la International Court of Justice—chinthu choyandikana kwambiri ndi malamulo amakono amitundu yonse kukhala ndi malamulo oyendetsera dziko—chimazindikiritsa monga magwero a malamulo a mayiko osati mapangano ndi miyambo chabe, komanso “mfundo wamba za malamulo ovomerezedwa ndi maiko otukuka.” Poyambirira akunena momveka bwino European Society of states, maumboni a "maiko otukuka" masiku ano amatengedwa kuti apemphe "gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi". Gulu lomalizali ndi gulu lophatikizana kwambiri kuposa lomwe linali loyambirira ku Europe, koma silinathe konse m'maiko onse. Maiko omwe akuganiziridwa kuti ali kunja kwa mayiko - gulu lomwe nthawi zambiri limadza chifukwa chokhala ndi chikhumbo chenicheni chofuna kupanga WMD - nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "rouge" kapena "bandit". (Mwachidziwitso, kusiya kwa Colonel Gaddafi ku WMD mu 2003 kudapangitsa Tony Blair kunena kuti Libya tsopano ili ndi ufulu"kujowinanso gulu la mayiko”.) Kampeni yoletsa zida zamagulumagulu, mabomba okwirira, zida zoyaka moto, misampha yamoto, mpweya wapoizoni, ndi zida zankhondo zonse zidagwiritsa ntchito njira za anthu otukuka, osatukuka, odalirika/osavomerezeka kuti afotokozere uthenga wawo.
Kampeni yomwe ikuchitika yoletsa zida za nyukiliya imagwiritsa ntchito mawu ofanana. Koma khalidwe lapadera la kayendetsedwe kake kakuletsa zida za nyukiliya si malingaliro omwe amapangidwa nawo, koma chidziwitso cha omwe adazipanga. Ngakhale kampeni zonse zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa zidapangidwa kapena kuthandizidwa ndi mayiko ambiri aku Europe, gulu loletsa mgwirizano wa zida za nyukiliya ndi nthawi yoyamba yomwe chida chalamulo chothandizira anthu padziko lonse lapansi chikukakamizika kukhalapo motsutsana ndi kumenyedwa ndi kukuwa kwa European. Ntchito yotukuka yakusalana kokhazikika yatsatiridwa ndi omwe poyamba adalandira.
Chaka chino, chotsutsidwa kwambiri ndi anthu ambiri olemera, a Kumadzulo, mgwirizano woletsa zida za nyukiliya udzakambidwa ndi omwe kale anali "osauka" ndi "akunja" a Global South. (Zowona, pulojekiti yoletsa panganoyi imathandizidwa ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya omwe salowerera ndale monga Austria, Ireland, ndi Sweden. Komabe ambiri mwa otsatira chiletsochi ndi mayiko a mu Africa, Latin America, ndi Asia-Pacific). Iwo amanena kuti kukhala ndi zida za nyukiliya ndi kugwiritsa ntchito sikungagwirizane ndi mfundo za malamulo ankhondo. Pafupifupi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zonse zanyukiliya kupha anthu wamba osawerengeka komanso kuwononga kwambiri chilengedwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukhala ndi zida za nyukiliya, mwachidule, sikukhala bwino ndipo kuyenera kunenedwa kuti ndi koletsedwa.
Pangano loletsa, ngati livomerezedwa, mosakayikira lidzapangidwa ndi mawu achidule onena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito, kukhala, ndi kusamutsa zida za nyukiliya sikuloledwa. Kuletsa kwa ndalama m'makampani omwe akukhudzidwa ndi kupanga zida za nyukiliya kungakhalenso m'malemba. Koma tsatanetsatane wa kuthetsedwa kwa zida zanyukiliya ndi nsanja zoperekera ziyenera kusiyidwa mtsogolo. Kukambilana za izi kungafune kupezeka ndi kuthandizidwa ndi mayiko okhala ndi zida za nyukiliya, ndikuti, pakadali pano, ndi osati zikhoza kuchitika.
Great Britain, yomwe idakhala yonyamula malamulo ankhondo kwanthawi yayitali, yakhala zaka zingapo zapitazi kuyesa kusokoneza ntchito yoletsa pangano. Maboma a Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, ndi Spain akuchirikiza dziko la Britain pokana kuti zida za nyukiliya zikhale zoletsedwa, monganso mmene Australia, Canada, ndi United States zimachitira. Palibe m'modzi wa iwo amene akuyembekezeka kukakhala nawo pazokambirana. United Kingdom ndi ogwirizana nawo akunena kuti zida za nyukiliya ndizosiyana ndi zida zina zonse. Iwo amati zida za nyukiliya si zida ayi, koma “zotchinga”—zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida za nyukiliya zanzeru ndiponso zodalirika kuposa ulamuliro wa malamulo. Komabe, malinga ndi momwe mayiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kutsutsa kwa mayiko okhala ndi zida za nyukiliya ndi ogwirizana nawo kuletsa zida za nyukiliya kumawoneka ngati chinyengo kwambiri. Ochirikiza chiletso amatsutsa kuti, kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya sikungasemphane ndi mzimu wa mfundo zonse za malamulo ankhondo, zotsatira zaumunthu ndi zachilengedwe za nkhondo ya nyukiliya sizikanakhala ndi malire a mayiko.
Gulu loletsa mgwirizano m'njira zina limafanana ndi kuukira kwa Haiti mu 1791. Yotsirizirayi inali nthawi yoyamba yomwe anthu omwe anali akapolo anapandukira mbuye wawo m'malo mwa "zikhalidwe zapadziko lonse" zomwe akapolowo amanena kuti amatsatira - kupanduka kwa filosofi. Slavoj Žižek ali wotchedwa 'chimodzi mwa zochitika zazikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu.' Poyenda motsatira nyimbo ya Marseillaise, akapolo a ku Haiti anafuna kuti mawu akuti " ufulu, kufananandipo ubale kutengedwa pamtengo. Maiko omwe amalimbikitsa mgwirizano woletsa nyukiliya siali akapolo ngati aku Haiti, koma milandu yonseyi imagawana galamala yofanana: mndandanda wazinthu zapadziko lonse lapansi kwa nthawi yoyamba ukuperekedwa motsutsana ndi omwe adazipanga.
Mofanana ndi kusintha kwa dziko la Haiti, kumene akuluakulu a ku France anatonthozedwa kwa zaka zambiri Napoleon asanatumize gulu lankhondo kuti lithetse, gulu la nyukiliya loletsa mgwirizano wa nyukiliya silinanyalanyazidwe pa zokambirana za anthu. Popeza mfundo yoletsedwa ndi kuchititsa manyazi United Kingdom ndi mayiko ena okhala ndi zida za nyukiliya kuti achepetse ndipo potsirizira pake athetse WMD yawo, kusuntha kodziwikiratu kwa Theresa May ndi boma lake ndikulola kuti zokambirana za mgwirizano woletsedwa zipitirire mwakachetechete. Palibe chidwi, palibe manyazi. Pakadali pano, atolankhani aku Britain apangitsa kuti ntchito ya boma la UK ikhale yosavuta.
Zikuwonekeratu kuti dziko la Britain ndi mayiko ena omwe ali ndi zida zanyukiliya atha kuletsa zomwe zikuchitika m'malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. Zikuwonekeranso ngati pangano loletsa panganoli lidzakhudza kwambiri zoyesayesa zochepetsera ndi kuthetsa zida za nyukiliya. N’zothekadi kuti pangano loletsa panganoli lidzakhala ndi zotsatirapo zochepa kuposa zimene ochirikiza ake akuyembekezera. Koma kusintha kwa malamulo ndikofunika kwambiri. Zikuwonetsa kuti mayiko ngati Britain sasangalalanso ndi chiyani Hedley Bull kudziwika ngati chigawo chapakati cha udindo monga mphamvu yaikulu: 'mphamvu zazikulu ndi mphamvu ozindikiridwa ndi ena kukhala ndi … maufulu ndi ntchito zapadera'. Ufulu wapadera wa Britain wokhala ndi zida za nyukiliya, wolembedwa ndi Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968, tsopano akuchotsedwa ndi mayiko. Kipling-ndakatulo ya ufumuwo - akukumbukira:
Ngati, kuledzera ndi kuona mphamvu, timamasula
Malirime achipongwe omwe sakuopani Inu,
kudzitamandira kotere kwa amitundu;
Kapena ana aang’ono opanda lamulo—
Yehova, Mulungu wa makamu, khalani ndi ife,
Kuopa kuti tingaiwale—kuti tingaiwale!
