Ndi David Swanson
Buku latsopano la Daniel Ellsberg ndi Njira ya Doomsday: Confessions ya Nuclear War Planner. Ndamudziwa wolemba kwa zaka zambiri, ndine wonyada kuposa kale kunena. Tachita zochitika zolankhula komanso zoyankhulana ndi media limodzi. Tamangidwa limodzi potsutsa nkhondo. Takambirana za ndale zachisankho poyera. Takambirana mwamseri za chilungamo cha Nkhondo Yadziko II. (Dan amavomereza kuti US alowe mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, ndipo akuwoneka kuti akumenyana ndi Korea, ngakhale kuti alibe kanthu koma kutsutsidwa chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mabomba kwa anthu wamba omwe amapanga zambiri zomwe US anachita pankhondo zimenezo.) adayamika malingaliro ake ndipo adandifunsa zanga mosadziwika bwino pamafunso amtundu uliwonse. Koma bukuli landiphunzitsa zambiri zomwe sindimadziwa za Daniel Ellsberg komanso zadziko lapansi.
Ngakhale Ellsberg akuvomereza kuti anali ndi zikhulupiriro zowopsa komanso zonyenga zomwe sali nazonso, kuti adagwira ntchito m'gulu lomwe likukonzekera kupha anthu, kutenga njira zabwino ngati munthu wamkati yemwe adatsutsa, komanso kulemba mawu omwe sanagwirizane nawo. phunziraninso kuchokera m'bukuli kuti adachita bwino ndikusuntha kwambiri boma la US kutsata mfundo zosasamala komanso zowopsa kwanthawi yayitali asanasiyiretu sukulu ndikukhala wofotokozera mluzu. Ndipo pamene iye analimba muluzi, anali ndi dongosolo lalikulu kwambiri la izo kuposa momwe aliyense ankadziwira.
Ellsberg sanakopere ndikuchotsa masamba 7,000 omwe adakhala Pentagon Papers. Anakopera ndi kuchotsa masamba pafupifupi 15,000. Masamba enawo anali onena za mfundo zankhondo yanyukiliya. Anakonza zowapangira nkhani zotsatizana pambuyo pake, atawunikira koyamba pankhondo yaku Vietnam. Masamba adatayika, ndipo izi sizinachitike, ndipo ndikudabwa kuti zikanakhudza bwanji chifukwa chothetsa mabomba a nyukiliya. Ndimadabwanso chifukwa chake bukuli lakhala nthawi yayitali kubwera, osati kuti Ellsberg sanadzaze zaka zingapo ndi ntchito yamtengo wapatali. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, tsopano tili ndi buku lomwe limakumbukira kukumbukira kwa Ellsberg, zolemba zomwe zadziwika kwa zaka zambiri, kupititsa patsogolo kumvetsetsa kwa sayansi, ntchito ya oimba mlandu ena ndi ofufuza, kuvomereza kwa okonza zida za nyukiliya, ndi zina zomwe zidachitika m'mbuyomu. kapena choncho.
Ndikukhulupirira kuti bukuli ndi lowerengedwa kwambiri, ndipo chimodzi mwa maphunziro omwe atengedwa m'bukuli ndi kufunikira kwa mtundu wa anthu kuti ukhale wodzichepetsa. Pano tikuwerenga nkhani yapafupi kuchokera mkati mwa White House ndi Pentagon ya gulu la anthu omwe akukonzekera nkhondo za nyukiliya pogwiritsa ntchito lingaliro lonyenga la zomwe mabomba a nyukiliya angachite (kusiya zotsatira za moto ndi utsi chifukwa cha kuwerengera anthu ovulala, komanso kusowa lingaliro lenileni la nyengo yozizira ya nyukiliya), komanso kutengera nkhani zongopeka za zomwe Soviet Union ikuchita (pokhulupirira kuti ikuganiza zolakwa pamene ikuganiza zodzitchinjiriza, kukhulupirira kuti inali ndi zida za 1,000 intercontinental ballistic pomwe inali ndi zinayi), ndipo idakhazikitsidwa. pakumvetsetsa kolakwika kwa zomwe ena mu boma la US palokha anali kuchita (ndi kuchuluka kwachinsinsi kukana zonse zoona komanso zabodza kwa anthu ndi maboma ambiri). Imeneyi ndi nkhani ya kunyalanyaza mopambanitsa moyo wa munthu, kuposa ya amene analenga ndi oyesa bomba la atomiki, amene amabetcherana ngati lingayatse mpweya ndi kutentha dziko lapansi. Anzake a Ellsberg adatsogozedwa ndi mikangano yaufulu komanso kudana kwamalingaliro kotero kuti angakonde kapena kutsutsa zoponya zambiri zochokera pamtunda ngati zingapindule ndi Air Force kapena kuvulaza Asitikali apamadzi, ndipo amakonzekera nkhondo iliyonse ndi Russia kuti iwononge zida zanyukiliya nthawi yomweyo. mzinda uliwonse ku Russia ndi China (komanso ku Europe kudzera pa zida zoponya mabomba zapakati pa Soviet Union komanso kugwa kwafupipafupi kwa zida zanyukiliya zaku US pagawo la Soviet bloc). Phatikizani chithunzichi cha atsogoleri athu okondedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa omwe adaphonya posachedwa chifukwa cha kusamvetsetsana ndi ngozi zomwe taphunzira kwazaka zambiri, ndipo chodabwitsa ndichakuti chitsiru chanzeru chimakhala mu White House lero ndikuwopseza moto ndi ukali, ndi Msonkhano wa komiti ya Congression poyera akunamizira kuti palibe chomwe chingachitike kuti aletse kufalikira kwa Trump. Chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti anthu akadalipo.
“Misala mwa munthu ndi chinthu chosowa; koma m’magulu, maphwando, mitundu, ndi nyengo, ndilo lamulo.” -Friedrich Nietzsche, wotchulidwa ndi Daniel Ellsberg.
Memo yolembedwera Purezidenti Kennedy yekha kuti awone idayankha funso la kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe angafe ku Russia ndi China pakuukira kwa nyukiliya ku US. Ellsberg anali atafunsa funsolo ndipo analoledwa kuwerenga yankho lake. Ngakhale linali yankho losadziwa za momwe nyengo yachisanu ya nyukiliya ingapha anthu onse, ndipo ngakhale kuti chifukwa chachikulu cha imfa, moto, unasiyidwanso, lipotilo linanena kuti pafupifupi 1/3 ya anthu adzafa. Imeneyi inali ndondomeko yoti aphedwe mwamsanga pambuyo poyambitsa nkhondo ndi Russia. Kulungamitsidwa kwa misala yotere nthawi zonse kwakhala kudzinyenga, ndikunyenga anthu mwadala.
Ellsberg analemba kuti: “Zifukwa zomwe zalengezedwa za dongosolo lotereli nthawi zonse zakhala kufunikira koletsa—kapena ngati n’koyenera kuyankha—kumenya koopsa koyamba kwa zida zanyukiliya ku Russia kolimbana ndi United States. Zimene anthu ambiri amakhulupirirazi ndi chinyengo chadala. Kulepheretsa kuukira modzidzimutsa kwa nyukiliya ya Soviet-kapena kuyankha kuukira koteroko sikunakhale kokha kapena cholinga chachikulu cha mapulani athu ndi kukonzekera kwathu. Chikhalidwe, kukula, ndi kaimidwe ka mphamvu zathu zanyukiliya zakhala zikugwirizana ndi zofunikira za zolinga zosiyana kwambiri: kuyesa kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa United States kuchokera ku kubwezera kwa Soviet kapena ku Russia mpaka kumenyana koyamba ndi US ku USSR kapena Russia. Kuthekera uku, makamaka, cholinga chake ndi kulimbikitsa kukhulupilika kwa ziwopsezo zaku US kuti ziyambitse ziwopsezo zochepa za nyukiliya, kapena kukulitsa - ziwopsezo zaku US za 'kugwiritsa ntchito koyamba' - kuti zichitike m'mikangano yachigawo, yomwe sinali ya nyukiliya yokhudzana ndi asitikali aku Soviet kapena Russia kapena ogwirizana.”
Koma United States sinawopseza nkhondo ya nyukiliya mpaka Trump atabwera!
Mukukhulupirira izi?
"Mapurezidenti aku US," Ellsberg akutiuza, "agwiritsa ntchito zida zathu zanyukiliya kambirimbiri 'm'mavuto,' makamaka mobisa kwa anthu aku America (ngakhale osachokera kwa adani). Iwo azigwiritsa ntchito mofanana ndi mmene mfuti imagwiritsidwira ntchito polozetsa munthu pa mkangano.”
Atsogoleri aku US omwe apanga ziwopsezo za nyukiliya pagulu kapena zachinsinsi ku mayiko ena, zomwe tikudziwa, komanso monga momwe Ellsberg adafotokozera, aphatikiza Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, George HW Bush, Bill Clinton, ndi Donald Trump, pomwe ena. , kuphatikizapo Barack Obama, nthawi zambiri adanena zinthu monga "Zosankha zonse zili patebulo" pokhudzana ndi Iran kapena dziko lina.
Chabwino, batani la nyukiliya liri m'manja mwa pulezidenti yekha, ndipo angagwiritse ntchito ndi mgwirizano wa msilikali yemwe amanyamula "mpira," ndipo pokhapokha potsatira akuluakulu osiyanasiyana mkati mwa asilikali a US.
Mukunena zowona?
Sikuti Congress idangomva kuchokera pamndandanda wa mboni zomwe aliyense adanena kuti sipangakhale njira yoletsa Trump kapena purezidenti wina aliyense kuyambitsa nkhondo yanyukiliya (popeza kuti kuyimitsidwa ndi kuimbidwa mlandu siziyenera kutchulidwa pokhudzana ndi chilichonse chocheperako ngati apocalypse. kupewa). Koma sizinachitikepo kuti ndi purezidenti yekha amene angalamule kugwiritsa ntchito nukes. Ndipo "mpira" ndi gawo la zisudzo. Omvera ndi anthu aku US. Zithunzi za Elaine Scarry Monarchy ya Thermonuclear ikufotokoza momwe mphamvu zapurezidenti zayendera kuchokera ku chikhulupiriro cha pulezidenti wa nyukiliya yekhayo. Koma ndi chikhulupiriro chonyenga.
Ellsberg akufotokoza momwe magulu osiyanasiyana a olamulira apatsidwa mphamvu zoyambitsa nukes, momwe lingaliro lonse la chiwonongeko chotsimikizirika mwa kubwezera limadalira mphamvu ya United States kukhazikitsa makina ake a tsiku lachiwonongeko ngakhale pulezidenti alibe mphamvu, ndi momwe ena mu Asilikali amawona apurezidenti osatha chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo ngakhale atakhala ndi moyo wabwino ndipo amakhulupirira kuti ndi udindo wa akuluakulu ankhondo kuti abweretse mapeto. Zomwezo zinali ndipo mwina zikadali zowona ku Russia, ndipo mwina ndi zoona pakukula kwa mayiko a nyukiliya. Nayi Ellsberg: "Komanso purezidenti panthawiyo kapena pano - pokhala ndi malamulo ofunikira kuti ayambitse kapena kuphulitsa zida zilizonse za nyukiliya (palibe malamulo apadera otere omwe adakhalapo ndi purezidenti aliyense) - mwakuthupi kapena modalirika kulepheretsa Joint Chiefs of Staff. kapena mkulu wa asilikali aliyense wa m’bwalo la zisudzo (kapena, monga ndalongosolera, wolamulira wantchito) kuti asapereke malamulo otsimikizirika oterowo.” Ellsberg atakwanitsa kudziwitsa Kennedy zaulamuliro womwe Eisenhower adapereka kuti agwiritse ntchito zida za nyukiliya, Kennedy anakana kusintha ndondomekoyi. Trump, mwa njira, akuti wakhala akufunitsitsa kwambiri kuposa momwe Obama ankaperekera mphamvu zopha anthu pogwiritsa ntchito zida za drone, komanso kukulitsa kupanga ndi kuopseza kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya.
Ellsberg akulongosola kuyesetsa kwake kuti akuluakulu a boma, mlembi wa "chitetezo" ndi pulezidenti, adziwe za ndondomeko zankhondo za nyukiliya zomwe zimasungidwa mwachinsinsi ndikunama ndi asilikali. Uwu unali njira yake yoyamba yoimbira mluzu: kuuza pulezidenti zomwe asilikali akufuna. Amakhudzanso kukana kwa ena ankhondo ku zisankho zina za Purezidenti Kennedy, komanso mantha a mtsogoleri wa Soviet Nikita Khrushchev kuti Kennedy angakumane ndi kulanda. Koma pankhani ya mfundo za nyukiliya, kulanda boma kudalipo Kennedy asanafike ku White House. Olamulira a malo akutali omwe nthawi zambiri amataya mauthenga amamvetsetsa (amamvetsa?) okha kuti akhale ndi mphamvu zoyendetsa ndege zawo zonse, zonyamula zida za nyukiliya, kuti zinyamuke nthawi imodzi pamsewu womwewo m'dzina la liwiro, komanso pangozi ya tsoka liwiro la ndege. Ndegezi zimayenera kupita ku mizinda ya Russia ndi China, popanda ndondomeko yogwirizana yopulumutsira ndege ina iliyonse yomwe ikudutsa m'deralo. Chani Dr. Strangelove mwina adalakwitsa sikunaphatikizepo zokwanira za Keystone Cops.
Kennedy anakana kuika pakati pa mphamvu za nyukiliya, ndipo pamene Ellsberg adadziwitsa Mlembi wa "Chitetezo" Robert McNamara za nukes za US zomwe zimasungidwa ku Japan mosaloledwa, McNamara anakana kuzichotsa. Koma Ellsberg adakwanitsa kukonzanso ndondomeko ya nkhondo ya nyukiliya ya US kuti asamangokonzekera kuukira mizinda yonse ndi cholinga choganizira njira yolowera kutali ndi mizinda ndi kufunafuna kuthetsa nkhondo ya nyukiliya yomwe idayamba, yomwe ingafunike kusunga malamulo ndi kulamulira. mbali zonse ziwiri, zomwe zingalole kuti lamulo ndi ulamuliro wotere ukhalepo. Ellsberg akulemba kuti: “Chitsogozo cha 'Changa' chokonzedwanso chinakhala maziko a mapulani ankhondo a Kennedy—omwe ine ndinawunikiridwa monga Wachiwiri kwa Mlembi Gilpatric mu 1962, 1963, komanso mu ulamuliro wa Johnson mu 1964. Zanenedwa ndi akatswiri ndi akatswiri kuti zakhala zikuthandizira kwambiri pokonzekera zankhondo zaku US kuyambira pamenepo. "
Nkhani ya Ellsberg ya Crisis Missile Crisis yokha ndiyo chifukwa chopezera bukuli. Ngakhale kuti Ellsberg ankakhulupirira kuti ulamuliro weniweni wa US (mosiyana ndi nthano zonena za "misala ya mizinga") zikutanthauza kuti sipadzakhala nkhondo ya Soviet, Kennedy anali kuuza anthu kuti abisale mobisa. Ellsberg ankafuna kuti Kennedy auze mwachinsinsi Khrushchev kuti asiye kuchita bluffing. Ellsberg adalemba gawo lakulankhula kwa Wachiwiri kwa Mlembi wa Chitetezo Roswell Gilpatric yomwe idakula m'malo mochepetsa mikangano, mwina chifukwa Ellsberg sanali kuganiza kuti Soviet Union imachita zinthu zodzitchinjiriza, za Khrushchev ngati bluffing ponena za kuthekera kwachiwiri. Ellsberg akuganiza kuti kulakwitsa kwake kunathandizira kuti USSR iike mizinga ku Cuba. Kenako Ellsberg adalembera mawu McNamara, kutsatira malangizo, ngakhale adakhulupirira kuti zikhala zowopsa, ndipo zidatero.
Ellsberg adatsutsa kuchotsa zida za US ku Turkey (ndipo amakhulupirira kuti sizinakhudze kuthetsa vutoli). M'nkhani yake, Kennedy ndi Khrushchev akadavomereza mgwirizano uliwonse m'malo mwa nkhondo ya nyukiliya, komabe adakankhira zotsatira zabwino mpaka atakhala m'mphepete mwa thanthwe. Mkulu wina wa ku Cuba yemwe anali wotsika kwambiri adawombera ndege ya US, ndipo US sanathe kuganiza kuti sinali ntchito ya Fidel Castro molamulidwa ndi Khrushchev. Panthawiyi, Khrushchev ankakhulupiriranso kuti inali ntchito ya Castro. Ndipo Khrushchev adadziwa kuti Soviet Union yayika zida zanyukiliya za 100 ku Cuba ndi akuluakulu akumaloko ololedwa kuzigwiritsa ntchito polimbana ndi kuwukira. Khrushchev adamvetsetsanso kuti akangogwiritsidwa ntchito, United States ikhoza kuyambitsa zida zake zanyukiliya ku Russia. Khrushchev adathamangira kukalengeza kuti mivi ichoka ku Cuba. Malinga ndi Ellsberg, adachita izi asanachite chilichonse chokhudza Turkey. Ngakhale kuti aliyense amene adawongolera vutoli m'njira yoyenera atha kupulumutsa dziko lapansi, kuphatikiza Vassily Arkhipov yemwe anakana kuyambitsa torpedo ya nyukiliya kuchokera ku sitima yapamadzi ya Soviet, ngwazi yeniyeni ya nthano ya Ellsberg ndi, pamapeto pake, ndikuganiza, Nikita Khrushchev, amene anasankha mwano ndi manyazi m’malo mwa chiwonongeko. Iye sanali munthu wofunitsitsa kuvomereza chipongwe. Koma, zowona, ngakhale zinyozo zomwe adamaliza kuzivomereza sizinaphatikizepo kutchedwa "Little Rocket Man."
Gawo lachiwiri la buku la Ellsberg likuphatikizapo mbiri yodziwika bwino ya kuphulika kwa mabomba mumlengalenga komanso kuvomereza kupha anthu wamba ngati chinthu china osati kupha komwe kunkaganiziridwa kuti kunali nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse isanayambe. (Mu 2016, ndingazindikire, woyang'anira mkangano wa pulezidenti adafunsa ofuna kusankha ngati angalole kuphulitsa ana mazana ndi zikwi za ana monga gawo la ntchito zawo zoyambirira.) Ellsberg poyamba amatipatsa nkhani yanthawi zonse yomwe Germany yoyamba inaphulitsa London, ndipo kokha Patapita chaka, asilikali a Britain anaphulitsa mabomba ku Germany. Koma kenako akufotokoza za kuphulitsa mabomba kwa Britain, m’mbuyomo, mu May 1940, monga kubwezera kuphulitsa mabomba ku Germany ku Rotterdam. Ndikuganiza kuti akanatha kubwereranso ku bomba la April 12 la siteshoni ya sitima ya ku Germany, kuphulika kwa mabomba kwa April 22 ku Oslo, ndi kuphulika kwa mabomba kwa April 25 m'tawuni ya Heide, zomwe zinachititsa kuti Germany iwopseza kubwezera. (Onani Utsi Wamunthu yolembedwa ndi Nicholson Baker.) Ndithudi, Germany anali ataphulitsa kale mabomba anthu wamba ku Spain ndi Poland, monga momwe anachitira Britain ku Iraq, India, ndi South Africa, ndiponso monga momwe anachitira mbali zonse ziŵiri pamlingo wocheperapo m’nkhondo yadziko yoyamba. Ellsberg akufotokozanso za kuchuluka kwa masewera olakwa kusanachitike blitz ku London:
"Hitler anali kunena kuti, 'Tidzabweza kambirimbiri ngati mupitiliza izi. Ngati simusiya kuphulitsa mabomba kumeneku, tidzagunda London.' Churchill anapitirizabe kuukira, ndipo patatha milungu iwiri chiwonongeko choyambacho, pa September 7, Blitz inayamba-kuukira koyamba kwadala ku London. Izi zidaperekedwa ndi Hitler monga momwe adayankhira pakuwukira kwa Britain ku Berlin. Kuukira kwa Britain, komweko, kunaperekedwa monga kuyankha ku zomwe Germany amakhulupirira kuti ndi kuwukira kwadala kwa London.
Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, ndi akaunti ya Ellsberg - ndipo ingatsutse bwanji? - m'mawu anga, kunali kuphedwa kwa mlengalenga ndi magulu angapo. Kuvomereza izi kwakhala kuli nafe kuyambira pamenepo. Njira yoyamba yotsegula zipata za malo opulumukiraku, omwe a Ellsberg adalimbikitsa, ingakhale kukhazikitsa lamulo loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito koyamba. Thandizani kuchita izo apa.
