Wolemba Marc Pilisuk, Oct, 24, 2017
Panthawi yakulira kapena kuopa zoopsa zomwe zilipo, psyche yaumunthu imatha kukana ndikunyalanyaza zoopsa zomwe zikubwera. Purezidenti Trump adakweza chiyembekezo cholowera kunkhondo yanyukiliya ndi North Korea. Ndikofunikira kuti ena a ife tithane ndi chizolowezi ichi. Mu nkhondo ya nyukiliya pali kuphulika, mphepo yamkuntho ndi zotsatira za ma radiation ndipo palibe oyankha oyambirira kapena zipangizo zothandizira opulumuka. Iyi ndi nthawi yoyang'anizana ndi kupewa zomwe sizingaganizidwe.
Zida za nyukiliya
Mpaka kubwera kwa bomba la atomiki, nkhondo inalibe mphamvu yotha, kwa nthawi zonse, kupitiriza kwa anthu kapena kuopseza kupitiriza kwa moyo weniweniwo. Mabomba a atomiki omwe adagwetsedwa ku Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki adapha anthu ambiri omwe adaphedwa ndi zida zomwe zidadziwikabe. M'miyezi iwiri kapena inayi yoyambirira kuphulitsidwa, zotsatira zoyipa za kuphulika kwa bomba la atomiki zidapha anthu 90,000-146,000 ku Hiroshima ndi 39,000-80,000 ku Nagasaki; pafupifupi theka la anthu akufa mumzinda uliwonse kunachitika tsiku loyamba.
Chiwopsezo cha zida za nyukiliya chawonjezeka. Izi zinanenedwa ndi Purezidenti Kennedy:
Masiku ano, aliyense wokhala padziko lapansili ayenera kuganizira za tsiku limene dziko lapansili silidzakhalanso anthu. Mwamuna aliyense, mkazi, ndi mwana amakhala pansi pa lupanga la nyukiliya la Damocles, lopachikidwa ndi ulusi wochepa kwambiri, womwe ungathe kudulidwa nthawi iliyonse mwangozi kapena kulakwitsa kapena misala.[I]
Mlembi wakale wa chitetezo William J. Perry anati: “Sindinachitepo mantha ndi kuphulitsidwa kwa zida za nyukiliya kuposa panopo—Pali kuthekera kokulirapo kwa 50 peresenti kwa kuukira kwa zida za nyukiliya kwa dziko la United States m’zaka khumi.”[Ii] Zowopsa za apocalyptic ngati izi, zomwe tikudziwa kuti zilipo koma sizimanyalanyaza, zikupitiliza kutikhudza. Amatikankhira kutali ndi kulumikizana kwanthawi yayitali ndi dziko lathu lapansi, kutikakamiza kukhala ndi moyo kwakanthawi ngati mphindi iliyonse ingakhale yomaliza.[III]
Chidziwitso cha anthu pakali pano chagogomezera kuthekera kwa zida za nyukiliya zomwe zigawenga zidzawukire. Bungwe la RAND lidachita kafukufuku kuti awone zomwe zigawenga zaphulitsa nyukiliya ya 10-kiloton ku Port of Long Beach, California.[Iv] Zida zowonetsera mwanzeru zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ziwone zotsatira zanthawi yayitali komanso zazitali. Inanenanso kuti dera la m'derali kapena dziko lonselo siliri okonzeka kuthana ndi vuto la zida zanyukiliya zomwe zingabweretse ku US m'sitima yapamadzi. Long Beach ndiye doko lachitatu lotanganidwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, pomwe pafupifupi 30% yazogulitsa zonse zaku US ndi zotumiza kunja zikuyenda kudutsamo. Lipotilo linanena kuti chida cha nyukiliya chophulitsidwa pansi chomwe chaphulitsidwa m'chotengeracho chingapangitse mazana angapo masikweya kilomita kuchokera kudera lomwe lagwa kuti lisathe kukhalamo Kuphulika kotereku kungawononge chuma chomwe sichinachitikepo m'dziko lonselo komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Monga chitsanzo chimodzi, lipotilo linanena kuti malo angapo oyeretsera mafuta apafupi adzawonongeka ndikuthera mafuta onse ku West Coast m'masiku ochepa. Izi zipangitsa kuti akuluakulu a mzindawo athane ndi vuto la kusowa kwa mafuta m'thupi komanso kuti pakhale zipolowe. Kuphulika kungatsatidwe ndi mphepo yamkuntho komanso kuphulika kwa radioactive kwanthawi yayitali, zonse zomwe zimathandizira kugwa kwa zomangamanga zakomweko. Zotsatira za chuma cha padziko lonse zingakhalenso zoopsa pazifukwa ziwiri: choyamba, kufunikira kwachuma kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka chuma padziko lonse.[V]
Pamiyezo yamakono kuphulika kwa nyukiliya ya kiloton khumi kumayimira chitsanzo chaching'ono cha mphamvu ya zida zazikulu za nyukiliya zomwe zili m'malo osungiramo zida za mayiko ambiri. Ndizovuta ngakhale kulingalira zomwe kugunda kwakukulu kwa nyukiliya kungatanthauze. Mlembi wina wakale wa chitetezo, Robert McNamara amakumbukira zomwe adakumana nazo panthawi ya vuto la mizinga yaku Cuba pomwe dziko lapansi lidayandikira kusinthanitsa zida za nyukiliya zomwe zidayambitsidwa ndi US ndi Soviet Union motsutsana wina ndi mnzake. Mu chenjezo lake lanzeru Zaka zambiri pambuyo pake McNamara adatchula lipoti la International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, kufotokoza zotsatira za chida chimodzi cha 1-megaton:
Pansi paziro, kuphulikako kumapanga chigwa chakuya mamita 300 ndi mamita 1,200 m'mimba mwake. M’sekondi imodzi yokha, mlengalenga weniweniwo ukuyaka moto woposa theka la kilomita m’mimba mwake. Pamwamba pa mpirawo umatulutsa pafupifupi kuwirikiza katatu kuwala ndi kutentha kwa dera lofanana ndi dzuŵa, kuzimitsa m’masekondi amoyo wonse pansi ndi kutulukira kunja ndi liŵiro la kuwala, kuchititsa kupsa koopsa nthaŵi yomweyo kwa anthu mkati mwa kilomita imodzi kapena itatu. . Kuphulika kwa mpweya woponderezedwa kumafika pamtunda wa mailosi atatu pafupifupi masekondi 12, kuphwanyidwa kwa mafakitale ndi nyumba zamalonda. Zinyalala zotengedwa ndi mphepo ya 250 mph zimavulaza kwambiri dera lonselo. Pafupifupi anthu 50 pa XNUMX aliwonse m'derali amamwalira nthawi yomweyo, asanavulale ndi ma radiation kapena mphepo yamkuntho.ii
Ngati kuwukira kwa Twin Towers kunakhudza bomba la nyukiliya la 20 megatons, mafunde ophulika akanadutsa njira yonse yapansi panthaka. Mpaka mailosi khumi ndi asanu kuchokera ku zinyalala zowuluka pansi, zoyendetsedwa ndi kusamuka, zikanachulukitsa ovulalawo. Pafupifupi moto wosiyana 200,000 ukanapanga kupanga mvula yamkuntho yotentha mpaka madigiri 1,500. Bomba la nyukiliya limawononga madzi, chakudya, ndi mafuta oyendera, chithandizo chamankhwala, ndi mphamvu zamagetsi. Kuwonongeka kwa ma radiation kumawononga ndikuwononga zamoyo kwa zaka 240,000.[vi]
Palibe chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti kuukira kwa nyukiliya kungaphatikizepo chida chimodzi chokha. Komanso, mafanizo omwe ali pamwambawa ndi a bomba la nyukiliya lochepa kwambiri m'mphamvu yowononga kuposa mabomba ambiri omwe alipo panopa ali tcheru. Zida zazikuluzikuluzi zimatha kutengera zomwe George Kennan adaziwona kukhala zachiwonongeko chambiri kotero kuti sizingamvetsetse bwino.[vii] Mabomba oterowo, ndi ena akadali owononga kwambiri, amakhala m'miyendo yankhondo, yambiri yomwe imatha kutulutsa zida zingapo zankhondo.
Soviet Union itagwa, zida za nyukiliya zochulukirachulukira zomwe zikanafunika kuwononga anthu onse padziko lapansi zachepetsedwa. Komabe, zida za nyukiliya za 31,000 zidakali padziko lapansi-zambiri mwazo ndi Amereka kapena Chirasha, ndi ziwerengero zochepa zomwe zimagwiridwa ndi United Kingdom, France ndi China, India, Pakistan ndi Israel. Kulephera kuthetsa mkangano wa nyukiliya wa Cold War pakati pa Russia ndi US kusiya mayiko awiriwa ali ndi zida zanyukiliya zopitilira 2,000 zomwe zili tcheru kwambiri. Izi zitha kukhazikitsidwa pakangopita mphindi zochepa chabe ndipo cholinga chawo chachikulu chikadali chowononga zida zanyukiliya za mbali yotsutsa, zomangamanga zamafakitale, ndi utsogoleri wandale / wankhondo.[viii] Tsopano tili ndi mphamvu zowononga, kwa nthawi zonse, munthu aliyense, tsamba lililonse la udzu, ndi zamoyo zonse zomwe zakhala zikuchitika padziko lapansili. Koma kodi maganizo athu asintha n’cholinga choti tipewe zimenezi?
Mawu athu ayenera kumveka. Choyamba, titha kulimbikitsa atsogoleri athu kuti apangitse Trump kuti azimitsa ziwopsezo zankhondo yanyukiliya, kaya pogwiritsa ntchito chinyengo kapena kukakamizidwa ndi alangizi ake ankhondo. Chachiwiri, ngati tipulumuka nthawi yomwe imodzi mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri ndikuletsa zida zamakono za nyukiliya. Ma Nukes safunikira kuyesedwa kuti apeze zokolola zonse kuti akhale ngati cholepheretsa. Kuwongolera kwa mphamvu zowononga kwadzetsa mpikisano wa nyukiliya.
Kusintha kwamakono, malinga ndi CBO kudzawononga $ 400 biliyoni nthawi yomweyo kuchokera ku $ 1.25 mpaka $ 1.58 thililiyoni pazaka makumi atatu. Kukweza kwa zida za nyukiliya zokonzedwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kumalo omenyera nkhondo kudzatsutsa mayiko ena kuti agule ndikupempha kuti agwiritse ntchito zida zanyukiliya kuti aphwanyidwe. Ino ndi nthawi yolimbikira ku Congress yathu kuti kusintha kwa zida za nyukiliya kuchotsedwe mu bajeti ya dziko. Izi zidzatenga nthawi yochiritsa dziko lapansi ndi gulu la anthu lomwe lili pamavuto akulu.
Zothandizira
[I] Kennedy, JF (1961, September). Mawu ku msonkhano waukulu wa UN. Miller Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia. Kuchokera ku http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/5741
[Ii] McNamara, RS (2005). Apocalypse Posachedwapa. Magazini ya Foreign Policy. Kuchotsedwa http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=2829
[III] Macy, JR (1983). Kutaya mtima ndi mphamvu zaumwini mu nthawi ya nyukiliya. Philadelphia, PA: New Society.
[Iv] Meade, C. & Molander, R. (2005). Kuwunika zovuta zachuma zomwe zigawenga zidachitika padoko la Long Beach. Malingaliro a kampani RAND CORP. W11.2 Yabwezedwa kuchokera http://birenheide.com/sra/2005AM/program/singlesession.php3?sessid=W11
http://www.ci.olympia.wa.us/council/Corresp/NPTreportTJJohnsonMay2005.pdf
[V] Ibid.
[vi] Komiti Yasayansi Yachidziwitso cha Radiation (1962). Zotsatira za Bomba la Megaton Makumi Awiri. Malingaliro a Yunivesite Yatsopano: Spring, 24-32.
[vii] Kennan, GF (1983). Chinyengo cha nyukiliya: Ubale wa Soviet America mu nthawi ya nyukiliya. New York: Pantheon.
[viii] Nyenyezi, S. (2008). Zida Zanyukiliya Zochenjeza Kwambiri: Ngozi Yoyiwalika. Kalata ya SGR (Scientists for Global Responsibility)., No.36, Yotengedwa kuchokera http://www.sgr.org.uk/publications/sgr-newsletter-no-36
*Zigawo zomwe zidatengedwa Mapangidwe Obisika a Chiwawa: Ndani Amapindula ndi Ziwawa Zapadziko Lonse ndi Nkhondo ndi Marc Pilisuk ndi Jennifer Achord Rountree. New York, NY: Ndemanga ya Mwezi ndi Mwezi, 2015.
Marc Pilisuk, Ph.D.
Pulofesa Emeritus, University of California
Faculty, Saybrook University
Ph 510-526-1788
Tithokoze Kelisa Ball chifukwa chothandizira kukonza ndi kafukufuku
http://marcpilisuk.com/bio.html
