Frontier Yotsatira: Zida Zopuma ndi Zida

Ndi Karl Grossman, CounterPunch

Zingakhale zogonjetsa kuti Dipatimenti ya Trump idzasunthika kuti US ayambe zida mu malo. Ngati izi zichitika, zidzasokoneza kwambiri, zidzathetsa mtundu wa zida zankhondo ndipo, mwina, zidzatsogolera nkhondo kumalo.

Kwa zaka zambiri pakhala chiwongoladzanja ndi mayiko a US-utsogoleri wa Reagan ndi "Star Wars" akukonzekera chitsanzo chotsogola-poika zida mlengalenga. Koma izi zasintha ndi maulamuliro ambiri-kapena otsutsana nawo, Obama akutsatira chitsanzo.

Komabe, ziribe kanthu ulamuliro, popeza ntchito ku United Nations inayamba ku 1985 pa mgwirizano, monga mutu wake umanena, Kupewa Mpikisano Wogwiritsa Ntchito Zida Zachilengedwe, US sanagwirizane nazo. Canada, Russia ndi China akhala akutsogolera gawo la mgwirizano wa PAROS, ndipo zakhala zikuthandizidwa ndi mitundu yonse padziko lonse lapansi. Koma powombera, ulamuliro wa US pambuyo pa maulamuliro wateteza njira yake.

Ndi ndondomeko ya Trump, zoposa zotsutsana ndi pangano la PAROS ndizotheka. Galimoto yoyendetsedwa ndi US kuti apange zida zikuwonekera pakutha.

Gulu la asilikali a ku United States linafunafuna malowa. US Air Force Space Command ndi US Space Command (yomwe tsopano ikuphatikizidwa ku US Strategic Command) yanena mobwerezabwereza malo monga "malo apamwamba kwambiri. "Pakhala pali chitukuko chochuluka cha zida zapansi.

Edward Teller, yemwe anali wamkulu pakupanga bomba la haidrojeni ndi chothandizira poyambitsa Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ku California, anamangirira kwa Ronald Reagan, pamene anali bwanamkubwa wa California akuyendera labu, ndondomeko ya mabomba a hydrogen omwe anayamba kuwonekera kwa "Nkhondo za Nyenyezi" za Reagan. Mabomba amayenera kulimbikitsa lasers la X-ray. "Pamene bomba pachimake cha chipani cha X-ray chinagwedezeka, zidutswa zambiri zikanatulukira kuti zikakwaniritse zolinga zambiri kuti sitima yonse isadzipangire mu mpira wa nyukiliya," anafotokoza New York Times wolemba nkhani William Broad m'buku lake Star Warriors.

Ndondomeko ya Bomb ya H-bombolomu yotchedwa H-bomb, dzina lake Excalibur, potsirizira pake inasiyidwa, mwachindunji, molingana ndi Broad, chifukwa mlangizi wina wa Reagan, Army Lt. General Daniel O. Graham, adamva kuti "anthu onse a ku America sadzalola kulandira zida za nyukiliya mu danga. "

Kotero panali kusintha kwa "Nkhondo za Nyenyezi kugonjetsa mapulaneti okhala ndi nuclear reactors kapena" super "a plutonium-fueled radioisotope magetsi otentha magetsi omwe amapereka mphamvu kwa hypervelocity mfuti, mapulaneti ndi zida za laser.

Kodi ndi zida zotani zankhondo zomwe asayansi ndi ankhondo angagulitse Trump?

"Pansi pa Trump, GOP Kupatsa Zida Zamkati Yang'anani Yang'anani," inali mutu wa nkhani ya mwezi watha Pulogalamu Yojambula, Wodalirika wa 61 wazaka zakubadwa wotchedwa Washington. Nkhaniyi inati "Maganizo a Trump pa mapulojekiti a chitetezo ndi masewera a usilikali asayang'anitsitsa, poyerekeza ndi zotsutsana ndi zotsutsana ndi pulezidenti ... Koma akatswiri amayembekezera kuti mapulogalamuwa aziyankha nawo mbali yaikulu ya zomwe zingakhalepo kuteteza bajeti, yomwe ingakhale ya $ 500 biliyoni kapena zambiri m'zaka khumi zikubwerazi. "

Thandizo lolimba kwa mapulani a pulezidenti wa Republican akuyembekezeredwa ku GOP-yolamulidwa Congress. Pulogalamu Yojambula adanena kuti Trent Franks, yemwe ali membala wa Komiti ya Armed Services ndi Arizona Republican, "adatero dzanja la GOP lomwe latangokhalira kulimbitsa mphamvu ku Washington likutanthauza kuti tsiku lalikulu lidzabwere chifukwa cha mapulogalamu omwe akukonzekera kupanga zida zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo."

Ilo linalankhula mawu a Franks monga akuti: "Ichi chinali chidziwitso cha Democrat chomwe chinatipangitsa kubwerera mmbuyo kuchokera ku malo otetezera malo kuti tisachite 'zida,' pamene adani athu anachita zomwezo, ndipo tsopano, timapezeka m'manda zopanda pake. "

Malinga ndi malo omwe zida zankhondo za Trump zingakhale zosangalatsa, webusaitiyi zikutchinga News mu nkhani yotsiriza ya mwezi watha "Wolamulira wa Donald Trump kuti apange zida zankhondo" -zolembedwa pa zomwe zatchedwa "ndodo zochokera kwa Mulungu." Chigawo ichi chinatsegulidwa ndi: "Chimodzi mwa kusintha kwakukulu komwe kayendetsedwe ka Trump kayendetsedwe ka ntchito yotetezera kuphulika kwa zida zogwiritsa ntchito malo. "Zinati" njira ina yowonjezera kayendetsedwe ka boma idzayang'ana zida zomwe zidzakwaniritse dziko lapansi. Mfundo imodzi yomwe yakhala ikuyenda kwa zaka makumi ambiri ndi dongosolo lomwe lingakhale ndi tungsten projectile ndi kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka kayendedwe kake. Pa lamulo, 'ndodo zochokera kwa Mulungu' monga momwe zimatchulidwira mwatsatanetsatane zikanalowanso pansi pa mlengalenga ndipo zidzakantha zolinga, ngakhale m'modzi wogulitsa pansi pamtunda, pa 36,000 mapazi pamphindi, kuichotsa. "

Monga gawo lopangidwa ndi "aphungu akuluakulu a ndondomeko yapamwamba" otchedwa "Donald Trump's 'mtendere ndi mphamvu' masomphenya a malo" mu Space News mu October adati, "Dipatimenti ya Trump" idzawongolera njira zatsopano zamakono zomwe zingathe kusintha nkhondo ...

Zomwe a Trump akuyang'ana pantchito yathu yankhondo ndi zomveka: Tiyenera kuchepetsa zovuta zomwe tili nazo ndikuwatsimikizira kuti asitikali athu ali ndi zida zapadera zomwe angafunikire kumisasa yawo. ” Op-ed anali a Robert Walker omwe anali congressman amatsogolera US House Science, Space and Technology Committee ndipo tsopano ndi wapampando wa Commission on the future of the US Aerospace Committee ndi a Peter Navarro, pulofesa wamabizinesi ku University of California -Minda.

Bruce Gagnon, wotsogolera wa Padziko Lonse Kulimbana ndi Zida ndi Nyukiliya mu Malo akuti: "Ngakhale kuti zenizeni zisanadziwike bwino za Trump ndi Republican Congress zolinga zankhondo, pali zifukwa zina zoyipa kwambiri zomwe zakhala zikuchitika." Kwa zaka 25, makompyuta a Maine akhala bungwe logwira ntchito padziko lonse pazigawo zapadera izi.

Gagnon anapitiliza kuti: "Malingaliro owonjezera ndalama za Pentagon kuyika zida za ASAT (anti-satellite) mlengalenga mwina ndizodetsa nkhawa kwambiri chifukwa machitidwewa akuwonetsa malingaliro akuti nkhondo yomenyedwa mlengalenga ili m'malingaliro a ena omwe akubwera tsopano. Izi sizingangobweretsa nkhondo yapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kuwonongeka kwa mlengalenga kungatsimikizire tsogolo la mibadwo yamtsogolo chifukwa madera akuluakulu azinyalala zitha kuwononga chiyembekezo chilichonse chopita m'mlengalenga kapena kukafufuza. ”

"Atsogoleri a Republican akutsutsa kuti kuwonjezereka kotchedwa 'missile defense' (MD), yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pozungulira dziko la Russia ndi China, ili ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa Navy Aegis owononga omwe ali ndi omvera a MD. MD ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa Pentagon yoyamba kukonza masewera olimbana ndi nkhondo ndipo mwachionekere chidzatsogolera ku Moscow ndi Beijing. "

"Dziko silikusowa mpikisano watsopano wa zida mlengalenga-makamaka pamene tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito chuma chathu kuthana ndi mavuto enieni akusintha kwanyengo ndi umphawi wochulukirachulukira chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwachuma," atero a Gagnon.

“Mtengo wokwera kwambiri wampikisano wothamangitsidwa ndi Trump mlengalenga ukuchititsadi kuti malo opanga ndege ndi omwe akuwagulitsa agwere pamalingaliro akuchulukirachulukira. Koma vuto lenileni lomwe lingaganizidwe ndi momwe oyang'anira a Trump amalipirira zomwe Pentagon idatchulapo kuti ndi ntchito yotsika mtengo kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu. A Trump adalengeza kale kuti akufuna kuchepetsa misonkho pamakampani. Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti Medicare ndi Social Security azikhala pamalo odulira kuti athe kulipirira nkhondo mlengalenga? ”

"Russia ndi China kwa zaka zambiri zapempha kuchonderera kwa UN kuti ayambe kukambirana zogwirizana ndi mgwirizano wotsutsa zida zapakati-kutanthauza kuti atseke chitseko cha nkhokwe pamaso pa hatchi," adatero Gagnon. "Pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Republican ndi Democrat, dziko la US liletsa kulembedwa kwa mgwirizanowu woterewu kuti" palibe vuto. " Zida zamakampani, zomwe zimawona malo kukhala malo opindulitsa atsopano, zatsimikizira kuti Kuteteza Mfuti Zomwe Zida Zida Zapakati pa Zolinga Zakale zisanachitike. "

"Russia ndi China zidzasiyidwa ndi njira imodzi yokha-iwo amayenera kuchitapo kanthu ngati US akuyesa 'kulamulira ndi kulamulira malo' monga momwe akufunira mu zolemba za US Space Command zokonza Masomphenya a 2020. " Gagnon anapitirira. "Dziko silingathe kupikisana ndi zida zatsopano komanso anthu sangalole kuti Trump ikuyendetse ntchito yosungirako chuma cha dziko lonse chifukwa cha maganizo opusa kuti US adzakhala 'Master of Space.'" ["Master of Space" ndilo liwu ya 50^th Space Wing wa US Air Force Space Command.] "Nthawi yoti tinene zotsutsana ndi nkhondo mlengalenga tsopano ndiyi - ndalama zambiri zisanawonongeke ndikuwombera."

Ndakhala ndikulemba kwa zaka zambiri zokhudzana ndi danga (kuphatikizapo m'buku langa Zida mu Malo) ndi pa televizioni (kuphatikizapo kulemba ndi kulemba zolembazo Nukes mu Space: Nuclearization ndi Weaponization ya Miyamba komanso Nkhondo za Nyenyezi Zimabwezeretsanso. Ndapereka zokambirana kudutsa US ndi dziko.

In Zida mu Space, Ndikulongosola ndemanga ya 1999 yomwe ndinapereka ku UN ku Geneva. Tsiku lotsatira, voti iyenera kuchitikira kumeneko pamsonkhano wa PAROS. Ndikupita kukachita voti, ndinawona diplomate wa ku United States amene anali pa ndemanga yanga ndipo sanasangalale nayo. Tinayanjana ndipo anati akufuna kuti alankhule nane, osadziwika. Anati, pamsewu kutsogolo kwa nyumba za UN, kuti US akuvutika ndi nzika zake pomenyana ndi asilikali ambiri pansi. Koma asilikali a ku America amakhulupirira kuti "tikhoza kukonza mphamvu kuchokera ku malo" ndipo chifukwa chake asilikali ankasunthira mbali iyi. Ndinamufunsa ngati, ngati US apita patsogolo ndi zida za mlengalenga, mayiko ena angakumane ndi mtundu wa US wakupha gulu la zida. Anayankha kuti asilikali a US adachita zofufuza ndipo adatsimikiza kuti dziko la China linali "zaka 30" pochita mpikisano ndi asilikali a US ku malo komanso Russia "alibe ndalama."

Kenaka adakavota ndipo ndinayang'ananso kuti panali mgwirizano wadziko lonse wa mgwirizano wa PAROS-koma dziko la US linagwirizana. Ndipo chifukwa chigwirizano chinali chofunikira pa gawo la mgwirizano, iwo adatsekedwa kachiwiri.

Ndipo izi zinali nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Clinton.

Mu 2001, ndi chisankho cha George W. Bush, zida zankhondo zinali zowonjezera kwambiri m'malo mophika pansi panthawi ya Clinton.

Ndi pamene ndinayamba kugwira ntchito pa TV Nkhondo za Nyenyezi Zimabwezeretsansozomwe zingakhale akuwonedwa apa.

Ndipo chaka chomwecho, ndinapereka ndemanga pamaso pa mamembala a nyumba yamalamulo ku Britain. Mmenemo ndinalongosola ndondomeko yowonongeka ya Space Commission yomwe inatsogoleredwa ndi mlembi wa dziko la United States, Donald Rumsfeld. Ndinaona momwe adanenera kuti: "Panthawi ikubwera, US adzayendetsa ntchito, kuchokera, kudutsa mu malo kuti athandizire zofuna zake padziko lapansi komanso mlengalenga." Ndinafotokozera momwe adalangizira pulezidenti wa US kuti " ali ndi mwayi wosankha zida zankhondo. "

Ndinagwira mawu kuchokera ku US Space Command's Masomphenya a 2020 Lipotilo likunena za "kuwongolera magawo azomwe achitidwe asitikali kuti ateteze zofuna za US komanso ndalama zake. Kuphatikiza magulu ankhondo apamtunda kuti akhale omenya nkhondo pankhondo zonse. ”

"Zomwe US ​​ali nazo," ndinati, "zidzasokoneza dziko lapansi."

Ndinayankha Chigwirizano cha Zakale za 1967, lolembedwa ndi mayiko padziko lonse-kuphatikizapo US- "kulimbikitsidwa kuti asiye zida zonse m'mlengalenga." Zimaletsa zida zowonongeka kwakukulu. "Njira zowonetsera ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa," ndinatero. Ndipo malo amawasungira mtendere.

Kuthamanga kofulumira kumene kukankhira kwa zida zapansi kunalikuchitika panthawi ya Bush Bush atabwerera ku zotsika zochepa ndi Obama. Komabe, kuyambira pachiyambi, sikunatsutsane kwathunthu. Zaka zingapo Obama atalumbirira mu 2009, webusaiti ya White House inalongosola ndondomeko ya ndondomeko yokhudza kayendedwe katsopano kufuna "kuthetsa padziko lonse zida zomwe zimasokoneza ma satellites a nkhondo ndi zamalonda." Izi zikutanthauziridwa mochuluka monga kutanthauza mapeto a kuyesa kwa US kuika zida mlengalenga. Monga REUTERS adalengeza kuti: "Pulezidenti Barack Obama adalonjeza kuti aletse zida zapadziko lonse kuti zisamangidwe zidaonetsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa malamulo a US."

Koma mwamsanga mawuwa achotsedwa pa webusaitiyi ndipo akudziwika ndi wophunzira wamkulu.

Bungwe la Global Network Against Weapons ndi Nuclear Power in Space lidzakhala ndi msonkhano wapachaka ndi kutsutsa pakati pa April 7^thndipo 9^th ya 2017 ku Huntsville, Alabama-malo oyenera. Monga momwe bungwe limanenera pa chilengezo chake, Redstone Arsenal ya ku United States ya Army ku Huntsville "inali malo omwe akatswiri a sayansi ya nkhondo a padziko lonse a Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse anabweretsedwa ndi US, pogwiritsa ntchito luso lawo la zamakono pofuna kuthandiza pulogalamu ya US ndi zida za nkhondo."

Pulofesa Jack Manno wa University of New York / Environmental Science ndi Forestry College, analemba m'buku lake, Kumanga Zakumwamba: Zomwe Zachinsinsi Zachilengedwe Zachinsinsi, 1945-1995: "Ambiri mwa ndondomeko zoyambirira za nkhondo zapanyumba ankalota ndi asayansi akugwira ntchito kwa asilikali a ku Germany, asayansi amene anabweretsa miyala yawo ndi malingaliro awo ku America nkhondo itatha."

Manno anati: "Zinali ngati zolemba masewera olimbitsa thupi. Pafupi ndi 1,000 mwa asayansiwa anabweretsedwa ku US, "ambiri mwa iwo adadzakhala m'malo amphamvu ku asilikali a US, NASA, ndi makampani opanga ndege." Ena mwa iwo anali "Wernher von Braun ndi anzake a V-2" omwe adayamba "Kugwira ntchito pamathanthwe a US Army," komanso ku Redstone Arsenal ku Huntsville "anapatsidwa ntchito yomanga misomali yozungulira midzi yosiyanasiyana yomwe imatha kunyamula zida za atomiki mpaka ku 200 mailosi. Ajeremani anapanga V-2 yosinthidwa amatchedwanso Redstone ... .Huntsville anakhala malo akuluakulu a malo a asilikali a US. "

Icho chiripobe.

Manno mu buku lake la 1984 analemba kuti: "Zovuta zenizeni za mpikisano wamakono m'mlengalenga sizingakhale zida zambiri zomwe zimasintha-zikhoza kukhala zoipitsitsa kusiyana ndi zomwe tili nazo kale-koma poonjezera ndi kupititsa patsogolo masewera makumi awiri -zaka zapakati pazaka zakubadwa zatha kutembenuka kupita kudziko labwino ndi lamtendere. Ngakhalenso ngati asilikali amatha kukweza kumwamba ndi kukhala opambana kuposa adani awo, ndi 21^st zaka zamakono zauchigawenga-mankhwala, mabakiteriya, zida zamaganizo ndi zamaganizo ndi mabomba a nyukiliya zonyamulira-zidzakulitsa nkhawa za kusasungika nthawi zonse. Chokhacho ndi kuthetseratu magwero a mikangano yapadziko lonse kudzera mu mgwirizano ndi chitukuko chokhacho chingathe kukhala ndi chitetezo cha mtundu uliwonse m'zaka za zana lotsatira. Malo, malo amitundu yonse, angapereke mpata woyambitsa chitukuko choterocho. "

Kwa ine Zida mu Space, Manno adati mu 2001 kuti "kulamulira dziko lapansi" ndi omwe akufuna kuti apange malo kufunafuna. Anati asayansi a chipani cha Nazi ndi "chofunika kwambiri," komanso chiganizo chothandizira ... Cholinga chake ndi chakuti ... akhale ndi mphamvu yakuchita nkhondo yapadziko lonse, kuphatikizapo zida zankhondo zomwe zimakhala mumlengalenga. "

Ndipo tsopano bungwe la Trump liri patsogolo. Ndipo momwemonso ndizomwe zilili zankhondo zakumwamba-kupatula ngati tisiye, ndipo tiyenera. Lankhulani ndi Padziko Lonse Kulimbana ndi Zida ndi Nyukiliya mu Malo.