Pamsonkhano Watsopano Wopangano Wopangira Zida Zida za Nyukiliya Zimapeza Mphindi

Ndi Alice Slater

Pangano la Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) la 1970 (NPT), lomwe lidapitilira mpaka 1995 litatha, malinga ngati mayiko asanu a zida za nyukiliya adakhalanso ndi mphamvu za veto pa Security Council (P-5) - US, Russia, UK, France, ndi China- "adzatsata zokambirana mwachikhulupiriro"[I] za zida zanyukiliya. Pofuna kugula thandizo la dziko lonse lapansi kuti agwirizane, zida za nyukiliya zimati "zotsekemera mphika" ndi mgwirizano wa Faustian kulonjeza kuti zida zomwe si za nyukiliya "ndi ufulu wosakanizidwa"[Ii] ku mphamvu zotchedwa “zamtendere” mphamvu za nyukiliya, motero kuwapatsa makiyi a fakitale ya bomba. [III]  Dziko lililonse padziko lapansi lidasaina pangano latsopanoli, kupatulapo India, Pakistan, ndi Israel, omwe adapanga zida zanyukiliya. North Korea, membala wa NPT, adatengera mwayi paukadaulo womwe adapeza kudzera mu "ufulu wake wosakanizidwa" wa mphamvu za nyukiliya ndikusiya mgwirizano kuti apange mabomba ake a nyukiliya. Masiku ano pali zida zisanu ndi zinayi za zida za nyukiliya zomwe zili ndi mabomba a 17,000 padziko lapansi, 16,000 omwe ali ku US ndi Russia!

Pamsonkhano wa 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference, gulu latsopano la NGOs, Abolition 2000, likufuna kukambirana mwamsanga za mgwirizano wothetsa zida za nyukiliya ndi gawo la mphamvu ya nyukiliya. [Iv]Gulu Logwira Ntchito la maloya, asayansi ndi opanga mfundo adakonza Msonkhano wa Zida za Nuclear Weapons[V] kuyala njira zonse zofunika kuziganizira kuti zida za nyukiliya zitheretu. Idakhala chikalata chovomerezeka cha UN ndipo idatchulidwa mu lingaliro la Mlembi Wamkulu Ban-ki Moon la 2008 la Mapulani Asanu a Nuclear Disarmament. [vi]Kuwonjeza kosatha kwa NPT kumafunikira Misonkhano Yowunikiranso zaka zisanu zilizonse, ndi misonkhano ya Komiti Yokonzekera pakati.

Mu 1996, bungwe la NGO World Court Project linapempha Advisory Opinion kuchokera ku International Court of Justice ponena za kuvomerezeka kwa bomba. Khotilo linagamula mogwirizana kuti pali udindo wapadziko lonse woti "athetse zokambirana za zida za nyukiliya m'mbali zake zonse", koma momvetsa chisoni ananena kuti zidazo "ndizoletsedwa" ndipo linanena kuti silinathe kusankha ngati zikanakhala zovomerezeka kapena ayi. gwiritsani ntchito zida za nyukiliya "pamene kupulumuka kwa dziko kunali pachiwopsezo". [vii]Ngakhale mabungwe omwe siaboma adayesetsa kulimbikitsa malonjezo omwe a P-5 adapereka pambuyo pa ndemanga za NPT, kupita patsogolo kwa zida za nyukiliya kudayima. Mu 2013, Egypt idatulukadi pamsonkhano wa NPT chifukwa lonjezo lomwe lidapangidwa mu 2010 lokhala ndi msonkhano wa Weapons of Mass Destruction Free Zone ku Middle East (WMDFZ) linali lisanachitike, ngakhale lonjezo la WMDFZ linali. Zaperekedwa ku mayiko a Middle East ngati chida chothandizira kuti avotere kukulitsa kosatha kwa NPT pafupifupi zaka 20 m'mbuyomo mu 1995.

Mu 2012, bungwe la International Committee of the Red Cross linayesetsa kwambiri kuphunzitsa dziko lonse lapansi kuti panalibe lamulo loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukhala ndi zida za nyukiliya ngakhale kuti zotsatira za tsoka laumunthu zomwe zingabwere chifukwa cha nkhondo ya nyukiliya, kutero kumapangitsa kuti anthu adziwe zambiri. za kuopsa koopsa kwa nyukiliya. [viii]  Ntchito yatsopano, Kampeni Yapadziko Lonse Yothetsa Zida za nyukiliya (ICAN) [ix]unayambika kuti udziŵikitse zotulukapo zatsoka kwa zamoyo zonse padziko lapansi ngati nkhondo ya zida za nyukiliya itabuka, kaya mwangozi kapena mwapangidwe, limodzinso ndi kulephera kwa maboma pamlingo uliwonse kuchitapo kanthu mokwanira. Akufuna kuti zida za nyukiliya ziletsedwe mwalamulo, monga momwe dziko linaletsera zida za mankhwala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, komanso mabomba okwirira pansi ndi zida zamagulu osiyanasiyana. Mu 1996, mabungwe omwe siaboma mogwirizana ndi mayiko ochezeka, motsogozedwa ndi Canada, adakumana ku Ottawa, m'malo osaneneka a mabungwe otsekedwa a UN kuti akambirane mgwirizano woletsa mabomba okwirira pansi. Izi zidadziwika kuti "Ottawa Process" yomwe idagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi Norway mu 2008, pomwe idachita msonkhano kunja kwa bungwe lotsekeka la UN kuti aletse kuletsa zida zamagulu.[x]

Norway idatenganso kuyitanidwa kwa International Red Cross ku 2013, kuchititsa msonkhano wapadera wa Humanitarian Effects of Nuclear Weapons. Msonkhano wa ku Oslo unachitika kunja kwa zochitika zanthawi zonse monga NPT, Conference on Disarmament ku Geneva ndi Komiti Yoyamba ya General Assembly, kumene kupita patsogolo kwa zida za nyukiliya kwatsekedwa chifukwa mayiko a zida za nyukiliya akungofuna kuchitapo kanthu. njira zoletsa kuchulukitsa zida za nyukiliya, pomwe zikulephera kuchitapo kanthu zatanthauzo pothetsa zida za nyukiliya. Izi, ngakhale pali malonjezo opanda kanthu omwe adapangidwa pazaka za 44 za NPT, ndipo pafupifupi zaka 70 pambuyo pa kuphulitsidwa kwa bomba kwa 1945 ku Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki. A P-5 adanyanyala msonkhano wa Oslo, ndikupereka chiganizo chogwirizana kuti chingakhale "chosokoneza" kuchokera ku NPT! Mayiko awiri a zida za nyukiliya adawonekera - India ndi Pakistan, kuti agwirizane ndi mayiko 127 omwe adabwera ku Oslo ndi mayiko awiri a zida za nyukiliya adapezekanso pamsonkhano wotsatira wa chaka chino womwe unachitikira ndi Mexico, ndi mayiko a 146.

Pali kusintha mlengalenga ndi kusintha kwa zeitgeist momwe mayiko ndi mabungwe a anthu akuthana ndi zida za nyukiliya. Akukumana muumphawi wambiri komanso ndi kutsimikiza mtima kukambirana za mgwirizano woletsa zida za nyukiliya zomwe zingaletse kukhala, kuyesa, kugwiritsa ntchito, kupanga ndi kupeza zida za nyukiliya ngati zoletsedwa, monga momwe dziko lachitira pa zida za mankhwala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mgwirizano woletsa uyamba kutseka chigamulo cha Khothi Ladziko Lonse lomwe linalephera kusankha ngati zida za nyukiliya zinali zoletsedwa muzochitika zonse, makamaka pamene kupulumuka kwa dziko kunali pachiwopsezo. Njira yatsopanoyi ikugwira ntchito kunja kwa mabungwe omwe ali olumala a UN, choyamba ku Oslo, kenako ku Mexico ndi msonkhano wachitatu womwe ukukonzekera ku Austria., chaka chomwechi, pasanathe zaka zinayi mu 2018 monga momwe akufunira maiko omwe sali ogwirizana omwe amalephera kuzindikira kufunikira kofulumira kuti athetse zida za nyukiliya, ndipo sanalandire chilichonse kuchokera kwa P-5 wotsutsa. Zowonadi, US, France ndi UK sizinavutikenso kutumiza nthumwi yabwino ku msonkhano woyamba wapamwamba m'mbiri ya atsogoleri amayiko ndi nduna zakunja kuti athane ndi zida zanyukiliya pa Msonkhano Waukulu wa UN kugwa komaliza. Ndipo iwo adatsutsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa bungwe la UN Open Ended Working Group for Nuclear Disarmament lomwe linakumana ku Geneva mwachisawawa ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma ndi maboma, akulephera kuwonetsa msonkhano umodzi womwe unachitika m'chilimwe cha 2013.

Ku Nayarit, Mexico, Mpando waku Mexico adatumiza Valentine padziko lonse lapansi pa February 14, 2014 pomwe adamaliza mawu ake mokweza ndi chisangalalo chachikulu ndi nthumwi za boma ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma omwe analipo kuti:

Kukambitsirana kokulirapo komanso kokwanira pankhani yothandiza anthu ku zida za nyukiliya kuyenera kutsogolera kudzipereka kwa mayiko ndi mabungwe kuti akwaniritse miyezo ndi zikhalidwe zatsopano zapadziko lonse lapansi, pogwiritsa ntchito chida chomangirira mwalamulo. Ndi malingaliro a Mpando kuti Msonkhano wa Nayarit wasonyeza kuti nthawi yafika yoyambitsa ndondomeko ya diplomatic yomwe ikugwirizana ndi cholinga ichi. Chikhulupiriro chathu ndi chakuti ndondomekoyi iyenera kukhala ndi nthawi yeniyeni, tanthawuzo la msonkhano woyenera kwambiri, ndi ndondomeko yomveka bwino komanso yodalirika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chithandizo cha zida za nyukiliya chikhale chiyambi cha ntchito zowononga zida. Yakwana nthawi yoti tichitepo kanthu. Zaka 70 zakuukira kwa Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki ndiye gawo loyenera kukwaniritsa cholinga chathu. Nayarit ndi malo osabwereranso (kugogomezedwa kwina).

Dziko lapansi layamba njira ya Ottawa yopangira zida za nyukiliya yomwe ingathe kutha posachedwa ngati titagwirizana ndikukhazikika! Cholepheretsa chimodzi chomwe chikuwonekera pakuchita bwino kwa mgwirizano woletsedwa ndi malo a "ambulera ya nyukiliya" monga Japan, Australia, South Korea ndi mamembala a NATO. Amachirikiza zida za nyukiliya koma amadalirabe "zoletsa zida za nyukiliya", mfundo yomwe ikuwonetsa kufunitsitsa kwawo kukhala ndi mizinda yaku US ndikuwononga dziko lathu m'malo mwawo.

Kukwaniritsa mgwirizano woletsa zida zomwe zidakambidwa popanda zida za nyukiliya kungatipatse mwayi woti tigwirizane nazo kuti tikambirane za kuthetseratu zida za nyukiliya mu nthawi yoyenera powachititsa manyazi chifukwa cholephera kulemekeza NPT komanso kuwononga zida zawo zonse. Lonjezo la “chikhulupiriro chabwino” la kuthetsa zida zanyukiliya. Akupitiriza kuyesa ndi kupanga mabomba atsopano, malo opangira zinthu, ndi njira zoberekera pamene Mayi Earth akumenyedwa ndi mayesero omwe amatchedwa "sub-critical", pamene mayiko ophwanya malamulowa akupitiriza kuphulitsa plutonium mobisa ku Nevada ndi Novaya. Zemlya mayeso malo. Kukakamira kwa P-5 pa "sitepe ndi sitepe", mothandizidwa ndi ena mwa "maambulera" ena a nyukiliya, m'malo mokambirana za chiletso chalamulo kukuwonetsa chinyengo chawo chodabwitsa chifukwa sikuti akungosintha ndikusintha zida zawo. kufalitsa mafakitale a bomba la nyukiliya padziko lonse lapansi ngati zida za nyukiliya kuti zipindule, ngakhale "kugawana" ukadaulo wakupha ndi India, gulu lomwe si la NPT, mchitidwe wosaloledwa wophwanya lamulo la NPT loletsa kugawana ukadaulo wa nyukiliya ndi mayiko omwe analephera kulowa nawo mgwirizano.

Ndi msonkhano wotsatira womwe ukubwera ku Austria, Disembala 7^th ndipo 8^th of chaka chino, tiyenera kukhala anzeru pokankhira patsogolo chiletso chalamulo. Tiyenera kupeza maboma ochulukirapo kuti awonekere ku Vienna, ndikupanga mapulani oti anthu ambiri omwe siaboma abwere kudzalimbikitsa mayiko kuti atuluke pansi pa maambulera awo ochititsa manyazi a nyukiliya ndikusangalalira gulu lomwe likukulirakulira la mayiko ofunafuna mtendere poyesetsa kulimbikitsa mayiko kuti atuluke. kuthetsa mliri wa nyukiliya!

Onani kampeni ya ICAN kuti mudziwe momwe mungatengere nawo gawo ku Vienna.  www.icanw.org

[x] http://www.stopclustermunitions.org/mgwirizano/