Zoona: Kutetezedwa kwa ufulu, demokarase, ndi moyo wokha, kumachitika bwino ndi mphamvu zopanda mphamvu. Udindo ndi nkhondo zokhazokha ndizokhazikitsidwa ndi ena.
Zakhala zachilendo kwa opanga nkhondo kulengeza nkhondo zawo ngati zofunika, ndi ndondomeko yoyenera kunena kuti nkhondo iliyonse imalowa ngati njira yomaliza. Izi ndikupita patsogolo kuti muzisangalale nazo ndi kumangapo. N'zotheka kusonyeza kuti kuyambika kwa nkhondo ina iliyonse sikunali, makamaka, njira yomaliza, njira zoposa zomwezo zinalipo. Choncho, ngati nkhondo ili yotetezedwa kokha ngati njira yomaliza, nkhondo ndi yosavomerezeka.
Pa nkhondo iliyonse imene imapezeka, komanso ambiri omwe sali, amapezeka anthu omwe amakhulupirira panthawiyo, ndipo pambuyo pake, kuti nkhondo iliyonse ndiyake kapena inali yofunikira. Anthu ena sali otsimikiziridwa ndi zifukwa zofunikira zankhondo zambiri, koma amaumirira kuti nkhondo imodzi kapena iwiri m'mbuyomu inali yofunikira ndithu. Ndipo ambiri amatsimikiza kuti nkhondo ina m'tsogolomu ingakhale yofunikira - mwina mbali imodzi ya nkhondo, motero kufunikira kukonza kosatha asilikali okonzeka kumenyana.
Nkhondo Si "Chitetezo"
Dipatimenti Yankhondo ku US idasinthidwanso Dipatimenti Yachitetezo mu 1947, ndipo ndizofala m'maiko ambiri kunena kuti ma dipatimenti yankhondo yanokha komanso mayiko ena onse ngati "chitetezo." Koma ngati mawuwa ali ndi tanthauzo lililonse, sangatambasulidwe kuti aphimbe nkhondo kapena zankhondo zankhanza. Ngati "kudzitchinjiriza" kukutanthauza china osati "kukhumudwitsa," ndiye kuwukira dziko lina "kuti asativutire kaye" kapena "kutumiza uthenga" kapena "kulanga" mlandu sikungodzitetezere komanso sikofunikira.
Mu 2001, boma la Taliban ku Afghanistan linali lofunitsitsa kusintha Osama Bin Laden kudziko lachitatu kuti aweruzidwe chifukwa cha milandu yomwe United States inkayikira kuti adachita. M'malo motsutsa milandu yoweruza milandu, United States ndi NATO anasankha nkhondo yosavomerezeka yomwe inawononga kwambiri kuposa milanduyo, adanena kuti bin Laden adachoka kudzikoli, akupitirizabe kufa kwa bin Laden, kuwonongeka kwa Afghanistan, Pakistan, dziko la United States ndi NATO, ndi malamulo.
Malinga ndi zomwe zinalembedwa mu February 2003 pakati pa Purezidenti wa United States George W. Bush ndi Pulezidenti wa ku Spain, Bush adati Purezidenti Saddam Hussein adapempha kuchoka ku Iraq, ndikupita ku ukapolo, ngati akanatha kusunga $ 1 biliyoni. Wolamulira woweruza akuloledwa kuthawa ndi $ 1 biliyoni sizotsatira zabwino. Koma zoperekazo sizinaululidwe kwa anthu a US. Mmalo mwake, boma la Bush linati nkhondo inkafunika kuti iteteze United States pa zida zomwe zinalibe. M'malo mowonongeka madola bilioni, anthu a ku Iraq adawona kuti anthu ambirimbiri adafa, mamiliyoni ambiri anapanga mphako, chitetezo cha mtundu wawo ndi maphunziro ndi machitidwe a zaumoyo anawonongedwa, ufulu wamtendere unatayika, chiwonongeko chachikulu cha chirengedwe, ndi miliri ya matenda ndi zofooka za kubadwa - zonse zomwe zinagula United States $ 800 biliyoni, osati kuwerengera ndalama zokwana madola mamiliyoni triliyoni poonjezera ndalama zowonjezera mafuta, kusungira chidwi kwa mtsogolo, kusamalidwa kwa adani, ndi kutaya mwayi - osanena za akufa ndi ovulala, kuwonjezeka kwachinsinsi kwa boma, kutaya ufulu wa anthu, kuwonongeka kwa dziko lapansi ndi mlengalenga, ndi kuwonongeka kwa makhalidwe kuvomerezeka kwa anthu kulandidwa, kuzunza, ndi kupha.
Werenganinso: Nthano: China Ndi Nkhondo Yoopsa
Kukonzekera Kunkhondo Sikuli "Chitetezo"
Malingaliro omwewo omwe anganene kuti kuwukira dziko lina "ndikudzitchinjiriza" atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuyikira kumbuyo kukhazikika kwa asirikali mdziko lina. Zotsatira zake, m'malo onsewa, ndizopanda phindu, zimapangitsa ziwopsezo m'malo mowafafaniza. Mwa mayiko 196 padziko lapansi, United States ali ndi asilikali mkati osachepera 177. Mayiko ena ochepa amakhalanso ndi asitikali ochepa omwe atumizidwa kunja. Izi sizoteteza kapena zofunikira kapena ndalama.
Gulu lankhondo lodzitchinjiriza limakhala ndi oyang'anira m'mbali mwa nyanja, olondera m'malire, zida zotsutsana ndi ndege, ndi magulu ena ankhondo omwe angateteze pakuwukira. Ndalama zambiri zomwe amawononga, makamaka ndi mayiko olemera, ndizonyansa. Zida zakunja, kunyanja, ndi malo akutali siziteteza. Mabomba ndi zida zoponya mayiko ena siziteteza. Mayiko ambiri olemera, kuphatikiza omwe ali ndi zida zambiri zomwe siziteteza, amawononga ndalama zosakwana $ 100 biliyoni chaka chilichonse m'magulu awo ankhondo. Zowonjezera $ 900 biliyoni zomwe zimabweretsa ndalama zankhondo yaku US mpaka $ 1 trilioni pachaka siziphatikizapo chilichonse chodzitchinjiriza.
Chitetezo Sichiyenera Kuphatikiza Chiwawa
Pofotokoza nkhondo zamakono ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq monga osadzichinjiriza, kodi tasiya maganizo a Afghans ndi Iraqis? Kodi ndi chitetezo kumenyana pakamenyedwa? Inde, izo ziri. Ndilo tanthauzo la chitetezo. Koma, tiyeni tikumbukire kuti ndi omwe amalimbikitsa nkhondo omwe adanena kuti chitetezero chimapangitsa nkhondo kukhala yolungama. Umboni umasonyeza kuti njira zowonjezera zowatetezera ndizowonjezereka osati zowonjezera. Nthano za zikhalidwe zankhondo zimasonyeza kuti kuchitapo kanthu kosachitapo kanthu kuli kofooka, kosasamala, ndipo sikungathetsere kuthetsa mavuto akuluakulu. Zoona onetsani mosiyana. Choncho n'zotheka kuti chisankho chodabwitsa kwambiri ku Iraq kapena ku Afghanistan chikanakhala chisamaliro chosagwirizana, chosagwirizanitsa, ndikupempha chilungamo ku mayiko onse.
Lingaliro lotere ndilolimbikitsa kwambiri ngati tilingalira dziko longa United States, lomwe limalamulira mabungwe amitundu yonse ngati United Nations, poyankha kuwukira kochokera kunja. Anthu aku United States amatha kukana kuvomereza zakunja. Magulu amtendere ochokera kunja atha kulowa nawo gawo lotsutsa. Zilango zomwe akuyembekezeredwa ndikutsutsidwa kumatha kuphatikizidwa ndi mayiko ena kukakamizidwa. Pali njira zotsutsana ndi chiwawa chachiwawa.
Nawu mndandanda wazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino popanda zida zankhondo m'malo mwankhondo.
Nkhondo Imapangitsa Aliyense Kutetezeka
Funso lofunika, komabe, si momwe mtunduwo unayankhira uyenera kuwayankha, koma momwe ungapewere mtundu wankhanza kuti usaukire. Njira imodzi yothandizira kuchita zimenezi ndiyo kufalitsa kuzindikira kuti nkhondo imapangitsa anthu kukhala osokoneza anthu m'malo mowateteza.
Kukanika nkhondo imeneyi n'kofunika sikumakhala kosazindikira kuti pali zoipa padziko lapansi. Ndipotu, nkhondo iyenera kuwerengedwa ngati imodzi mwa zinthu zoipa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Palibe choipa china chimene nkhondo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti tipewe. Ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito nkhondo pofuna kupewa kapena kulanga kupanga nkhondo kunatsimikizira kulephera koopsa.
Nthano za nkhondo zikanatipangitsa ife kukhulupirira kuti nkhondo imapha anthu oipa omwe amafunika kuphedwa kuti atiziteteze ndi ufulu wathu. Kunena zoona, nkhondo zamakono zokhudzana ndi mayiko olemera akhala akupha ana, okalamba, ndi anthu wamba omwe amitundu yosauka. Ndipo pamene "ufulu" watumikira monga chilungamitso cha nkhondo, nkhondo zakhala zikugwira ntchito monga chiwonetsero cha kuchepetsa ufulu weniweni.
Lingaliro lakuti mungapeze ufulu mwa kulimbikitsa boma lanu kuti lizichita mobisa ndi kupha anthu ochuluka zowonekeratu ngati nkhondo ndiyo chida chathu chokha. Zonse zomwe muli nazo ndi nyundo, vuto lililonse limawoneka ngati msomali. Motero nkhondo ndi yankho ku mikangano yonse yachilendo, ndipo nkhondo zoopsa zomwe zimatengera nthawi yayitali zingathe kutha pozikulitsa.
Matenda opewedwa, ngozi, kudzipha, kugwa, kumira, ndi nyengo yotentha zimapha anthu ambiri ku United States komanso mayiko ena ambiri kuposa uchigawenga. Ngati uchigawenga umapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zokwanira $ 1 trilioni pachaka pokonzekera nkhondo, kodi nyengo yotentha imapangitsa kuti zikhale zofunikira kuchita chiyani?
Nthano za zigawenga zazikulu zimakopeka kwambiri ndi mabungwe monga FBI omwe amalimbikitsanso, kulipira ngongole, ndi kuwakakamiza anthu omwe sakanatha kukhala zoopseza paokha.
A kuphunzira zolimbikitsa kwenikweni pakuti nkhondo zimawonekeratu kuti zofunikira sizingafanane ndi kupanga chisankho, kupatulapo ngati zifalitsidwe kwa anthu.
"Kulamulira kwa Anthu" ndi Misa-Kupha Si Njira Yothetsera
Pakati pa iwo omwe amazindikira momwe nkhondo iliri yowononga, palinso chifukwa china chabodza chabungwe lodziwika bwino ili: Nkhondo ikufunika pakuwongolera anthu. Koma kuthekera kwa dziko lapansi poletsa kuchuluka kwa anthu kukuyamba kuwonetsa zizindikiro zogwira ntchito popanda nkhondo. Zotsatira zake zidzakhala zowopsa. Yankho likhoza kukhala kupatula zina mwazinthu zomwe zaponyedwa kunkhondo kuti apange njira zodalirika m'malo mwake. Lingaliro logwiritsa ntchito nkhondo kuthetseratu amuna, akazi, ndi ana mabiliyoni pafupifupi limapereka mitundu yomwe ingaganize kuti malingaliro omwe sioyenera kuwasunga (kapena osayenera kutsutsa a Nazi); mwamwayi anthu ambiri sangaganize chilichonse chodabwitsa kwambiri.
- Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko lonse siidatha kuchitika popanda nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, popanda njira yopusa yakuyambanso nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lapansi komanso njira yothetsera nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse yomwe inachititsa anthu ambiri anzeru kunena kuti nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse idzachitika pena, kapena popanda ndalama za Wall Street kwa zaka makumi angapo (monga ovomerezeka kwa amakominisi), kapena popanda masewera a zida ndi zosankha zambiri zoipa zomwe sizikuyenera kubwerezedwa mtsogolomu.
- Boma la US silinamenyedwe modzidzimutsa. Purezidenti Franklin Roosevelt adalonjeza mwakachetechete Churchill kuti United States idzagwira ntchito molimbika kuti ipangitse Japan kuti ichite ziwopsezo. FDR idadziwa kuti kuukirako kukubwera, ndipo poyambirira adalemba chilengezo chankhondo ku Germany ndi Japan madzulo a Pearl Harbor. Pearl Harbor isanachitike, FDR idamanga mabwalo ku US ndi nyanja zingapo, kugulitsa zida ku Brits pazoyambira, idayamba ntchitoyo, idalemba mndandanda wa munthu aliyense waku Japan waku America mdzikolo, adapatsa ndege, ophunzitsa, komanso oyendetsa ndege kupita ku China , adapereka zilango zankhanza ku Japan, ndipo adalangiza asitikali aku US kuti nkhondo ndi Japan iyamba. Anauza aphungu ake apamwamba kuti akuyembekeza kuti adzaukiridwa pa Disembala 1, komwe kunali masiku asanu ndi limodzi. Pano pali zolemba mu Secretary of War a Henry Stimson pambuyo pa msonkhano wa Novembala 25, 1941, ku White House: "Purezidenti adati aku Japan amadziwika kuti amenya nkhondo popanda chenjezo ndipo adati mwina titha kuzunzidwa, titero Lolemba lotsatira, mwachitsanzo. ”
- Nkhondoyo siinali yopereka chithandizo ndipo siinagulitsidwe nkomwe mpaka itatha. United States inatsogolera misonkhano yapadziko lonse pomwe chisankho chidapangidwa kuti asalandire othawa kwawo achiyuda, komanso pazifukwa zosankhana mitundu, ngakhale Hitler adati adzawatumiza kulikonse pazombo zapamwamba. Panalibe zikwangwani zokufunsani kuti muthandize amalume Sam kupulumutsa Ayuda. Sitima ya othawa kwawo achiyuda ochokera ku Germany idathamangitsidwa ku Miami ndi Coast Guard. US ndi mayiko ena adakana kulandira othawa kwawo achiyuda, ndipo anthu ambiri aku US adathandizira izi. Magulu amtendere omwe adafunsa Prime Minister Winston Churchill ndi mlembi wake wakunja zakutumiza Ayuda kuchokera ku Germany kuti akawapulumutse adauzidwa kuti, ngakhale Hitler angavomereze bwino dongosololi, likhoza kukhala vuto lalikulu komanso likufuna zombo zambiri. A US sanachite zoyankhulirana kapena zankhondo kuti apulumutse anthu omwe anali m'misasa yachibalo ya Nazi. Anne Frank adakanidwa visa yaku US. Ngakhale kuti mfundoyi ilibe chochita ndi wolemba mbiri yayikulu wamu WWII ngati Nkhondo Yachilungamo, ndiyofunika kwambiri ku nthano zaku US kotero ndikuphatikizira pano gawo lofunikira kuchokera kwa Nicholson Baker:
"Anthony Eden, mlembi wachilendo wa ku Britain, amene anagwira ntchito ndi Churchill poyankha mafunso okhudza othawa kwawo, adalankhula mopanda mantha ndi mmodzi mwa nthumwi zofunikira, akunena kuti kulimbikitsa kulimbikitsa Ayuda ku Hitler kunali 'kosatheka.' Ali paulendo wopita ku United States, Edene anawuza a Cordell Hull, mlembi wa boma kuti, "Chovuta kwambiri ndi kufunsa Hitler kwa Ayuda chinali chakuti Hitler akhoza kutitengera ku zombo zoterezi, komanso njira zonyamulira padziko lapansi kuti ziwathandize. ' Churchill anavomera. Iye anayankha poyankha kalata ina yochonderera kuti: 'Ngakhale kuti tinayenera kulandira chilolezo chochotsa Ayuda onse,' kayendedwe kokha kokha kamakhala ndi vuto lomwe lingakhale lovuta kuthetsa. ' Osatengeka komanso kutengeka kokwanira? Zaka ziwiri m'mbuyo mwake, a British adachoka pafupi ndi amuna a 340,000 kuchokera kumapiri a Dunkirk masiku asanu ndi atatu okha. Ndege ya ku US ya United States inali ndi ndege zambirimbiri zatsopano. Panthawiyi, a Allies amatha kuwuluka ndi kutumiza othawa kwawo ambirimbiri kuchokera ku Germany. "[vii]
Mwina zimapita ku funso la "Cholinga Chabwino" kuti mbali "yabwino" yankhondoyo sinapereke chiwonetsero chazomwe zikhala chitsanzo chapakati pakuipa kwa mbali "yoyipa" yankhondo.
- Nkhondoyo sinali yotetezera. FDR ananamizira kuti anali ndi mapu a Nazi omwe anajambula South America, kuti anali ndi ndondomeko ya chipani cha Nazi kuti athetse chipembedzo, sitima za ku United States (zothandizira mapulaneti ankhondo a Britain) zowonongeka mwadzidzidzi, kuti Germany inali yoopsya ku United States.[viii] Mlandu ukhoza kupangidwira kuti a US adayenera kuloŵa nkhondo ku Ulaya kuti ateteze amitundu ena, omwe adalowa kudzatetezera amitundu ena, komabe mlandu ukhoza kupangidwira kuti US adachulukitsa zolinga za anthu, amachulukitsa nkhondo, zinavulaza kwambiri kuposa zomwe zakhala zikuchitika, ngati a US sanachitepo kanthu, amayesa kukambirana, kapena kukhala ndi chiwawa. Kufuna kunena kuti ufumu wa Anazi ukhoza kuwonjezeka tsiku lina ndikuphatikizapo ntchito ya United States ili kutali kwambiri ndipo siidakwaniritsidwe ndi zitsanzo za nkhondo zina.
- Ife tsopano tikudziwa zambiri mochulukirapo ndipo ndi deta yambiri yomwe kusagwirizana ndi kusagwirizana ndi ntchito ndi kusalungama kumawoneka bwino kwambiri-ndipo kuti kupambana kungakhale kosatha kuposa kukana zachiwawa. Ndi chidziwitso ichi, tikhoza kuyang'ana mmbuyo pamapambana opambana a zochita zotsutsana ndi chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha Nazareti chimene sichinawonetsedwe bwino kapena kumangidwira kupitirira kupambana kwawo koyamba.[ix]
- Nkhondo Yabwino sinali yabwino kwa asitikali. Posowa maphunziro apamwamba amakono komanso malingaliro okonzekeretsa asirikali kuti aphedwe mwachilendo, pafupifupi 80% ya US ndi asitikali ena munkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse sanaponye zida zawo kwa "mdani."[x] Mfundo yakuti asilikali akale a WWII anachiritsidwa bwino nkhondo itatha kuposa asilikali ena asanakhalepo kapena kuyambira, anali chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa komwe kunakhazikitsidwa ndi Bungwe la Bonus nkhondo itatha. Ankhondo akale anapatsidwa koleji yaulere, chisamaliro chaumoyo, ndi penshoni sizinali chifukwa cha nkhondo yoyenera kapena mwanjira inayake chifukwa cha nkhondo. Popanda nkhondo, aliyense akanapatsidwa koleji yaulere kwa zaka zambiri. Ngati timapereka koleji yaulere kwa aliyense lero, padzafunika zambiri kuposa Hollywoodized World War II stories kuti anthu ambiri alowe usilikali.
- Kawirikawiri chiŵerengero cha anthu omwe anaphedwa m'misasa ya Germany anaphedwa kunja kwa iwo pankhondo. Ambiri mwa anthu amenewo anali anthu wamba. Kukula kwa kupha, kuvulaza, ndi kuwononga kunapanga WWII kukhala chinthu choyipa kwambiri chomwe munthu adzichitira yekha pa nthawi yochepa. Tili kuganiza kuti ogwirizanawo anali "otsutsana" ndi kupha kochepa m'misasa. Koma izi sizingagwiritse ntchito chithandizo chamankhwala chomwe chinali choipitsitsa kuposa matendawa.
- Kuonjezera nkhondoyi kuphatikizapo chiwonongeko chotheratu cha anthu ndi mizinda, zomwe zimakwaniritsidwa m'mizinda yonse yosasunthika ya mizinda inatenga WWII kunja kwa ntchito zowonongeka kwa ambiri omwe adatetezera kuyambitsa kwake -ndiyene. Kufuna kudzipatulira mopanda malire ndikufuna kufafaniza imfa ndi kuzunzika kunapweteka kwambiri ndipo kunasiya cholowa choipa.
- Kupha anthu ambiri kumatetezedwa ku mbali "yabwino" pankhondo, koma osati mbali "yoyipa". Kusiyanitsa pakati pa ziwirizi sikowoneka kodabwitsa kwambiri. United States inali ndi mbiri yakale ngati dziko lachiwawa. Miyambo yaku US yopondereza anthu aku Africa aku America, kupha anthu ambiri ku America, ndipo tsopano aku Japan aku America nawonso kwatulutsa mapulogalamu omwe adalimbikitsa a Nazi aku Germany - awa adaphatikizanso misasa ya Amwenye Achimereka, ndi mapulogalamu a eugenics ndi kuyesa kwa anthu komwe kunalipo kale, nthawi, ndi nkhondo itatha. Imodzi mwa mapulogalamuwa idaphatikizapo kupereka syphilis kwa anthu ku Guatemala nthawi yomweyo mayesero aku Nuremberg anali kuchitika.[xi] Nkhondo ya ku US inagula mazana ambiri a chipani cha Nazi kumapeto kwa nkhondo; iwo akuyenerera momwemo.[xii] A US ankafuna ufumu wadziko lonse, nkhondo isanayambe, kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, kuyambira nthawi imeneyo. A Nazi a ku Germany masiku ano, oletsedwa kuti azungulira mbendera ya Nazi, nthawi zina amawomba mbendera ya Confederate States of America m'malo mwake.
- Mbali "yabwino" ya "nkhondo yabwino," chipani chomwe chidapha ndi kufera mbali yopambana, chinali chikominisi Soviet Union. Izi sizipangitsa kuti nkhondoyo ikhale yopambana chikominisi, koma zimawononga nthano za Washington ndi Hollywood zakupambana kwa "demokalase."[xiii]
- Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse sinathe. Anthu wamba ku United States sanalandire misonkho mpaka Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse ndipo sizinayime. Zinayenera kukhala zosakhalitsa.[xiv] Zigwirizano za nthawi ya WWII-zomangidwa padziko lonse lapansi sizinatseke. Asilikali a US sanachoke ku Germany kapena ku Japan.[xv] Pali zoposa 100,000 US ndi British mabomba omwe ali pansi ku Germany, akuphabe.[xvi]
- Kubwereranso zaka 75 ku dziko ladziko lopanda nyukiliya, dziko lachikhalidwe losiyana, nyumba, ndi zizolowezi zosiyana siyana kuti zitsimikizire zomwe zakhala zopweteka kwambiri ku United States m'zaka zonse zomwe zakhala zikudabwitsa kwambiri zodzipusitsa zomwe siziri " T anayesera kulungamitsidwa kwachinthu china chochepa. Ganizirani kuti ndili ndi chiwerengero cha 1 kupyolera mu 11 cholakwika, ndipo mukufunikira kufotokozera momwe chochitika kuchokera kumayambiriro oyambirira a 1940 amavomereza kutaya madola trillion a 2017 ku ndalama zomwe zikanatha kudyetsedwa, zovala, mankhwala, ndi pogona mamiliyoni a anthu, komanso kuteteza dziko lapansi.
[vii] Nkhondo Yopanda: Zaka mazana atatu za American Antiwar ndi Peace Writing, lolembedwa ndi Lawrence Rosendwald.
[viii] David Swanson, Nkhondo Ndi Bodza, Kachiwiri Kachiwiri (Charlottesville: Mabuku Atsamba Padziko Lonse, 2016).
[ix] Bukhu ndi Mafilimu: Mphamvu Yopambana, http://aforcemorepowerful.org
[x] Dave Grossman, Kupha: Kufunika kwa Maganizo a Kuphunzira Kupha Nkhondo ndi Sosaiti (Back Bay Books: 1996).
[xi] Donald G. McNeil Jr., The New York Times, "US Akupepesa Zayeso za Syphilis ku Guatemala," October 1, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/02/health/research/02infect.html
[xii] Annie Jacobsen, Ntchito ya Paperclip: Secret Secret intelligence Program yomwe inachititsa Asayansi Asayansi ku America (Little, Brown ndi Company, 2014).
[xiii] Oliver Stone ndi Peter Kuznick, Untold History ya United States (Books Books, 2013).
[xiv] Steven A. Bank, Kirk J. Stark, ndi Joseph J. Thorndike, Nkhondo ndi Misonkho (Urban Institute Press, 2008).
[xv] RootsAction.org, "Chokani Kuchokera ku Nkhondo Yopanda Nkhondo. Tsekani Ramstein Air Base, "http://act.rootsaction.org/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=12254
[xvi] David Swanson, "United States Yangophulitsidwa Bomba ku Germany," http://davidswanson.org/node/5134
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