"Imfa Yofuna" ya NATO Idzawononga Osati Europe Yokha Koma Dziko Lonse Lapansi

Ndizovuta kumvetsetsa chifukwa chomwe andale aku Western komanso atolankhani ambiri amalephera kuzindikira zoopsa zomwe zachitika ku Russia komanso mosasamala kwa tonsefe. Kukakamira kwa NATO pazomwe zimatchedwa "khomo lotseguka" ndilokhazikika ndipo kunyalanyaza mwachisangalalo chitetezo chovomerezeka cha Russia. Palibe dziko limene likanapirira kufutukuka kotereku. Sikuti US ngati poyerekeza Mexico ingayesedwe kulowa nawo mgwirizano wotsogozedwa ndi China.

NATO yawonetsa zomwe ndinganene kuti ndizosavomerezeka komanso kukana kukambirana mgwirizano wachitetezo chapadziko lonse lapansi ku Europe kapena padziko lonse lapansi kudakhala njira yokwiyira, zomwe zidayambitsa nkhondo yomwe ikuchitika ku Ukraine. Komanso, n’zosavuta kuzindikira kuti nkhondo imeneyi ingafike poipa kwambiri mpaka kufika powonongana.

Aka sikoyamba kuti anthu akumane ndi vuto lalikulu lomwe likanalephereka posunga malonjezo omwe adaperekedwa kwa malemu Mikhail Gorbachev ndi mlembi wakale wa boma wa US James Baker.^[1] ndi akuluakulu ena a US. Kukula kwakum'maŵa kwa NATO kuyambira 1997 kwawonedwa ndi atsogoleri aku Russia ngati kuphwanya kwakukulu kwa mgwirizano wofunikira wachitetezo ndi zochitika zomwe zilipo. Zawonedwa ngati chiwopsezo chomwe chikuchulukirachulukira, "chiwopsezo cha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu" pazolinga za Article 2(4) ya UN Charter. Izi zikuphatikizapo chiopsezo chachikulu cha nkhondo ya nyukiliya, chifukwa Russia ili ndi zida zazikulu za nyukiliya komanso njira zoperekera zida zankhondo.

Funso lofunika lomwe silikufunsidwa ndi ofalitsa nkhani ambiri ndilakuti: N'chifukwa chiyani tikuyambitsa mphamvu ya nyukiliya? Kodi tataya nzeru zathu pamlingo? Kodi tikusewera mtundu wa "roulette waku Russia" ndi tsogolo la mibadwo yamtsogolo ya anthu padziko lapansi?

Ili si funso la ndale chabe, koma kwambiri nkhani ya chikhalidwe, filosofi ndi makhalidwe abwino. Atsogoleri athu alibe ufulu woyika miyoyo ya anthu onse aku America pachiswe. Izi ndizopanda demokalase ndipo ziyenera kutsutsidwa ndi anthu aku America. Tsoka, zofalitsa zodziwika bwino zakhala zikufalitsa mabodza otsutsana ndi Russia kwazaka zambiri. Chifukwa chiyani NATO ikusewera masewera owopsa a "va banqu"? Kodi tingaike pangozi miyoyo ya anthu onse a ku Ulaya, Asiya, Afirika ndi aku Latin America? Chifukwa chakuti ndife "osiyana" ndipo tikufuna kukhala osasamala za "ufulu" wathu wokulitsa NATO?

Tiyeni tipume mozama ndikukumbukira momwe dziko linalili pafupi ndi Apocalypse pa nthawi ya vuto la missile la Cuba mu October 1962. Tithokoze Mulungu kuti panali anthu okhala ndi mitu yozizira ku White House ndipo John F. Kennedy adasankha kukambirana mwachindunji ndi Soviets, chifukwa tsogolo la anthu lili m'manja mwake. Ndinali wophunzira wa sekondale ku Chicago ndipo ndikukumbukira kuyang'ana makangano pakati pa Adlai Stevenson III ndi Valentin Zorin (omwe ndinakumana naye zaka zambiri pambuyo pake pamene ndinali mkulu wa bungwe la UN la ufulu wachibadwidwe ku Geneva).

Mu 1962 bungwe la UN linapulumutsa dziko mwa kupereka malo oti mikangano ithetsedwe mwamtendere. Ndizomvetsa chisoni kuti Secretary General wapano Antonio Guterres adalephera kuthana ndi vuto lomwe likubwera chifukwa chakukula kwa NATO munthawi yake. Akadatha koma alephera kutsogolera zokambirana pakati pa Russia ndi mayiko a NATO pamaso pa February 2022. Ndizochititsa manyazi kuti OSCE inalephera kunyengerera boma la Ukraine kuti liyenera kukhazikitsa mgwirizano wa Minsk - pacta sunt servanda.

N'zomvetsa chisoni kuti mayiko omwe salowerera ndale monga Switzerland analephera kulankhula zoimira anthu pamene kunali kotheka kuletsa kuyambika kwa nkhondo. Ngakhale panopo, m’pofunika kuletsa nkhondoyi. Aliyense amene akutalikitsa nkhondoyo ndiye kuti akuphwanya lamulo loletsa mtendere ndiponso kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu. Kuphaku kuyenera kuyima lero ndipo anthu onse aimirire ndikufunsa Mtendere TSOPANO.

Ndikukumbukira adilesi ya John F. Kennedy ku American University ku Washington DC pa 10 June 1963.^[2]. Ndikuganiza kuti andale onse ayenera kuwerenga mawu anzeru kwambiri awa ndikuwona momwe kulili koyenera kuthetsa nkhondo yomwe ilipo ku Ukraine. Pulofesa Jeffrey Sachs wa pa yunivesite ya Columbia ku New York analemba buku lothandiza kwambiri pankhani imeneyi.^[3]

Poyamikira kalasi yomaliza maphunzirowo, Kennedy anakumbukira zimene Masefield anafotokoza za yunivesiteyo kuti ndi “malo amene anthu odana ndi umbuli angayesetse kudziŵa, kumene amene amazindikira choonadi angayesetse kupangitsa ena kuona.”

Kennedy anasankha kukambirana “nkhani yofunika kwambiri padziko lapansi: mtendere wapadziko lonse. Ndikutanthauza mtendere wotani? Kodi timafuna mtendere wotani? Osati a Pax Americana kukakamizidwa padziko lonse lapansi ndi zida zankhondo zaku America. Osati mtendere wa kumanda kapena chitetezo cha kapolo. Ndikunena za mtendere weniweni, mtendere umene umapangitsa moyo padziko lapansi kukhala wofunika kukhala nawo, mtundu umene umathandiza anthu ndi mayiko kukula ndi kuyembekezera ndi kumanga moyo wabwino kwa ana awo - osati mtendere wa anthu a ku America koma mtendere kwa onse. amuna ndi akazi—osati mtendere wokha m’nthaŵi yathu ino koma mtendere wa nthaŵi zonse.”

Kennedy anali ndi alangizi abwino omwe adamukumbutsa kuti "nkhondo yonse imakhala yopanda tanthauzo ... N’zopanda nzeru m’nthaŵi ino pamene poizoni wakupha wopangidwa ndi kusinthanitsa kwa zida za nyukiliya udzanyamulidwa ndi mphepo ndi madzi ndi nthaka ndi mbewu mpaka kumalekezero a dziko lapansi ndi ku mibadwo imene isanabadwe.”

Kennedy ndi omwe adamutsogolera Eisenhower adatsutsa mobwerezabwereza kugwiritsa ntchito mabiliyoni a madola chaka chilichonse pazida, chifukwa ndalama zoterezi si njira yabwino yokhazikitsira mtendere, yomwe ndi mapeto oyenera a amuna oganiza bwino.

Mosiyana ndi omwe adalowa m'malo a Kennedy mu White House, JFK anali ndi lingaliro la zenizeni komanso kuthekera kodzidzudzula: "Ena amati n'kopanda ntchito kuyankhula za mtendere wapadziko lonse kapena malamulo adziko lapansi kapena kuponyera zida zapadziko lonse lapansi-ndipo kuti zidzakhala zopanda ntchito mpaka atsogoleri a Soviet Union amakhala ndi mtima wozindikira. Ine ndikuyembekeza iwo atero. Ine ndikukhulupirira ife tikhoza kuwathandiza iwo kuchita izo. Koma ndikukhulupiriranso kuti tiyenera kuunikanso momwe timaonera tokha komanso ngati fuko, chifukwa malingaliro athu ndi ofunikira ngati awo. ”

Chifukwa chake, adaganiza zowunika momwe US ​​amaonera mtendere. “Ambiri aife timaganiza kuti sizingatheke. Ambiri amaganiza kuti si zenizeni. Koma chimenecho ndi chikhulupiriro chowopsa, chogonja. Zimatsogolera ku lingaliro lakuti nkhondo njosapeŵeka—kuti mtundu wa anthu udzawonongedwa—kuti tili ogwidwa ndi mphamvu zimene sitingathe kuzilamulira.” Iye anakana kuvomereza maganizo amenewo. Monga momwe anauzira omaliza maphunziro a ku American University, “Mavuto athu ndi opangidwa ndi anthu—chifukwa chake, angathetsedwe ndi munthu. Ndipo munthu akhoza kukhala wamkulu monga momwe amafunira. Palibe vuto la choikidwiratu cha munthu lomwe lingapose anthu. Malingaliro ndi mzimu wa munthu nthawi zambiri zathetsa zomwe zimawoneka ngati sizingathetsedwe - ndipo timakhulupirira kuti atha kuzichitanso…. ”

Analimbikitsa omvera ake kuti aziganizira kwambiri za mtendere wotheka, wotheka, osati chifukwa cha kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu koma kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono m'mabungwe aumunthu-pazochitika zenizeni ndi mapangano ogwira ntchito omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi onse okhudzidwa. : "Palibe kiyi imodzi, yosavuta yamtendere uwu-palibe njira yayikulu kapena yamatsenga yomwe iyenera kutengedwa ndi mphamvu imodzi kapena ziwiri. Mtendere weniweni uyenera kukhala chotulukapo cha mayiko ambiri, chiŵerengero cha zochita zambiri. Iyenera kukhala yosunthika, osati yokhazikika, yosinthika kuti ikwaniritse zovuta za m'badwo watsopano uliwonse. Pakuti mtendere ndi njira—njira yothetsera mavuto.”

Payekha, ndili ndi chisoni chifukwa chakuti mawu a Kennedy ali kutali kwambiri ndi zomwe timamva lero kuchokera kwa a Biden ndi Blinken, omwe nkhani yawo ndi imodzi yodzitsutsa wodzilungamitsa - caricature yakuda ndi yoyera - palibe umboni wa JFK's humanistic and pragmatic. njira yolumikizirana ndi mayiko.

Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti ndizindikirenso masomphenya a JFK: “Mtendere wapadziko lonse lapansi, monga mtendere wa mdera, sufuna kuti munthu aliyense azikonda mnansi wake– umangofuna kuti azikhala limodzi mololerana, kuyika mikangano yawo kuti ithetsedwe mwachilungamo komanso mwamtendere. Ndipo mbiri imatiphunzitsa kuti udani pakati pa mayiko, monga pakati pa anthu pawokha, sukhalitsa mpaka kalekale.”

JFK idanenetsa kuti tiyenera kupirira ndikukhala ndi malingaliro ochepera pa zabwino zathu komanso zoyipa za adani athu. Iye anakumbutsa omvera ake kuti mtendere suyenera kukhala wosatheka, ndipo nkhondo siyenera kupeŵeka. “Mwa kufotokozera cholinga chathu momveka bwino, mwa kuchipangitsa kuti chiwonekere kukhala chotheka kutheka komanso chosakhala kutali, titha kuthandiza anthu onse kuchiwona, kukhala ndi chiyembekezo, ndi kupita patsogolo mosaletseka.

Mapeto ake anali a tour deforce: “Chotero, tiyenera kulimbikira kufunafuna mtendere ndi chiyembekezo chakuti kusintha kwabwino m’bungwe la Chikomyunizimu kungabweretse mayankho amene tsopano akuoneka kuti sitingathe kuwathetsa. Tiyenera kuchita zinthu zathu m’njira yoti Chikomyunizimu chigwirizane ndi mtendere weniweni. Koposa zonse, poteteza zofuna zathu zofunika, mphamvu za nyukiliya ziyenera kupewetsa mikangano yomwe imapangitsa mdani kusankha kuthawa mochititsa manyazi kapena nkhondo yanyukiliya. Kuchita zimenezi m’nthawi ya nyukiliya kukanakhala umboni chabe wa kutha kwa mfundo zathu—kapena kufuna kufa kwa dziko lonse.”

Omaliza maphunziro awo ku American University anaombera Kennedy m’manja mwachisangalalo mu 1963. Ndikanakhumba kuti wophunzira aliyense wa ku yunivesite, wophunzira aliyense wa kusekondale, membala aliyense wa Congress, mtolankhani aliyense awerenge mawuwa ndi kusinkhasinkha za tanthauzo lake pa dziko LERO. Ine ndikukhumba kuti akanawerenga George F. Kennan's New York Times^[4] Nkhani ya 1997 yotsutsa kukula kwa NATO, malingaliro a Jack Matlock^[5], kazembe womalizira wa US ku USSR, machenjezo a akatswiri a US Stephen Cohen^[6] ndi Pulofesa John Mearsheimer^[7].

Ndikuwopa kuti m'dziko lamakono la nkhani zabodza ndi nkhani zabodza, m'magulu amasiku ano osokonezeka maganizo, Kennedy anganene kuti ndi "wokondweretsa" ku Russia, ngakhale wosakhulupirika ku America. Ndipo komabe, tsogolo la anthu onse lili pachiwopsezo. Ndipo zomwe timafunikira ndi JFK ina ku White House.

Alfred de Zayas ndi pulofesa wa zamalamulo ku Geneva School of Diplomacy ndipo adagwira ntchito ngati Katswiri Wodziyimira pawokha wa UN pa International Order 2012-18. Ndiwolemba mabuku khumi ndi limodzi kuphatikiza "Kupanga Dziko Lonse Lapansi" Clarity Press, 2021, ndi "Counting Mainstream Narratives", Clarity Press, 2022.

1. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/16117-document-06-record-conversation-between ↑
2. https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/american-university-19630610 ↑
3. https://www.jeffsachs.org/Jeffrey Sachs, Kusuntha Dziko: Kufunafuna Mtendere kwa JFK. Random House, 2013. Onaninso https://www.jeffsachs.org/newspaper-articles/h29g9k7l7fymxp39yhzwxc5f72ancr ↑
4. https://comw.org/pda/george-kennan-on-nato-expansion/ ↑
5. https://transnational.live/2022/05/28/jack-matlock-ukraine-crisis-should-have-been-avoided/ ↑
6. "Tikasuntha asitikali a NATO kumalire a Russia, izi zipangitsa kuti zinthu zisamayende bwino, koma Russia sibwerera m'mbuyo. Funso lilipo. ” ↑

7. https://www.mearsheimer.com/. Mearsheimer, The Great Delusion, Yale University Press, 2018.https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2022/03/11/john-mearsheimer-on-why-the-west-is-principally-responsible- kwa-ukrainian-vuto ↑