Chithunzi cha AP Anthu aku Palestine achotsa anthu ovulala pambuyo poti Israeli yaphulitsa Rafah, kum'mwera kwa Gaza, Lachiwiri, Okutobala 17, 2023. (Chithunzi cha AP/Hatem Ali)
Wolemba Colonel (Ret) Ann Wright, World BEYOND War, July 17, 2024
Pamene Israeli idapitilizabe kupha anthu ambiri ku Gaza ndi anthu oposa 140 omwe adaphedwa kumapeto kwa sabata yapitayi, kumangidwa popanda milandu kwa anthu masauzande ambiri ku West Bank komanso kuwononga zipatala, mayunivesite, masukulu (masukulu 8 a UNRWA omwe aphulitsidwa mabomba m'masiku 10 apitawa), malo ochitira zikhalidwe ndi kuphulitsa mabomba misika, mabwalo a mpira ndi "malo otetezeka" okhala ku Gaza akakamizidwa kulowa, kuyesera kupha Purezidenti wakale Trump ndipo NATO idamaliza chikondwerero chake cha 75.th Zikondwerero za chikumbutso ku Washington, DC.
Biden Akuti "Ndondomeko za ku US Siziyenera Kukhala Malo Ophera Anthu," Pomwe Ali M'gulu la "Malo Ophera Anthu" a Israeli ku Gaza
Pamene kuphedwa kwa anthu kunkapitirira ndipo patatha masiku angapo kuchokera pamene zikondwerero za NATO zinatha, kuyesa kupha Purezidenti wakale Trump kunayambitsa Purezidenti Biden adzalankhula ndi dziko lonse komanso kulankhula kuti "chiwawa cha ndale chilibe malo ku America ndipo ndale za ku America siziyenera kukhala malo ophera anthu."
Mawu akuti palibe ziwawa zandale komanso malo ophera anthu ku America ndi osamveka bwino pamene boma la Biden ndi mayiko a NATO akulimbikitsa malo ophera anthu ku Israeli ku Gaza, pomwe Apalestina opitilira 90 aphedwa ndi 300 avulala ndi ziwopsezo zingapo za ma rocket ku Israeli ku Khan Yunis Loweruka, pa Julayi 12, ndipo Apalestina 80 aphedwa m'maola 24 apitawa a pa Julayi 13 m'misasa ingapo ya othawa kwawo.
Mamembala a NATO akulimbikitsa kuphedwa kwa anthu ku Gaza mwa kugulitsa/kutumiza zida ku Israeli
Atsogoleri a mayiko 32 a NATO ndi 10 "ogwirizana nawo padziko lonse lapansi" a NATO , Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, Colombia, Mongolia, Iraq, Afghanistan ndi Pakistan, anakumana ku Washington, DC pa 75th Zochitika za chikumbutso cha NATO.
Ena mwa mamembala a NATO ndi ogwirizana nawo ndi mayiko omwewo omwe akuthandiza ndikuthandizira kuphedwa kwa Israeli ku Gaza.
Ofesi ya Boma la Israeli Ili ku Likulu la NATO
NATO ili ndi ubale wautali, wapafupi komanso wosadziwika bwino ndi Israeli womwe, zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazo, unapangitsa kuti pakhale ubale wapakati pa mayiko awiriwa. Ofesi ya Israeli ku likulu la NATO ku Brussels mu 2016Kutsindika kufunika kwa mgwirizano wa Israeli ndi NATO, Prime Minister Netanyahu adati potsegulira ofesiyi, "Iyi ndi sitepe yofunika kwambiri yomwe imathandiza chitetezo cha Israeli. Ndi umboni wina wosonyeza momwe Israeli ilili komanso kufunitsitsa kwa mabungwe ambiri kugwirizana nafe pankhani ya chitetezo."
Kuitanidwa kwa NATO kuti Israeli ikhale ndi ofesi ku likulu la NATO kunali chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa ndi mamembala ena a NATO kuti Turkey ichotse veto yake Kuyitanidwaku kunabwera kudzera mu ndondomeko yatsopano ya mgwirizano wa NATO kuyambira mu 2014 koma Turkey idakana kuyitanidwaku mpaka 2016.
Kukambirana kwachinsinsi pakati pa Turkey ndi Israel mu 2015 kunalimbitsa ubale wozizira womwe unasokonekera pakati pa mayikowa mu 2010 chifukwa cha kupha asilikali 10 aku Turkey komanso kuvulaza anthu oposa 50 omwe anali pa sitima ya Mavi Marmara, yomwe inali sitima ya ku Turkey yopita ku Gaza monga gawo la sitima 7 za Gaza Freedom Flotilla.
Malinga ndi zikalata za NATO, NATO ndi Israel akhala akugwira ntchito limodzi kwa zaka pafupifupi 30, mogwirizana mu sayansi ndi ukadaulo, kulimbana ndi uchigawenga, kukonzekera anthu wamba, kulimbana ndi zida zowononga anthu ambiri komanso akazi, mtendere ndi chitetezo. Pofuna kulimbitsa mgwirizano wa NATO pankhondo zapamadzi, NATO yabweretsa ku Israeli ngati mnzake wa NATO's Operation Sea Guardian. Sukulu ya zamankhwala yankhondo ya Israeli tsopano ikugwira ntchito ngati "chuma chapadera" kwa anthu ammudzi wa NATO's Partnership Training and Education Centers.
Israeli sinaphatikizidwe mwalamulo mu NATO koma ndi gawo la Mediterranean Dialogue, pulogalamu yothandizidwa ndi NATO mogwirizana ndi mayiko asanu ndi awiri a Mediterranean.
Mamembala anayi okha mwa 32 a NATO sagulitsa zida ku Israeli kapena kugula zida kuchokera ku Israeli
Ubwenzi wa nthawi yayitali wa NATO ndi Israeli wapangitsa kuti mayiko a NATO agulitse zida kwa Israeli ndi mayiko ena kugula zida kuchokera kumakampani akuluakulu a zida ku Israeli.
Kupatula Canada, Netherlands, Spain, ndi Belgium, Mamembala 32 otsala a NATO akupitiliza kugulitsa/kutumiza zida ku Israeli pamene Israeli ikuchita ntchito zopha anthu ambiri ku Palestina ku Gaza. Chifukwa cha mlandu kukhothi, Denmark ikhoza kuyimitsa kutumiza zida za ndege zankhondo za F-35 ku US, chifukwa US ikugulitsa ndegezo ku Israeli.
ngakhale Latvia yagulitsa zida ku Israeli, pamene Lithuania idagula zida kuchokera ku Israeli. Greece, Albania, Slovakia, ndipo mayiko ena ambiri a NATO agula zida zankhondo ku Israeli.
Bungwe la Action on Armed Violence lili ndi mndandanda wathunthu wa zida zomwe zagulitsidwa komanso zomwe zatumizidwa ku Israeli padziko lonse lapansi.
Dziko la US ndilo limapereka zida zambiri ku Israeli, zomwe zikupereka pafupifupi 68% ya zida za Israeli zochokera kumayiko ena.
Dziko la Israel lakhala likulandira thandizo lalikulu kwambiri lakunja la US kuyambira pomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu 1948, litalandira ndalama zokwana madola 310 BILLION pazachuma ndi zankhondo. Kuyambira pa Okutobala 7, 2023, dziko la Israel lapereka lamulo lomwe lapereka ndalama zosachepera $12.5 biliyoni zothandizira zankhondo ku Israeli, zomwe zikuphatikizapo $3.8 biliyoni kuchokera ku malamulo mu Marichi 2024 ndi $8.7 biliyoni kuchokera ku ndalama zowonjezera mu Epulo 2024.
Kuyambira pa 7 Okutobala, awiri okha mwa oposa kusamutsa thandizo la asilikali zana limodzi Malinga ndi malipoti, Israeli yafika pamlingo wovomerezeka wa $250 miliyoni kuti iwululidwe pagulu, ndipo popeza zolemba za kusamutsa zida zina sizinawululidwe pagulu, sitingatsimikize. Kuphatikiza apo, asilikali a Israeli adalandira zida mwachangu kuchokera ku kusonkhanitsa zida mwanzeru zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kubwezeretsanso zida zankhondo za asilikali aku US ku Middle East. Dziko la US lakhala likusunga malo osungiramo zida zambiri zosiyanasiyana kuyambira m'ma 1980.
Ndege zonse za asilikali ankhondo a Israeli Ndege zomwe zikuphulitsa mabomba ku Gaza zimapangidwa ku America, kupatulapo ndege imodzi yopangidwa ndi Airbus Helicopters ya ku France. Israel ndiye ndege yoyamba yapadziko lonse lapansi yoyendetsa ndege ya US F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, ndege yankhondo yapamwamba kwambiri yomwe idapangidwapo, ndipo idalandira ndege 36 mwa ndege 75 za F-35 pofika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2023, ndikuzilipira ndi thandizo la US.
Mu 2016, US ndi Israel adasaina Chikalata Chachitatu Cha Kumvetsetsana cha Zaka 10 Chokhudza Nthawi ya 2018-2028 Chopereka Ndalama Zothandizira Zankhondo Zokwana $38 Biliyoni, Ndalama Zothandizira Zogula Zida Zankhondo Zokwana $33 Biliyoni, ndi Ndalama Zothandizira Zokwana $5 Biliyoni Zothandizira Zida Zodzitetezera ku Milipe. Israel idalandira 69% ya Ndalama Zothandizira Zankhondo Zochokera ku US Mu Nthawi ya 2019-2023, malinga ndi a Chikalata chotsimikizira mfundo za mwezi wa Marichi chatulutsidwa ndi Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).
Israeli ili pa nambala 98th pa chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi, ndi anthu 9.4 miliyoni okha, 0.11% yokha ya chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo ili pa nambala 154 mwa mayiko onse okhala ndi nthaka. Ngakhale kuti ndi ochepa komanso malo ake ndi ochepa, kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi SIPRI Israeli ili pa nambala 15 padziko lonse lapansi yotumiza zida, ikulandira 2.1% ya zinthu zonse zomwe zimatumizidwa, malinga ndi deta yomwe ilipo padziko lonse lapansi kuyambira 2019-2023. Israeli ndi dziko lachisanu ndi chinayi padziko lonse lapansi lotumiza zida, lomwe lili ndi udindo wa 2.4% ya zinthu zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja.
Germany ndi kampani yachiwiri yaikulu kwambiri yopereka zida ku Israeli yomwe imapereka pafupifupi 30% ya zida zonse zakunja ku Israeli.
Germany ndi kampani yachiwiri yaikulu kwambiri yopereka zida ku Israeli yomwe imapereka pafupifupi 30% ya zida zonse zakunja ku Israeli. Mu 2023, Germany idavomereza zida zankhondo. ndi kutumiza zida ku Israeli zokwana $353.70 miliyoni, kuwonjezeka kwa maulendo 10 poyerekeza ndi 2022, Izi zikuphatikizapo sitima zapamadzi 4. malinga ndi deta ndi deta ya Unduna wa Zachuma ku Germany zomwe zaperekedwa ku Khoti Lapadziko Lonse la Zachilungamo pankhani ya Nicaragua yotsutsana ndi Germany chifukwa chochita nawo kuphedwa kwa anthu ku Gaza.
Mu Epulo 2024, Nicaragua idanena kuti Germany idaphwanya malamulo a UN
msonkhano wokhudza kupha anthu mwa kutumiza zida zankhondo ku Israeli, motero kuthandiza ndikuthandizira kupha anthu komanso kuphwanya malamulo apadziko lonse okhudza anthu ku Gaza.
Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, Khoti Lalikulu la Padziko Lonse litapempha mayiko ndi nzika kuti achite zambiri kuti apewe kuphedwa kwa anthu ambiri, bungwe la ICJ linagamula kuti silikupereka malamulo adzidzidzi oletsa kugulitsa zida za Germany kwa Israeli.
Monga chowonadi, atakana pempho ladzidzidzi loti aletse zida za Germany ku Israeli, adatsogolera Woweruza Nawaf Salam anali ndi mtima wofuna kunena kuti khotilo "Likuda nkhawa kwambiri ndi mavuto omwe akukumana nawo anthu aku Palestina ku Gaza Strip, makamaka chifukwa cha kusowa chakudya ndi zinthu zina zofunika pa moyo zomwe akhala akukumana nazo kwa nthawi yayitali."
Powonjezera, khotilo "likuona kuti ndikofunikira kwambiri kukumbutsa mayiko onse za udindo wawo wapadziko lonse wokhudzana ndi kusamutsa zida kwa magulu omwe ali pankhondo, kuti apewe chiopsezo choti zida zotere zingagwiritsidwe ntchito" kuphwanya malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi.
The maganizo otsutsana Mu chigamulo cha ICJ, boma la Germany silinali loona mtima pankhani yake: "Zoonadi, kuyambira pomwe milandu ya pakamwa idatsekedwa, Nicaragua yabweretsa ku Khothi chidziwitso kuchokera ku Boma la Germany chokhudza zilolezo zotumizira kunja zomwe zinaperekedwa ku Israeli mu 2024. Izi zikuphatikizapo zida zankhondo ndi zida zina zankhondo, zomwe sizikuperekedwa pamaphunziro kapena mayeso, monga momwe Germany idanenera pankhani ya zilolezo zina zakale. Zilolezo zomwe zidaperekedwa mu 2024 zimakhudza, pakati pa zinthu zina, zipolopolo za mfuti zamakina; zolipiritsa zonyamula; zinthu zomwe zili mgulu la zombo zankhondo (zapamwamba kapena pansi pa madzi), zida zapadera zapamadzi, zowonjezera, zigawo ndi zombo zina zapamtunda; ndipo, chowopsa kwambiri, chinthu chomwe chili mgulu la mankhwala, zinthu zamoyo, zokwiyitsa, zinthu zowopsa, zida zogwirizana nazo, zigawo ndi zipangizo. Ndikofunikiranso kunena kuti Khothi lidayang'anira "zida zina zankhondo" ngati zokhudzana ndi zida zosapha. Uku kunali kuphweka kwambiri komwe Khothi lidachita mwachidule chifukwa, pansi pa lamulo la Germany, zida zina zoopsa zitha kugwera pansi pa gulu la "zida zina zankhondo".
Mu Epulo 2024, ponena za malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi komanso kuphedwa kwa anthu ku Gaza, maloya a ufulu wachibadwidwe adapempha khothi loyang'anira ku Berlin kuti liyimitse chisankho cha boma la Germany chotumiza zida 3,000 zotsutsana ndi akasinja ku Israeli, malinga ndi ReutersPempho la chilolezo chotumiza zipolopolo 10,000 ku Israeli silinavomerezedwebe.
Mwachidule, dziko la US, lomwe limapatsa Israeli zida zowirikiza kawiri kuposa Germany, silikuvomereza ulamuliro wokakamiza wa ICJ.
US, yomwe imapatsa Israeli zida zowirikiza kawiri kuposa Germany sazindikira ulamuliro wokakamiza wa ICJ.
Poyamba United States inali Adalandira ulamuliro wokakamiza wa ICJ, adachoka chilolezo mu 1985 pambuyo poti ICJ yapereka ulamuliro wosavomerezeka chisankho pa mlandu wokhudzana ndi kulowererapo kwa asilikali a US ku Nicaragua. Pambuyo pake, ulamuliro wa ICJ pa United States unayamba kudalira malamulo enaake a mgwirizano—zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale kuwonekera kochepa komwe United States yakhala ikufuna kupewa, makamaka m'zaka zaposachedwapa. Mu 2005 ndi 2018, United States inayankhanso zisankho zina zosasangalatsa za ICJ mwa njira yofanana kuchoka kuchokera ku Optional Protocol ya Msonkhano wa Vienna pa Ubale wa Consular (VCCR).
Sevim Dagdelen, membala wa Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Germany, Akutsutsa Kugulitsa ndi Kutumiza Zida za Germany ku Israeli
Membala wa Nyumba Yamalamulo ya ku Germany, Sevim Dagdelen, adalankhula ku Washington, DC pa Julayi 6, 2024 pa msonkhano wa NO to NATO; YES to PEACE symposium ndi pa Julayi 7 pa msonkhano wa mtendere ku White House.
Mu zokambirana zake, adati ngakhale kuyambira 2019 mpaka 2023, 30 peresenti ya zida zomwe zidalowa mu Israeli zidachokera ku Germany, ndipo mu 2023, peresenti ya zida zomwe zidatumizidwa ku Israeli yakwera kwambiri kufika pa 47 peresenti kuchokera ku Germany pomwe USA idapereka 53 peresenti.
Dagdelen adalankhula za nthano zitatu zokhudzana ndi NATO.
Nthano yoyamba: Kuti NATO ndi mgwirizano wodziteteza womwe umatsatira malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi.
Dagdelen anati "m'zaka makumi awiri zapitazi, NATO yachita nkhondo zosaloledwa komanso zosaloledwa motsutsana ndi Yugoslavia ndi Libya; ndipo United States, mtsogoleri wa mgwirizanowu, inalowa ndi kutenga Iraq, mu ulendo woopsa - kutchula zitsanzo zitatu zodziwika bwino."
Bodza lachiwiri: Kuti NATO imayimira demokalase ndi ulamuliro wa malamulo.
"Chowonadi ndi chakuti NATO sinakhalepo ndi vuto powerengera maulamuliro ankhondo kapena maulamuliro a fascist pakati pa mamembala ake. Portugal, imodzi mwa mamembala oyambitsa NATO, inapha anthu ambiri aku Africa mu nkhondo zake zachikoloni ndikuzunza mazana ambiri mpaka kufa m'misasa yozunzirako anthu. Sizinali vuto kwa gulu la anthu omwe ali ndi makhalidwe ofanana, monga momwe Türkiye wa Erdoğan, ndi chithandizo chake kwa magulu a zigawenga a jihadist ku Syria, sali ndi vuto lililonse la makhalidwe abwino masiku ano."
Nthano yachitatu: Kuti NATO ndi gulu la anthu omwe ali ndi mfundo zofanana ndipo amaimira ufulu wa anthu.
"Zoona zake n'zakuti, nkhondo zomwe United States ndi Allies adachita m'zaka 20 zapitazi zapha anthu mamiliyoni anayi ndi theka, monga momwe ofufuza ku Brown University odziwika bwino adawerengera. Msasa wozunzirako anthu ndi kuwatsekera ku Guantánamo Bay Naval Base ukugwirabe ntchito mpaka pano. Mtolankhani Julian Assange adazunzidwa pafupifupi kufa kwa zaka 14 chifukwa adafalitsa umboni wa milandu yankhondo yaku US. Boma la Benjamin Netanyahu lakumanja likupitilizabe kulandira thandizo la America ndi Europe kudzera mu zida zoperekedwa chifukwa cha kuukira kwake Gaza, zomwe sizingalungamitsidwe ndi ufulu wodziteteza."
Italy ndi nambala 3 yopereka zida ku Israeli; UK ikuperekabe zilolezo zotumizira zida kunja ku Israeli; France ikuperekabe zida ku Israeli
Malinga ndi Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), kuyambira 2013 mpaka 2013, Italy ndi dziko lachitatu lomwe limagulitsa zida zambiri ku Israeli kupereka 4.7% ya zida zakunja.
Mu 2023, Britain adapereka zilolezo zogulitsa zinthu kunja kwa dzikolo zosachepera $52.5 miliyoni zida zankhondo ku Israeli - makamaka zida zankhondo, magalimoto amlengalenga opanda anthu, zipolopolo zazing'ono ndi zida za ndege, ma helikopita, ndi mfuti zomenyera nkhondo.
Boma la UK silipereka zida mwachindunji ku Israeli koma m'malo mwake limapatsa makampani zilolezo zogulitsa zida mu unyolo wogulitsira wa ku US, monga ndege za F-35.
Kutumiza kwaposachedwa kwambiri kwa zida zankhondo zochokera ku France kupita ku Israeli kupita ku France chinali zida zamagetsi zama drones ochokera ku kampani yaku France ya Thales. Kutumizaku kunachitika pa Meyi 26, 2024..
Sikuti Mamembala a NATO Okha, Koma Ambiri mwa Ogwirizana ndi NATO Akugulitsa Zida ku Israeli
Malonda a zida ku South Korea ndi Israel akwera kwambiri m'zaka khumi zapitazi. Dziko la South Korea lagulitsa zida zankhondo zokwana madola 47 miliyoni ku Israeli m'zaka 10 zapitazi ndi Kampani ya Hyundai yagulitsa zida ku Israeli zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwetsa nyumba za Apalestina kuti Israeli ikhazikitse mizinda.
Nduna ya zakunja ku Australia, Penny Wong, wanena kuti dziko lake silinapereke zida kuyambira pomwe nkhondo ya ku Gaza idayamba. deta yochokera ku Dipatimenti ya Zachilendo ndi Zamalonda (DFAT) ikuwonetsa kuti mu February 2024 yokha Australia idatumiza mwachindunji 'zida ndi zipolopolo' zoposa 1.5 miliyoni ku Israeli. Pamsonkhano wa Senate ya ku Australia, Chief Economist wa DFAT adavomereza kuti Australia yatumiza kunja ndalama zokwana $10 miliyoni 'zida ndi zipolopolo' zokwana mtengo wa 'zida ndi zipolopolo' kwa Israeli m'zaka zisanu zapitazi.
Mwa ogwirizana akuluakulu a NATO, Japan ndi New Zealand asiya kugulitsa zida kwa Israeli panthawi ya kuphedwa kwa anthu ambiri.
Chikalata Chomaliza cha NATO ku Washington sichinatchulepo za kuphedwa kwa anthu ku Gaza koma chikunena mwachidule za Middle East
Ngakhale mamembala a NATO ali ndi gawo lalikulu pa kuphedwa kwa anthu ku Gaza ndi Israeli, chomaliza Chilengezo cha msonkhano wa NATO ku Washington sanatchulepo chilichonse chokhudza kuphedwa kwa anthu ku Gaza kwa Israeli, imfa za Apalestina 38,000, kuvulala kwa anthu oposa 100,000 ndi kuwonongedwa kwa nyumba, zipatala, masukulu, mayunivesite, nyumba zachipembedzo ndi malo opezeka ndi UN kwa Apalestina 2.1 miliyoni.
M'malo mwake, NATO inangotchula mwachidule za Middle East, ponena kuti derali ndi "mnzake wakum'mwera." Ndime yokhudza Middle East imamaliza kuti Mlembi Wamkulu wa NATO adzasankha Woimira Wapadera wa dera lakum'mwera, Ufumu wa Hashemite wa Jordan wavomereza kukhala ndi Ofesi Yolumikizirana ndi NATO yomwe ili ku Amman, NATO-ICI Regional Centre ipitiliza ku Kuwait ndipo "kutengera pempho la akuluakulu aku Iraq, takulitsa chithandizo chathu ku mabungwe achitetezo aku Iraq ndipo tipitilizabe kuchita nawo ntchito kudzera mu NATO Mission Iraq (NMI)."
Zokhudza Wolemba: Ann Wright anatumikira zaka 29 mu US Army/Army Reserves ndipo anapuma pantchito ngati Colonel. Anatumikira zaka 16 ngati kazembe wa US ndipo anasiya ntchito ku boma la US mu 2003 potsutsa nkhondo ya US ku Iraq. Iye ndi wolemba nawo buku lakuti “Dissent: Voices of Conscience.”



Yankho Limodzi
Tikufuna nkhani zenizeni zokhudzana ndi zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi monga zomwe tawerenga pano m'nkhani zanu zoona. Tikulandira nkhani zonse zomwe zimakhudza aliyense komanso omwe amachititsa nkhanza zomwe anthu aboma amachita komanso anzawo omenyera nkhondo padziko lonse lapansi. Mbiri, ikafotokozedwa molondola, nthawi zonse imakhala yofunika kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zolakwika zambiri zomwe zimachitika zisabwerezedwe, motero ndi phunziro labwino kwambiri kuti mibadwo yamtsogolo ipite m'njira yoyenera kuti zinthu ziyende bwino osati m'modzi kapena ochepa omwe amapindula ngati phindu pomwe ena ndi anthu ambiri akuvutika kwambiri chifukwa tonsefe ndi mboni lero. Tikuyembekezera nkhani zambiri zabwino zomwe taphunzira lero.
Zikomo, Tammy King