Wolemba David Vine, Seputembara 9, 2020
kuchokera Investigative Reporting Workshop
Nkhondo zomwe boma la US lakhala likulimbana nazo kuyambira pa Seputembara 11, 2001, zakakamiza anthu 37 miliyoni - ndipo mwina pafupifupi 59 miliyoni - kuchoka m'nyumba zawo, malinga ndi lipoti lomwe linatulutsidwa kumene kuchokera ku American University ndi Brown University's Costs of War Project.
Mpaka pano, palibe amene akudziwa kuti ndi anthu angati omwe nkhondo zathawa kwawo. Zowonadi, anthu aku America ambiri sadziwa kuti nkhondo za US zachitika osati ku Afghanistan, Iraq ndi Syria kokha, komanso ku Afghanistan. 21 mitundu ina kuyambira pomwe Purezidenti George W. Bush adalengeza za nkhondo yapadziko lonse yolimbana ndi zigawenga.
Pentagon, dipatimenti ya Boma kapena gawo lina lililonse la boma la US silinatsatire zakusamukako. Akatswiri ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi, monga bungwe la United Nations lothawa kwawo, UNHCR, apereka zambiri zokhudza anthu othawa kwawo komanso anthu othawa kwawo (IDPs) kumayiko omwe ali pankhondo. Koma izi zimapereka mawerengedwe anthawi yake m'malo mwa kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe athawa kwawo kuyambira pomwe nkhondo zidayamba.
Mu kuwerengera koyamba kwa mtundu wake, American University's Public Anthropology Clinic 2001 - ku Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Pakistan, Philippines, Somalia, Syria ndi Yemen - atulutsa othawa kwawo ndi othawa kwawo okwana 8 miliyoni ndi ofunafuna chitetezo ndi 29 miliyoni othawa kwawo. anthu.
Anthu pafupifupi 37 miliyoni omwe anasamutsidwa kwawo ndi ochuluka kuposa amene anasamutsidwa kwawo ndi nkhondo kapena tsoka lililonse chiyambire 1900, kupatulapo Nkhondo Yadziko II, pamene anthu 30 miliyoni mpaka 64 miliyoni kapena kuposa pamenepo anathaŵa kwawo. Mamiliyoni makumi atatu mphambu asanu ndi awiri amaposa omwe adasamutsidwa pankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse (pafupifupi 10 miliyoni), kugawa kwa India ndi Pakistan (14 miliyoni) ndi nkhondo yaku US ku Vietnam (13 miliyoni).
Kuthamangitsa anthu 37 miliyoni Zofanana kuchotsa pafupifupi anthu onse okhala ku California kapena anthu onse aku Texas ndi Virginia kuphatikiza. Chiwerengerochi ndi pafupifupi chofanana ndi chiwerengero cha anthu Canada. Nkhondo za ku United States za pambuyo pa 9/11 zakhala zikunyalanyazidwa kulimbikitsa kuchulukirachulukira kwa othawa kwawo komanso anthu othawa kwawo padziko lonse lapansi pakati pa 2010 ndi 2019, kuyambira XNUMX mpaka XNUMX. 41 miliyoni mpaka 79.5 miliyoni.
Mamiliyoni athawa kuwombana ndi ndege, kuphulitsa mabomba, kuwomberana mfuti, kuukira nyumba, kuwukira kwa ndege, kumenya mfuti ndi kugwiririra. Anthu apulumuka kuwonongeka kwa nyumba zawo, madera, zipatala, masukulu, ntchito ndi magwero a chakudya ndi madzi. Athawa kuthamangitsidwa, kuwopseza kuphedwa komanso kuyeretsa kwakukulu kwamitundu komwe kunayambika ndi nkhondo za US ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq makamaka.
Boma la United States siliri ndi udindo wochotsa anthu 37 miliyoni; gulu lankhondo la Taliban, Iraqi Sunni ndi Shia, Al-Qaida, gulu la Islamic State ndi maboma ena, omenyera nkhondo ndi ochita zisudzo nawonso ali ndi udindo.
Mikhalidwe yomwe inalipo kale yaumphawi, kusintha kwa chilengedwe komwe kumayambitsa kutentha kwa dziko ndi ziwawa zina zathandizira kuthamangitsa anthu mnyumba zawo. Komabe, nkhondo zisanu ndi zitatu mu kafukufuku wa AU ndi zomwe boma la US liri ndi udindo woyambitsa, kukwera ngati msilikali wamkulu kapena kulimbikitsa, kupyolera mu kuwombera kwa drone, uphungu wankhondo, chithandizo chamankhwala, kugulitsa zida ndi zina zothandizira.
Makamaka, a Public Anthropology Clinic akuyerekeza kusamuka kwa:
- 5.3 miliyoni Afghans (oimira 26% ya anthu omwe analipo nkhondo isanayambe) kuyambira chiyambi cha nkhondo ya US ku Afghanistan mu 2001;
- 3.7 miliyoni Pakistanis (3% ya anthu isanayambe nkhondo) kuyambira kuukira kwa US ku Afghanistan ku 2001 mwamsanga kunakhala nkhondo imodzi kudutsa malire kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Pakistan;
- 1.7 miliyoni aku Philippines (2%) kuyambira pomwe asitikali aku US adalowa m'boma la Philippines pankhondo yake yazaka makumi angapo ndi Abu Sayyaf ndi magulu ena a zigawenga mu 2002;
- 4.2 miliyoni aku Somalia (46%) kuyambira pomwe asitikali aku US adayamba kuthandizira boma la Somalia lodziwika ndi UN lomwe likulimbana ndi Islamic Courts Union (ICU) mu 2002 ndipo, pambuyo pa 2006, gulu lankhondo lopatukana la ICU. Al Shabaab;
- Yemenis miliyoni 4.4 (24%) kuyambira pomwe boma la US lidayamba kupha anthu omwe amati ndi zigawenga ku 2002 ndikuchirikiza nkhondo yotsogozedwa ndi Saudi Arabia yolimbana ndi gulu la Houthi kuyambira 2015;
- 9.2 miliyoni aku Iraqi (37%) kuyambira 2003 yotsogoleredwa ndi US kuukira ndi kugwira ntchito komanso nkhondo ya pambuyo pa 2014 yolimbana ndi gulu la Islamic State;
- Anthu a ku Liby 1.2 miliyoni (19%) kuyambira pomwe maboma a US ndi Europe adalowererapo pakuukira kwa 2011 motsutsana ndi Moammar Gadhafi zomwe zikuyambitsa nkhondo yapachiweniweni yomwe ikupitilira;
- Asiria 7.1 miliyoni (37%) kuyambira pomwe boma la US lidayamba kulimbana ndi Islamic State mu 2014.
Othawa kwawo ambiri ochokera kunkhondo mu phunziroli athawira kumayiko oyandikana nawo ku Middle East, makamaka Turkey, Jordan ndi Lebanon. Pafupifupi 1 miliyoni anafika ku Germany; zikwi mazana ambiri anathaŵira kumaiko ena ku Ulaya ndi ku United States. Ambiri aku Philippines, Libyan ndi Yemenis adasamutsidwa m'maiko awo.
Public Anthropology Clinic idagwiritsa ntchito zodalirika zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zilipo, kuchokera ku UNHCR, ndi Internal Displacement Monitoring Center, ndi Bungwe Ladziko Lonse la Kusamukira ndi UN Office Yothandizira Zowathandiza. Poganizira mafunso okhudza kulondola kwa deta yakusamuka m'madera omwe kuli nkhondo, njira yowerengera inali yosamala.
Ziwerengero za anthu othawa kwawo komanso ofunafuna chitetezo zitha kukhala 1.5 kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa zomwe zapeza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu pafupifupi 2 miliyoni mpaka 41 miliyoni asamuke. Asilikali 45 miliyoni omwe athawa kwawo akuimira okhawo omwe achoka m'zigawo zisanu za Syria komwe asilikali a US ali nawo anamenyera ndi opareshoni kuyambira 2014 komanso chiyambi cha nkhondo ya US yolimbana ndi Islamic State ku Syria.
Njira yocheperako ingaphatikizepo omwe adasamutsidwa m'zigawo zonse za Syria kuyambira 2014 kapena 2013 pomwe boma la US lidayamba kuthandizira zigawenga zaku Syria. Izi zitha kutengera chiwerengerocho kufika pakati pa 48 miliyoni ndi 59 miliyoni, kuyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa kusamutsidwa kwankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse.
Chiyerekezo cha chipatalachi ndi cha 37 miliyoni komanso ndichosamalitsa chifukwa sichiphatikiza anthu mamiliyoni ambiri omwe adathawa kwawo panthawi yankhondo zina zapambuyo pa 9/11 komanso mikangano yokhudza asitikali aku US.
Asitikali ankhondo aku US, kumenyedwa ndi ma drones ndi kuyang'anira, maphunziro ankhondo, kugulitsa zida zankhondo ndi zothandizira zina zochirikiza boma zathandizira nawo mikangano mu mayiko kuphatikiza Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia (yogwirizana ndi nkhondo ya Yemen), South Sudan, Tunisia ndi Uganda. Mwachitsanzo, ku Burkina Faso kunali 560,000 othawa kwawo anthu pofika kumapeto kwa 2019 pakati pa zigawenga zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira.
Zowonongeka zomwe zachitika chifukwa chakusamuka kwakhala kwakukulu m'maiko onse 24 komwe asitikali aku US adatumiza. Kutaya nyumba ndi dera, pakati pa kutayika kwina, wasauka anthu osati zachuma komanso m'maganizo, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe ndi ndale. Zotsatira za kusamuka zimafikira kumadera omwe akukhala nawo komanso mayiko, omwe angakumane ndi zovuta zokhala ndi anthu othawa kwawo komanso omwe adasamutsidwa kwawo, kuphatikiza mikangano yowonjezereka. Kumbali ina, magulu olandira alendo nthawi zambiri amapindula ndi kubwera kwa anthu othawa kwawo chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu, kuchuluka kwachuma ndi thandizo la mayiko.
Inde, kusamuka ndi mbali imodzi chabe ya kuwonongedwa kwa nkhondo.
Ku Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Pakistan ndi Yemen kokha, pafupifupi 755,000 mpaka 786,000 anthu wamba ndi omenyanaAnafa chifukwa cha nkhondo. Asitikali owonjezera a 15,000 aku US ndi makontrakitala amwalira pankhondo zomwe zachitika pambuyo pa 9/11. Imfa zonse kumbali zonse ku Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Pakistan ndi Yemen zitha kufika 3-4 miliyoni kapena kuposa, kuphatikizapo amene anafa chifukwa cha matenda, njala ndi kusowa kwa zakudya m’thupi chifukwa cha nkhondo. Chiwerengero cha omwe avulala ndi ovulala chikupitilira mpaka makumi mamiliyoni.
Pamapeto pake, kuvulaza komwe kunabwera chifukwa cha nkhondo, kuphatikizapo 37 miliyoni mpaka 59 miliyoni othawa kwawo, sikungatheke. Palibe chiŵerengero, ngakhale chachikulu chotani, chomwe chingasonyeze kukula kwa zowonongeka zomwe zawonongeka.
Magwero ofunikira: David Vine, United States of War: A Global History of America's Endless Conflicts, kuchokera ku Columbus kupita ku Islamic State (Oakland: University of California Press, 2020); David Vine, "Mindandanda ya Asitikali Aku US Kumayiko Ena, 1776-2020," American University Digital Research Archive; Lipoti la Base Structure: Chaka Chachuma 2018 Baseline; Chidule cha Real Property Inventory Data (Washington, DC: US Department of Defense, 2018); Barbara Salazar Torreon ndi Sofia Plagakis, Zochitika Zogwiritsa Ntchito Zida Zankhondo zaku United States Kumayiko Ena, 1798-2018 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2018).
Chidziwitso: Maziko ena adangokhala gawo la 2001-2020. Pachimake cha nkhondo zaku US ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq, panali mabungwe opitilira 2,000 kunja.
