Kusungidwa kwa Asilikali Padziko Lonse

Ndi CJ Hinke
Kuchokera ku Otsutsa Aulere: Otsutsana Nkhondo M'ndende ndi CJ Hinke, akubwera kuchokera ku Trine-Day mu 2016.

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, m'zaka za zana la 21, pafupifupi theka la mayiko padziko lonse lapansi amalembetsa usilikali. Malinga ndi Wikipedia, mayiko omwe ali pamndandandawu atha kukhala akukakamiza anthu kulowa usilikali.

Nthawi zonse, kulembetsa kumafunika koma usilikali sungakhale; mchitidwe uwu ndithu adzapereka angapo okana kulemba. Nthawi zina, ntchito zina zadziko zimakakamizidwa, zomwe zimapangitsanso kukana.

Mayiko omwe ali ndi nyenyezi * amaika malamulo oti munthu agwire ntchito zina kapena kukana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha zimene amakhulupirira, zomwe zingachititsenso kuti anthu okana kulowa usilikali. nthawi zina, ufulu wokana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha zimene amakhulupirira ndi wovomerezeka ndi malamulo a dziko. Kulephera kwa maboma kupereka chilolezo chokana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima chawo n’kusemphana ndi mapangano a bungwe la United Nations, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Ndime 18) ndi Pangano la Mayiko Loona za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Ndale (Ndime 18), zimene pafupifupi mayiko onsewa ali mbali yake.

Msonkhano Waukulu wa UN wa 1978 unamveketsa bwino lomwe mu Chigamulo 33/165 chimene chinavomereza “ufulu wa anthu onse kukana kulowa usilikali kapena apolisi.” Mu 1981, UNHRC inachirikizanso kukana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima mu Resolution 40 (XXXVII). Mu 1982, izi zidabwerezedwanso mu Resolution 1982/36.

Bungwe la United Nations 'Declaration on Human Rights Defenders A/RES/53/144 linayambika mu 1984 ndipo linavomerezedwa mwalamulo mu 1998 ndi General Assembly pazaka 50 za Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Ndiponso, bungwe la United Nations Human Rights Commission pa March 5, 1987 mu Resolution 1987/46 linagamulapo kuti “kukana usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima kuyenera kuonedwa ngati njira yovomerezeka ya ufulu wa chikumbumtima ndi chipembedzo.” Izi zidatsimikiziridwanso mu Chigamulo cha UNHCR 1989/59, ponena kuti "Maiko onse ali ndi udindo wolimbikitsa ndi kuteteza ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi kukwaniritsa zomwe adachita pansi pa zida zosiyanasiyana zapadziko lonse za ufulu waumunthu, Charter of United Nations ndi malamulo othandiza anthu” komanso “anapempha Mayiko Amembala kuti apereke chitetezo kapena njira yotetezeka yopita ku Boma lina” kwa anthu okana usilikali chifukwa cha zimene amakhulupirira. Chigamulo cha 1991 cha UNHCR cha 1991/65 chinavomereza “ntchito ya achinyamata polimbikitsa ndi kuteteza ufulu wa anthu, kuphatikizapo nkhani ya kukana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha zimene amakhulupirira.”

Chigamulo cha 1993 cha UNHRC cha 1993/84 chinalinso chomvekera bwino pokumbutsa Maiko Amembala za zigamulo zam'mbuyo za UN.

Izi zinanenedwanso mu 1995 ndi UNHCR Resolution 1995/83 pozindikira “ufulu wa aliyense wokana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima monga kugwiritsa ntchito movomerezeka ufulu wa kuganiza, chikumbumtima ndi chipembedzo.”

UNHCR idachitanso izi mu 1998 ndi UNHCR Resolution 1998/77 yomwe idanenanso kuti "Maboma, mwalamulo ndi machitidwe awo, sayenera kusankha anthu okana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima chawo malinga ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito, zachuma, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe kapena chikhalidwe. ufulu wandale,” kukumbutsa mayiko omwe ali ndi dongosolo lokakamiza anthu kulowa usilikali, pomwe lamuloli silinakhazikitsidwe kale, ponena za malangizo ake oti azipereka kwa anthu okana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima chawo ntchito zosiyanasiyana zimene zimagwirizana ndi zifukwa zokanira usilikali. -wankhondo kapena wamba, pokomera anthu osati kulanga," ndipo "ikugogomezera kuti mayiko akuyenera kuchitapo kanthu kuti apewe kutsekera m'ndende anthu okana usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima ndi kulanga mobwerezabwereza chifukwa cholephera kulowa usilikali, ndipo amakumbukira kuti palibe amene adzakhala ndi mlandu kapena kulangidwa chifukwa cha cholakwa chimene adaweruzidwa kale kapena kumasulidwa. kuvina motsatira malamulo ndi ndondomeko ya chilango cha dziko lililonse.”

Mu 2001, Bungwe Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya linanena kuti: “Ufulu wokana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha zimene munthu amakhulupirira ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri pa ufulu woganiza, wotsatira chikumbumtima komanso wopembedza” pamaso pa bungwe la UN Human Rights Council. Mu 1960, membala aliyense wa dziko la European Union analembetsa usilikali kupatulapo Andorra, Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, ndi San Marino. Kulembetsa usilikali tsopano kwathetsedwa m'maiko 25 a EU, kusiya mayiko 15 akukakamizabe kulowa usilikali. Azerbaijan, Belarus, Greece, ndi Turkey sapereka ntchito zina m'malo mwa CO.

Mu 2002, UNHRC inavomereza Chigamulo cha 2002/45 chomwe chinapempha "Maboma kuonanso malamulo awo ndi machitidwe awo okhudzana ndi kukana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima" malinga ndi Resolution 1998/77 ndi kuganizira zomwe zafotokozedwa mu lipoti la High Commission. Mu 2004, UNHCR inavomereza Chigamulo cha 2004/35 choteteza anthu okana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha zimene amakhulupirira ndipo mu 2006, Chigamulo 2/102 cha UNHRC chinachirikizidwa ndi Mayiko 33 a UN. Mu 2006, bungwe la UNHCR linatulutsa Analytical Report 4/2006/51, “Pokamba za Njira Zabwino Kwambiri Zogwirizana ndi Anthu Okana Usilikali Chifukwa cha Chikumbumtima.”

Mu 2012, bungwe la UN Human Rights Council linapereka chigamulo cha UN General Assembly Resolution 20/12, "Kulimbikitsa ndi kuteteza ufulu wa anthu onse" ... "kuphatikizapo kukana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima komanso mothandizidwa ndi Mayiko 34 a UN, ambiri mwa mayiko omwe amalemba usilikali. Malangizowa adabwerezedwa posachedwapa ndi Chigamulo cha 2013/24 cha UN Human Rights Council cha 17, ponena za Chigamulo cha 2012 cha UNHRC 20/12.

Bungwe la HRC linatulutsanso “Malangizo Okhudza Chitetezo cha Mayiko No. Mazana a anthu okana usilikali ochokera m’mayiko ambiri apempha chitetezo m’mayiko achitatu pogwiritsa ntchito Article 10A (1) ya m’chaka cha 2 cha UN Convention komanso/kapena 1951 Protocol on the Status of Refugees.

Chidziwitso chamasamba ambiri cha zoyesayesa za United Nations zokana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima, mwa misonkhano ndi mayiko, zitha kupezeka. Pano.

Amnesty International imatchula akaidi onse padziko lonse lapansi ngati "akaidi achikumbumtima".

Kodi pali andale amene akumvetsera kapena zonsezi ndi zongonena chabe?

Zofunikira pakutanthauzira mawu oti "kuzemba" ndi monga olemera omwe amalipira ndalama zolowa m'malo kuti akagwire ntchito yawo yankhondo. Mayiko onse omwe ali ndi magulu ankhondo alinso ndi anthu othawa usilikali. Kuthandiza kapena kubisa anthu othawa kwawo ndi mlandu.

Mayiko onse ali ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha Mboni za Yehova komanso anthu ena okana. Andale amavutitsa achinyamata ndi ofooka. Timathandizira njira zonse zokanira usilikali ponse pagulu komanso mobisa.

Maiko omwe ali ndi cheke √ adalembedwa pa War Resisters' International “Kafukufuku wapadziko lonse wokhudza kukakamizidwa kulowa usilikali komanso kukana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha zimene amakhulupirira. "

Ndaphatikizanso mayiko omwe kulembetsa usilikali kumakhalabe mwalamulo koma pakadali pano sikukakamizidwa. Ziwerengerozi, ngati zilipo, sizingasonyeze molondola kuchuluka kwa anthu okana; ziwerengero kuyambira 1993-2005. Nthawi zambiri, alendo okhala m'mayiko ena amakhalanso oyenera kulowa usilikali, makamaka USA.

Sindinaphatikizepo "zigawenga za atolankhani" zokakamizidwa ndi magulu opanduka. Mchitidwewu wafala kwambiri m’mayiko amene pali mikangano yotere.

Chonde dziwani kuti palibe zambiri zomwe zalembedwa m'maiko ambiri. Wolembayo akupempha owerenga kuti apereke zambiri kuti kafukufukuyu akhale wokwanira.

Uwu ndi Wall of Shame wa m'zaka za zana la 21, mayiko ankhanza omwe akusandutsa anyamata akapolo kunkhondo.

√ Abkhazia
√ Albania* - Bwerezani kuimbidwa mlandu
√ Algeria
√ Angola
√ Armenia* - 16,000 ozemba; Kuzenga mlandu kwa Mboni za Yehova kunatsimikiziridwa ndi Khoti Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu ku EU (2009)
√ Austria*
√ Azerbaijan* - 2,611 (2002) m'ndende
√ Belarus * - 30% amakana kulembetsa; 1,200-1,500 othawa / othawa pachaka; 99% ya anthu omwe amapita ku usilikali amadziwonetsera ngati akudwala, amabisala
√ Benin
√ Bhutan
√ Bolivia – 80,000 ozemba; Kukonzekera anthu othawa kwawo & othawa kwawo kunja
√ Bosnia*
√ Brazil*
√ Bermuda*
√ Burundi
√ Cape Verde
√ Central African Republic
√Chad*
√ Chile - 10,000 osalembetsa
√ China
√ Colombia* - 50% kuzemba kulemba; Kulembetsa mokakamizidwa, ma CO omwe akuimbidwa mlandu wosiya; Asilikali & kusamvera apolisi & kusiya 6,362 akutumikira
√ Kongo*
√ Cuba
√ Curacao & Aruba
√ Cyprus
√ Denmark* - 25 okana kulemba pa chaka
√ Dominican Republic
√ Ecuador - 10% ya olembetsa m'chipululu
√ Egypt - 4,000 ozemba kulemba
√ El Salvador* - Kukonzekera othawa kwawo & othawa kwawo kunja
√ Equatorial Guinea
√ Eritrea - 12 akaidi olembedwa, kuzengedwa mobisa, kutsekeredwa m'ndende kosatha, kuzunzidwa; Palibe chithandizo chamankhwala, imfa m'ndende; Ndende & kuphedwa mwachidule chifukwa chothawa dziko; Kulembetsa mokakamizidwa, ntchito yosatha; Imachotsa unzika, ziphaso zabizinesi & zoyendetsa, mapasipoti, ziphaso zaukwati, zitupa zadziko, kukana ma visa; A Mboni za Yehova atatu amangidwa kwa zaka 14+ popanda kuwazenga mlandu
√ Estonia*
√ Finland* - 3 akaidi absolutist
√ Gabon
√ Georgia* - 2,498 zipululu
√ Germany*
√ Ghana
√ Greece* - Mazana a anthu okana kulowa usilikali, okana Gulf Wars; Kubwereza milandu; Pambuyo pandende, zaka zisanu kuyimitsidwa kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe: kukana kuvota, chisankho ku nyumba yamalamulo, kugwira ntchito m'boma,
kupeza pasipoti kapena chilolezo cha bizinesi; Ambiri omwe amatumizidwa kunja
√ Guatemala - 350 COs, 75% ya olembedwa m'chipululu, kuphedwa pafupipafupi.
√ Guinea
√ Guinea-Bissau
√ Herzegovina* - 1,500 COs
√ Honduras - 29% ozemba kulemba, 50% othawa
√ Indonesia
√ Iran - Anthu ambiri omwe ali mu ukapolo komanso othawa kwawo, sangabwerere mpaka atakwanitsa zaka 40
√ Iraq - Chilango chachikulu chifukwa chosiya, kudula khutu, kuyika chizindikiro pamphumi
√ Israeli - Chiwerengero chochulukira cha otsutsa motsutsana ndi nkhondo yaku Palestina; Kukana kwadongosolo kumayambira kusekondale; COs amakumana ndi makhothi ankhondo-zankhondo, kubwereza zigamulo; Akazi akhoza kukhala CO koma osati amuna; Ambiri omwe amazemba kulemba, othawa kwawo komanso othawa kwawo
√ Ivory Coast
√ Yordani
√ Kazakhstan - 40% ozemba kulemba, 3,000 othawa
√ Kuwait - Kuzemba kofala kwambiri
√ Kyrgyzstan
√ Laos - Kuzemba kofala kwambiri
√ Latvia*
√ Lebanon
√ Libya
√ Lithuania*
√ Madagascar
√ Mali -
Kusiyidwa kofala
√ Mauritania
√ ku Mexico
√ Moldova* - 1,675 COs, mazana anakana
Mongolia
√ Montenegro* - Kuzemba kochulukirapo, ozemba 26,000 adaimbidwa mlandu; 150,000 othamangitsidwa ku ukapolo
√ Morocco - othawa 2,250, apolisi asanu aphedwa
√ Mozambique - Kulembetsa mokakamizidwa, kuthawa anthu ambiri
√ Myanmar*
√Nagorny Karabakh
√ Netherlands* - Kukana ntchito ku Afghanistan
√ Niger
√ North Korea - Chilango cha imfa chifukwa chozemba komanso kuthawa
√ Norway* - 2,364 COs, 100-200 okana absolutist
√ Paraguay* - Kulembetsa mokakamizidwa; 6,000 COs, 15% ya olembedwa
√ Peru - Kulembetsa mokakamizidwa
√ Philippines - Osalembetsa mbiri yakale; Kukakamizidwa kulowa usilikali ndi zigawenga
√ Poland* - Akatolika akukana kuti CO (Poland ndi 87.5% ya Katolika)
Qatar - Inayambitsanso kulembetsa mu 2014
√ Russia * - 1,445 COs pachaka, 17% kukana; Chitetezo cha Khothi Lalikulu (1996); Abuda, a Mboni za Yehova sanalowemo; 30,000 ozemba kulemba ndi 40,000 othawa; Kukonzekera othawa kwawo & othawa kwawo
√ Senegal
√ Serbia* - 9,000 COs; 26,000 ozemba ndi othawa; 150,000 omwe adathamangitsidwa kunja
√ Seychelles
√ Singapore – Mazana a Mboni za Yehova okana, kutsekeredwa m’ndende kwa miyezi 12-24; Bwerezani ziganizo; Okana absolutist amalipiritsa chindapusa ndikuweruzidwa
√ Slovenia*
√ Somalia - Ma CO amatengedwa ngati zipululu
√ South Korea - 13,000 CO akaidi, 400-700 pachaka; 5,000 okana kulemba, kubwereza ziganizo; Kukonzekera othawa kwawo & othamangitsidwa kunja
Sudan South
√ Spain * - Anthu ambiri okana kulemba anthu, otsutsa Gulf Wars
√ Srpska* - Kuzemba kofala komanso kuthawa
√ Sudan - 2.5 miliyoni ozemba kulemba, kulembetsa mokakamizidwa, kuphatikiza mayunivesite; Amuna a msinkhu wololedwa kulowa usilikali amaletsedwa kupita kunja
√ Switzerland* - 2,000 COs pachaka; 100 okana absolutist pachaka, 8-12 mwezi ziganizo; Kuzengedwa ndi makhoti ankhondo-ankhondo
√ Syria - Ayuda sali pagulu
√ ku Taiwan
√ Tajikistan - Kuzemba komanso kuthawa kwa anthu ambiri
√ Tanzania
√ Thailand - 30,000 ozemba kulemba, zochitika zokana kulembera anthu
√ Transdniestria*
√ Tunisia* - Kulembetsa mokakamizidwa, kuthawitsidwa kofala
√ Turkey - 74 okana kulembera anthu, kubwereza ziganizo; COs amaonedwa ngati othawa; Kunyoza usilikali kapena "kulekanitsa anthu ku ntchito ya usilikali" mlandu; 60,000 ozemba kulemba pa chaka; Otsutsa kumangidwa ngati othawa; Kukonzekera othawa kwawo & othamangitsidwa kunja
√ Magawo Otengedwa ndi Turkey - 14 adalengeza kuti COs
√ Turkmenistan - Kuzemba kofunikira, 20% kuthawa, 2,000 othawa; Kumenyedwa, kuwopseza kugwiriridwa
√ Uganda - Kulembetsa mokakamizidwa, kuphatikizapo ana ankhondo; Kusiyidwa kofala
√ Ukraine* – Ma CO achipembedzo okha: Seventh Day Adventists, Baptists, Adventists-Reformists, Mboni za Yehova, Charismatic Christians; 2,864 COs; Zochitika za kukana kwa anthu absolutist; 10% kutsata, 48,624 ozemba kulemba; Kukonzekera othawa kwawo kunja
United Arab Emirates - Anayambitsanso usilikali mu 2014
United Kingdom - Kalonga wachifumu akufuna kulowa usilikali mu Meyi 2015
√ USA* - Mamiliyoni mamiliyoni aanthu omwe amazemba kulembetsa amalephera kulembetsa, amalephera kupereka lipoti zosintha maadiresi; Zikwi za okana absolutist; milandu 20 yokha, kuweruzidwa kuchokera masiku 35-miyezi isanu ndi umodzi; Malipiro a chiwembu kwa iwo omwe amathandizira, amathandizira, alangizi; M’ndende zaka zisanu, chindapusa cha $250,000; Okana usilikali ndi othawa; Othawa omwe akuimbidwa mlandu wanthawi yankhondo; Okonzekera ndi opulumukira akapolo
√ Uzbekistan*
√ Venezuela - Kulembetsa mokakamizidwa, kuzembera komanso kuthawa; Okana 34 absolutist, othawa 180 CO pachaka
√ Vietnam - Kuzemba komanso kuthawa kwa anthu ambiri
√ Western Sahara
√ Yemen - Kuzemba kofunikira komanso kuthawa
√ Zimbabwe*

Ziwerengero za okana kulowa usilikali, kumene zimadziwika, zimasiyana kwambiri m'mayiko. Mwa zina, pangakhale ochepa chabe. Ochepa awa akuyeneranso kutetezedwa - mutha kukhala m'modzi wa iwo! M’dziko lililonse limene anthu amaloledwa kulowa usilikali, muli anthu okana kulowa usilikali komanso akaidi omwe amaloledwa kulowa usilikali. Kulikonse kumene dziko limakhala ndi gulu lankhondo, kuchokera ku mayiko omasuka kwambiri mpaka opondereza kwambiri, pali anthu okana usilikali ndi othawa kwawo chifukwa cha zimene amakhulupirira.