Maziko Ankhondo Sazigwiritsidwanso Ntchito

Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, October 13, 2020

Ngati, monga ine, muli ndi chizolowezi chosonyeza kusakhulupirika kwa milandu yopangidwira nkhondo zosiyanasiyana, ndipo muyamba kukopa anthu kuti nkhondo sizothetsa zida za chiwonongeko zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira, kapena Kuthetsa zigawenga zomwe amapanga, kapena kufalitsa demokalase yomwe amalimbana nayo, anthu ambiri posachedwa adzafunsa kuti "Nanga nkhondo ndi ziti?"

Pakadali pano, pali zolakwika ziwiri wamba. Choyamba ndikuganiza kuti pali yankho limodzi. Enanso ndikuganiza kuti mayankho onse ayenera kukhala omveka. Kuyankha koyambirira komwe ndapereka nthawi ya gazillion ndikuti nkhondo ndi zopindulitsa ndi mphamvu ndi mapaipi, kuwongolera mafuta ndi madera ndi maboma, pakuwerengera zisankho, kupititsa patsogolo ntchito, komanso kuwerengera atolankhani, kubweza "zopereka" za kampeni chifukwa cha kusayanjanitsika kwa dongosolo lino, komanso wamisala, kukhumbira koipa kwamphamvu ndi nkhanza zakunja.

Tikudziwa kuti nkhondo sizikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu kapena kusowa kwa zinthu zina kapena zina mwazomwe ena amagwiritsa ntchito m'maphunziro aku US kuti ayesere kulakwitsa nkhondo za omwe awazunza. Tikudziwa kuti nkhondo sizimachitika konse komwe kumapangidwa zida. Tikudziwa kuti nkhondo zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kupezeka kwa mafuta. Koma zimagwirizana ndi chinthu chinanso chomwe chimapereka yankho losiyana ku funso loti nkhondoyi ndiyotani: maziko. Ndikutanthauza, tonse takhala tikudziwika kwazaka zambiri tsopano kuti ma permawars aposachedwa aku US amakhala ndi zokutira maiko osiyanasiyana okhala ndi mabasiketi, ndikuti zolinga zake zikuphatikiza kukonza kwa mabatani ena okhazikika komanso maofesi achitetezo apamwamba. Koma nanga bwanji ngati nkhondo sizimangotengeka ndi cholinga cha mabungwe atsopano, komanso zimayendetsedwa makamaka ndikupezeka kwa mabungwe apano?

M'buku lake latsopano, United States of War, A David Vine akutchula kafukufuku yemwe asitikali aku US akuwonetsa kuti kuyambira ma 1950, asitikali aku US alumikizana ndi nkhondo zaku US zoyambitsa mikangano. Vine amasintha mzere kuchokera Munda wa Maloto osanena za bwalo la baseball koma mabungwe oyambira: "Mukazimanga, padzabwera nkhondo." Vine imanenanso za zitsanzo zambirimbiri zankhondo zomwe zikupanga maziko okhala ndi nkhondo zomwe zikubweretsa maziko omwe sikuti amangobereka nkhondo zochulukirapo koma amatithandiziranso kuwononga zida ndi magulu ankhondo kuti adzaze maziko, nthawi yomweyo ndikupanga blowback - zonse zomwe zimapangitsa chidwi kwambiri nkhondo.

Buku lakale la Vine linali Base Nation: Mmene US Mabungwe Akumidzi Amayiko Amayiko Amawononga America ndi Dziko. Udindo wathunthu uwu ndi United States of War: Mbiri Yapadziko Lonse Yamikangano Yosatha ya America, Kuyambira Columbus kupita ku Islamic State. Si nkhani yatsatanetsatane yokhudza nkhondo iliyonse yaku US, yomwe ingafune masamba masauzande ambiri. Sikoyenera kuchoka pamutu wamabesi. Ndi mbiri yazomwe zidaseweredwa ndikusewera m'mibadwo ndi machitidwe a nkhondo.

Pali, kumbuyo kwa bukuli, mndandanda wautali wankhondo zaku US, ndi mikangano ina yomwe pazifukwa zina sizitchedwa nkhondo. Ndi mndandanda womwe umapitilira kuyambira United States isanafike lero, ndipo izi sizikuyesa kuti nkhondo yolimbana ndi Amwenye Achimereka kunalibe kapena sizinali nkhondo zakunja. Uwu ndi mndandanda womwe ukuwonetsa nkhondo zakutali padziko lonse lapansi zisanafike kumapeto kwa "chiwonetsero chowonekera" ku gombe lakumadzulo kwa US, ndikuwonetsa nkhondo zazing'ono zikuchitika m'malo ambiri nthawi imodzi komanso kupyola nkhondo zazikulu kwina. Ikuwonetsa nkhondo zazifupi komanso nkhondo zazitali kwambiri (monga nkhondo yazaka 36 yolimbana ndi Apache) zomwe zimanyozetsa kulengeza kosalekeza kuti nkhondo yapano ku Afghanistan ndiye nkhondo yayitali kwambiri ku US, ndipo izi ndizopusitsa lingaliro loti zaka 19 zapitazi za nkhondo ndichinthu chatsopano komanso chosiyana. Pomwe DRM Research Service idanenapo kuti United States yakhala mwamtendere zaka 11 zakukhalapo, akatswiri ena amati zaka zolondola zamtendere sizero mpaka pano.

Ma paradiso ang'onoang'ono aku US aku America omwe amafalikira padziko lonse lapansi ngati magulu ankhondo ali ndi malo okhala ma steroids (ndi tsankho). Anthu okhalamo nthawi zambiri amakhala osatetezedwa chifukwa cha zomwe amachita kunja kwa zipata, pomwe anthu amaloledwa kulowa mkati ndikuchita ntchito yakunyumba ndi kuyeretsa. Maulendowa ndi zabwino ndizothandiza kwambiri kwa omwe amapita kunkhondo komanso owongolera bajeti ku Congress omwe akuyendera dziko lonse lapansi. Koma lingaliro loti mabasiketi amateteza, kuti amachita zosiyana ndi zomwe Eisenhower adachenjeza, zangotsala pang'ono kuchoka kuzowona. Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zopangidwa ndi mabungwe aku US m'maiko a anthu ena ndi mkwiyo waukulu womwe Vine amatikumbutsa ife nzika za US zisanachitike akumva kulanda kwa asitikali aku Britain ku madera aku North America. Asitikali aku Britain aja adachita zosayeruzika, ndipo atsamunda adangolembetsa madandaulo amtundu wakuba, kugwiririra, komanso kuzunza omwe anthu omwe amakhala kufupi ndi malo aku US akhala akugwira kwazaka zambiri tsopano.

Mabwalo akunja aku US, kutali ndi kutuluka koyamba mu 1898, adamangidwa ndi mtundu watsopano ku Canada isanafike 1776 Declaration of Independence ndipo idakula mwachangu kuchokera pamenepo. Ku United States kuli malo opitilira 800 aposachedwa kapena apitawa omwe ali ndi dzina loti "fort" m'maina awo. Anali magulu ankhondo akumayiko akunja, monganso malo ena ambiri opanda "fort" m'maina awo apano. Adatsogola atsamunda okhala. Anakwiya kwambiri. Amayambitsa nkhondo. Ndipo nkhondozo zidabweretsa maziko ambiri, pomwe malirewo adakankhidwira kunja. Pankhondo yomenyera ufulu wodziyimira pawokha kuchokera ku Britain, monga munkhondo zazikuluzikulu zomwe anthu ambiri adamva, United States idapitilizabe kumenya nkhondo zazing'ono zingapo, pomenyera Native America ku Ohio Valley, kumadzulo kwa New York, ndi kwina kulikonse. Kumene ndimakhala ku Virginia, zipilala ndi masukulu oyambira ndi mizinda amatchulidwa kuti anthu omwe amadziwika kuti akukulitsa ufumu wa US (ndi ufumu wa Virginia) kumadzulo pa "American Revolution."

Palibe zomangamanga kapena kupanga nkhondo komwe kudatha. Pa Nkhondo ya 1812, pomwe US ​​idawotcha Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku Canada, pambuyo pake aku Britain adawotcha Washington, US idamanga mabwalo otetezera mozungulira Washington, DC, omwe sanakwaniritse cholinga chawo kutali komanso mabungwe ambiri aku US padziko lonse lapansi. Zomalizazi zimapangidwa kuti zikhumudwitse, osati chitetezo.

Patatha masiku khumi nkhondo ya 1812 itatha, US Congress idalengeza zakumenya nkhondo ku North Africa boma la Algiers. Panali panthawiyo, osati mu 1898, pamene US Navy inayamba kukhazikitsa malo oyendetsa zombo zake m'makontinenti asanu - omwe adagwiritsa ntchito mu 19^th zaka zana kuti aukire Taiwan, Uruguay, Japan, Holland, Mexico, Ecuador, China, Panama, ndi Korea.

Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni yaku US, yomwe idamenyedwa chifukwa Kumpoto ndi Kummwera kumavomerezana pakukula kosatha koma osati pa akapolo kapena ufulu wamagawo atsopano, sikunali nkhondo yapakati pa Kumpoto ndi Kummwera kokha, komanso nkhondo yomenyedwa ndi Kumpoto motsutsana ndi Shoshone , Bannock, Ute, Apache, ndi Navajo ku Nevada, Utah, Arizona, ndi New Mexico - nkhondo yomwe idapha, kugonjetsa madera, ndikukakamiza anthu masauzande ambiri kuti apite kumsasa woyang'anira asitikali, Bosque Redondo, womwe ungalimbikitse Anazi.

Maziko atsopano amatanthauza nkhondo zatsopano kupitirira maziko. Presidio ku San Francisco adatengedwa kuchokera ku Mexico ndipo ankakonda kuukira Philippines, komwe mabwalo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwukira Korea ndi Vietnam. Tampa Bay, yotengedwa ku Spain, idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuukira Cuba. Guantanamo Bay, yotengedwa ku Cuba, idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuukira Puerto Rico. Ndi zina zotero. Pofika 1844, asitikali aku US anali ndi mwayi wofika kumadoko asanu ku China. US-British Shanghai International Settlement ku 1863 idasinthidwa "Chinatown" - monga mabwalo aku US padziko lonse lapansi pakadali pano.

Pambuyo pa WWII, ngakhale kuphatikiza kwakukulu kwa WWI, maziko ambiri sanali okhazikika. Ena anali, koma ena, kuphatikiza ambiri ku Central America ndi ku Caribbean, amadziwika kuti ndi akanthawi. WWII ingasinthe zonsezi. Kusasintha kwa maziko aliwonse kumakhala kosatha. Izi zidayamba ndikugulitsa kwa FDR zombo zakale kupita ku Britain posinthana ndi mabowo m'mizinda isanu ndi itatu yaku Britain - palibe yomwe inali ndi lingaliro pankhaniyi. Ngakhale Congress, monga FDR idachita yokha, zomwe zidapanga zoyipa zoyipa. Munthawi ya WWII United States idamanga ndikukhazikitsa malo 30,000 pamakina 2,000 pamakontinenti onse.

Malo okhala ku Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, amayenera kuti amamenyera chipani cha Nazi, koma Germany itapereka, ntchito yomangayi idamalizidwabe. Mafuta anali adakalipo. Kufunika kwa ndege zotsikira kudera limenelo lapansi kudalipo. Kufunika kotsimikizira kugula kwa ndege zambiri kudalipo. Ndipo nkhondo zidzakhalapo monga momwe mvula imatsata mitambo yamkuntho.

WWII inali itangotha ​​pang'ono pang'ono. Asitikali akuluakulu adasungidwa kunja konse. A Henry Wallace amaganiza kuti mabungwe akunja akuyenera kuperekedwa ku United Nations. M'malo mwake adachotsedwa msanga papulatifomu. Vine akulemba kuti magulu mazana ambiri a "Bweretsani Abambo" adapangidwa ku United States. Sanachite zonse. M'malo mwake mchitidwe watsopanowu udayambika wotumiza mabanja kuti akalowe nawo makolo awo pantchito zosatha - zomwe cholinga chake ndikuchepetsa kugwiriridwa kwa nzika zakomweko.

Zachidziwikire, gulu lankhondo laku US lidachepetsedwa kwambiri pambuyo pa WWII, koma osati momwe zidalili pambuyo pa nkhondo zina, ndipo zambiri mwa izo zidasinthidwa nkhondo itangoyambika ku Korea. Nkhondo yaku Korea idabweretsa 40% kuwonjezeka kumayiko aku US akunja. Ena atha kunena kuti nkhondo yaku Korea ndichinthu choipa kapena chokwiyitsa, pomwe ena angayitchule kuti ndi tayi kapena cholakwika, koma powona zomangamanga ndikukhazikitsa zida zamagetsi ku boma la US, izo zinali chimodzimodzi, monga Barack Obama adanenera pa nthawi ya utsogoleri wake.

Eisenhower adalankhula zamagulu azankhondo omwe akuwononga boma. Chimodzi mwazitsanzo zambiri zoperekedwa ndi Vine ndi ubale waku US ndi Portugal. Asitikali aku US amafuna malo ku Azores, chifukwa chake boma la US lidavomereza kuthandizira wolamulira mwankhanza ku Portugal, atsamunda achi Portuguese, komanso mamembala achi Portuguese aku NATO. Ndipo anthu aku Angola, Mozambique, ndi Cape Verde aweruzidwa - kapena m'malo mwake, aloleni kuti akhazikitse chidani ku United States, ngati mtengo woti alipire posungira United States "kutetezedwa" ndi mabowo apadziko lonse lapansi. Vine akutchula milandu 17 yomanga maziko aku US omwe akusamutsa anthu okhala mdziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zikuchitika limodzi ndi mabuku aku US akuti zaka zakulanda zatha.

NATO idathandizira kukhazikitsa zomanga ku US ku Italy, zomwe aku Italiya sakanayimira akadakhala kuti maziko ake amatchedwa "mabungwe aku US" m'malo mongogulitsidwa pansi pa chikwangwani chabodza cha "mabungwe a NATO."

Maziko akupitilizabe kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi, ndikuchita ziwonetsero zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri. Zotsutsa zotsutsana ndi mabungwe aku US, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachita bwino, nthawi zambiri sizimachita bwino, zakhala gawo lalikulu lazaka zapitazo za mbiri yapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe sizinaphunzitsidwe ku United States. Ngakhale chikwangwani chodziwika bwino chamtendere chidagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba pazionetsero zankhondo yaku US. Tsopano maziko akufalikira ku Africa konse mpaka kumalire a China ndi Russia, pomwe chikhalidwe cha ku America chizolowera kuzolowera nkhondo zanthawi zonse zomenyedwa ndi "magulu ankhondo apadera" ndi ndege zamaloboti, zida za nyukiliya zikumangidwa ngati zamisala, ndipo usitikaliwo sunafunsidwe ndi a zipani zazikulu ziwiri zaku US.

Ngati nkhondo zili - mbali - yazoyambira, sitiyeneranso kufunsa kuti maziko ake ndi ati? Vine akusimba ofufuza aku DRM akumaliza kuti zoyala zambiri zimasungidwa ndi "inertia." Ndipo akufotokozeranso asitikali osiyanasiyana ankhondo akuchita mantha (kapena, molondola, paranoia) omwe amawona kupanga nkhondo mwamphamvu ngati njira yodzitetezera. Izi ndizochitika zenizeni zenizeni, koma ndikuganiza kuti zimadalira kutsogola kopondereza padziko lonse lapansi ndi phindu, kuphatikiza kufunitsitsa kwa anthu (kapena kufunitsitsa) kuti apange nkhondo.

China chake chomwe sindimaganiza kuti buku lililonse chimafotokoza zokwanira ndi gawo logulitsa zida. Maziko awa amapanga makasitomala azida - ma demokalase komanso oyang'anira "demokalase" omwe angakhale okhala ndi zida komanso ophunzitsidwa komanso opatsidwa ndalama ndikudalira Asitikali aku US, ndikupangitsa boma la US kudalira kwambiri opindula pankhondo.

Ndikukhulupirira kuti munthu aliyense padziko lapansi adzawerenga United States of War. At World BEYOND War tapanga kugwira ntchito yotseka mabowo choyambirira.