Gulu Lankhondo Lothandiza Anthu Omwe Amagwira Ntchito Zoyenereza Anthu M'mayiko Otsutsana Kumbuyo

kuchokera Sayansi Yamtendere Digest, July 25, 2020

Kusanthula uku kukufotokozera mwachidule ndikuwonetsa kafukufuku wotsatirawu: Sullivan, P., Blanken, L., & Rice, I. (2020). Kukhazikitsa mtendere: Thandizo lachitetezo chakunja ndi mikhalidwe yaufulu wa anthu m'maiko omwe achitika mikangano. Chitetezo ndi Mtendere Economics, 31(2). 177-200. DOI: 10.1080/10242694.2018.1558388

Zokambirana

M'mayiko omwe kunachitika nkhondo:

• Kutumiza zida ndi thandizo lankhondo kuchokera kumayiko akunja (zomwe zimatchedwa thandizo lachitetezo chakunja) zimalumikizidwa ndi mikhalidwe yoyipa yaufulu wachibadwidwe, kuphatikiza kuphwanya ufulu waumphumphu wakuthupi monga kuzunzidwa, kupha anthu mwachisawawa, kuzimiririka, kutsekeredwa m'ndende ndi kuphedwa, komanso kupha anthu / ndale.
• Official Development Assistance (ODA), yomwe imafotokozedwa momveka bwino ngati thandizo losakhala lankhondo, imalumikizidwa ndi kuwongolera kwaufulu wa anthu.
• Njira zochepa zomwe atsogoleri adziko amasankha munthawi yanthawi yakusamvana zimathandizira kufotokozera chifukwa chomwe thandizo lachitetezo chakunja limabweretsa zotsatira zoyipa zaufulu wa anthu - ndikosavuta kwa atsogoleri kusankha ndalama zoyendetsera chitetezo m'malo mwa ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi anthu. katundu ngati njira yopezera mphamvu, kupangitsa kuponderezana kwa kusamvana kukhala kosavuta.

Chidule

Thandizo lakunja kwa mayiko omwe atsala pang'ono kumenyana ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri pazochitika zapadziko lonse pofuna kulimbikitsa mtendere muzochitika zoterezi. Malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwapa wopangidwa ndi Patricia Sullivan, Leo Blanken, ndi Ian Rice, mtundu wa chithandizo ndi wofunika. Iwo amatsutsa zimenezo thandizo lachitetezo chakunja ikugwirizana ndi kuponderezedwa kwa boma m'mayiko omwe nkhondo itatha. Thandizo lopanda usilikali, kapena Official Development Assistance (ODA), likuwoneka kuti liri ndi zotsatira zosiyana-zogwirizana bwino ndi chitetezo cha ufulu wa anthu. Chotero, mtundu wa chithandizo chakunja uli ndi chisonkhezero champhamvu pa “khalidwe lamtendere” m’maiko pambuyo pa nkhondo.

Thandizo lachitetezo chakunja: "zida zilizonse zovomerezedwa ndi boma za zida, zida zankhondo, ndalama, maphunziro ankhondo, kapena katundu ndi ntchito zina zopangira mphamvu zachitetezo cha boma lakunja."

Olembawo amapeza zotsatirazi pofufuza zochitika za 171 zomwe nkhondo yachiwawa inatha kuchokera ku 1956 mpaka 2012. Zochitika izi zimawerengedwa ngati mayunitsi azaka zapakati pazaka khumi pambuyo pa kutha kwa mkangano wa zida pakati pa boma ndi gulu lotsutsa zida mkati mwa dzikoli. Amayesa kuponderezedwa kwa boma pogwiritsa ntchito chiwopsezo cha Chitetezo cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe chomwe chimayesa kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe monga kuzunzidwa, kupha anthu mwachisawawa, kuzimiririka, kumangidwa pazandale ndi kuphedwa, komanso kupha anthu / ndale. Sikelo imachokera ku -3.13 mpaka + 4.69, kumene makhalidwe apamwamba amaimira chitetezo chabwino cha ufulu waumunthu. Kwa zitsanzo zomwe zikuphatikizidwa mu dataset, sikelo imachokera ku -2.85 mpaka +1.58. Zosungidwazo zimaganiziranso za kukhalapo kwa magulu oteteza mtendere, chuma chapakhomo, ndi zina zofunika.

Zosintha zazikulu za chidwi zimaphatikizapo deta pa ODA, yomwe ndi yosavuta kupeza, ndi chithandizo chachitetezo, chomwe ndi chovuta kuchipeza. Mayiko ambiri satulutsa zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi thandizo lankhondo ndipo sizokwanira mwadongosolo kuti ziphatikizidwe mu dataset. Komabe, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) imapanga deta yomwe imayerekezera kuchuluka kwa zida zankhondo padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe olemba adagwiritsa ntchito pa kafukufukuyu. Iwo akuchenjeza kuti njira yoyezera thandizo lachitetezo mwina imachepetsa kuchuluka kwa malonda ankhondo pakati pa mayiko.

Zotsatira zawo zikuwonetsa kuti chithandizo chachitetezo chakunja chikugwirizana ndi magawo otsika achitetezo chaufulu wa anthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pafupifupi 0.23 ikugwetse pamagawo a Chitetezo cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe (mulingo wake umachokera ku -2.85 mpaka +1.58). Kuyerekeza, ngati dziko likumananso ndi mkangano wankhanza, chiwopsezo cha Chitetezo cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe chikutsika ndi 0.59 pamlingo womwewo. Kuyerekeza uku kumapereka chizindikiro cha kuzama kwa chiwerengero cha Chitetezo cha Ufulu wa Anthu chifukwa cha thandizo lankhondo. ODA, kumbali ina, ikugwirizana ndi kupititsa patsogolo ufulu wa anthu. Popanga zikhulupiriro zonenedweratu za kuchuluka kwa Chitetezo cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe m'maiko pambuyo pa nkhondoyi, ODA "ikuwoneka kuti ikuwongolera mikhalidwe yaufulu wa anthu mzaka khumi pambuyo pothetsa mikangano."

Olembawo akufotokoza zotsatira za thandizo la usilikali pa kuponderezedwa kwa boma poyang'ana njira zomwe zingapezeke kwa atsogoleri a mayiko m'mayiko omwe amachokera ku nkhondo. Atsogoleri amayikowa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi njira ziwiri zolimbikitsira mphamvu: (1) kuyang'ana kwambiri pakupeza zinthu zaboma kwa anthu ambiri - monga kuyika ndalama pamaphunziro a boma - kapena (2) kuyang'ana kwambiri pakusunga katundu wamba kuti achepetse chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amafunikira kuti asamalire. mphamvu-monga kuyika ndalama m'magulu achitetezo kuti alimbikitse mphamvu zopondereza za boma. Poganizira zazovuta zomwe zimachitika m'maiko omwe nkhondo itatha, atsogoleri ayenera kupanga zisankho zolimba za momwe angagawire ndalama. Mwachidule, chithandizo chachitetezo chakunja chimatsimikizira kukula kotero kuti kuponderezana, kapena njira yachiwiri, kumakhala kosangalatsa kwa maboma. Mwachidule, olembawo amanena kuti “thandizo la chitetezo chakunja limachepetsa chilimbikitso cha boma poikapo ndalama m’zinthu za boma, limachepetsa mtengo woponderezedwa, ndi kulimbikitsa gawo la chitetezo poyerekezera ndi mabungwe ena a boma.”

Olembawo amalozera ku zitsanzo za mfundo zakunja zaku US kuti ziwonetse mfundoyi. Mwachitsanzo, thandizo la chitetezo cha US ku South Korea pambuyo pa nkhondo ya ku Korea linalimbikitsa dziko lopondereza lomwe linaphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe kambirimbiri mpaka zionetsero zazikulu zinayambitsa boma lademokalase zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake. Olembawo amagwirizanitsa zitsanzozi ndi zokambirana zazikulu za "khalidwe lamtendere" m'mayiko omwe anachitika pambuyo pa nkhondo. Kutha kwa maudani okhazikika ndi njira imodzi yofotokozera mtendere. Komabe, olembawo akunena kuti kuponderezana kwa boma kwa kusagwirizana, komwe thandizo lachitetezo limalimbikitsa, makamaka mwa kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu monga "kuzunzika, kupha anthu mwachisawawa, kuthawa mokakamizidwa, ndi kutsekeredwa m'ndende zandale," ndi "mtendere wamtendere" ngakhale uli wovomerezeka. kutha kwa nkhondo yapachiweniweni.

Kudziwitsa

"Mtendere wamtendere" womwe umachitika pambuyo pa nkhondo ndi wofunikira kwambiri chifukwa chiwopsezo cha kuyambiranso kwankhondo ndi chachikulu. Malinga ndi zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa ndi Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) (onani "Kusamvana Kubwereza” mu Kupitiriza Kuwerenga), 60% ya nkhondo zonse zankhondo zimachitikanso mkati mwa zaka khumi pambuyo pa kutha kwa nkhondo chifukwa cha "madandaulo osathetsedwa" pambuyo pa nkhondo. Kungoyang'ana pakuthetsa mikangano, popanda kudzipereka momveka bwino paufulu wa anthu kapena dongosolo la momwe dziko lingathetsere zomwe zidayambitsa nkhondo, zitha kungowonjezera madandaulo omwe alipo komanso momwe zinthu ziliri zomwe zingayambitse ziwawa zambiri. .

Ntchito zapadziko lonse zomwe cholinga chake ndikuthetsa nkhondo ndikuletsa kuyambiranso kwa nkhondo ziyenera kuganizira momwe zochita zawo zingakhudzire zotsatirazi. Monga tidakambirana m'mbuyomu Digest kusanthula, "Kukhalapo kwa apolisi a UN Omwe Amagwirizana Ndi Zopanda Zachinyengo M'mayiko Okhondo Asanachitike,” zothetsera zankhondo, kaya zaupolisi kapena zachitetezo cha mtendere, zimabweretsa zotsatirapo zoyipa kwambiri paufulu wa anthu, popeza nkhondo zikuyambitsa ziwawa zomwe zimapangitsa chiwawa kukhala njira yovomerezeka yandale. Kuzindikira kumeneku ndikofunikira kwambiri momwe maboma amayiko, makamaka mayiko amphamvu, omwe ali ndi zida zankhondo ngati US - amapangira thandizo lakunja, makamaka ngati akufuna thandizo lankhondo kapena losakhala lankhondo kumayiko omwe achitika mikangano. M'malo molimbikitsa mtendere ndi demokalase, zomwe thandizo lakunja likufuna kuchita, zikuwoneka kuti thandizo lachitetezo liri ndi zotsatira zosiyana, kulimbikitsa kuponderezana kwa boma ndikuwonjezera mwayi wa kuyambiranso kwa nkhondo. Ambiri achenjeza za nkhondo zakunja za US, kuphatikizapo anthu omwe ali mu Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo ndi mabungwe azamalamulo (onani "Mavuto a Militarized Foreign Policy for America's Premier Intelligence Agency” mu Kupitiriza Kuwerenga). Adafunsa momwe kudalira kwambiri zida zankhondo ndi zida zankhondo kumakhudzira momwe US ​​imawonedwa padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale kuti malingaliro ndi ofunikira ku ubale wapadziko lonse ndi ndondomeko zakunja, thandizo la chitetezo chakunja, makamaka, limalepheretsa zolinga zopanga dziko lamtendere komanso lademokalase. Nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa kuti kudalira thandizo lachitetezo monga njira ya chithandizo chapadziko lonse lapansi kumawonjezera zotsatira za mayiko omwe akulandira.

Malingaliro omveka bwino a ndondomeko kuchokera m'nkhaniyi ndikuwonjezera ODA omwe si ankhondo ku mayiko omwe akutuluka ku nkhondo. Thandizo lopanda usilikali likhoza kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zothandizira anthu komanso / kapena njira zachilungamo zosinthira zofunikira kuti athetse madandaulo omwe amalimbikitsa nkhondo poyamba komanso zomwe zingapitirire pambuyo pa nkhondo, motero zimathandizira kuti mtendere ukhale wolimba. Kuchoka pa kudalira kwambiri ndalama zankhondo ndi thandizo la chitetezo, m'madera a ndondomeko zapakhomo ndi zakunja, kukupitirizabe kukhala njira yabwino yowonetsetsa kuti mtendere ukhalepo kwa nthawi yaitali komanso wokhazikika. [KC]

Kupitiliza Kuwerenga

PRIO. (2016). Kusamvana kubwerezedwa. Idabwezedwa pa Julayi 6, 2020, kuchokera https://files.prio.org/publication_files/prio/Gates,%20Nygård,%20Trappeniers%20-%20Conflict%20Recurrence,%20Conflict%20Trends%202-2016.pdf

Peace Science Digest. (2020, Juni 26). Kukhalapo kwa apolisi a UN okhudzana ndi ziwonetsero zopanda chiwawa m'mayiko omwe pambuyo pa nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Idabwezedwa pa June 8, 2020, kuchokera https://peacesciencedigest.org/presence-of-un-police-associated-with-nonviolent-protests-in-post-civil-countries/

Oakley, D. (2019, May 2). Mavuto a mfundo zakunja zankhondo za bungwe lazanzeru zaku America. Nkhondo pa Miyala. Idabwezedwa pa Julayi 10, 2020, kuchokera https://warontherocks.com/2019/05/the-problems-of-a-militarized-foreign-policy-for-americas-premier-intelligence-agency/

Suri, J. (2019, Epulo 17). Kukwera kwanthawi yayitali komanso kugwa kwadzidzidzi kwa diplomacy zaku America. Malonda Achilendo. Idabwezedwa pa Julayi 10, 2020, kuchokera https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/17/the-long-rise-and-sudden-fall-of-american-diplomacy/

Peace Science Digest. (2017, Novembala 3). Zokhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe wa mabungwe ankhondo aku US akunja. Idabwezedwa pa Julayi 21, 2020, kuchokera https://peacesciencedigest.org/human-rights-implications-foreign-u-s-military-bases/