Kusintha kwa Militarized

by Mona Ali, Dziko la Phenomenal, January 27, 2023

Nkhani iyi idawonekera koyamba WERENGA, magazini yochokera ku Gulu d'études géopolitiques.

Pamene NATO idachita msonkhano wawo wamasiku awiri ku Madrid mu June 2022, boma la Spain lidatumiza. apolisi zikwi khumi kutsekereza mbali zonse za mzindawu, kuphatikiza malo osungiramo zinthu zakale a Prado ndi Reina Sofia, kwa anthu. Kutatsala tsiku limodzi kuti msonkhanowo uyambe, olimbikitsa zanyengo adachita "amafa” kutsogolo kwa Picasso Guernica ku Reina Sofia, potsutsa zomwe adazitcha kuti nkhondo yandale zanyengo. Sabata lomwelo, Khothi Lalikulu ku United States lidachotsa chitetezo cha federal paufulu wochotsa mimba, kuletsa mphamvu ya US Environmental Protection Agency kuti ichepetse kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, ndikukulitsa ufulu wonyamula zida zobisika ku United States. Mosiyana ndi chipwirikiti kunyumba, pamsonkhano, gulu la Purezidenti Joe Biden lidawonetsa malingaliro otsitsimutsidwa a kukhazikika kwa hegemonic.

Makamaka mgwirizano wankhondo wa transatlantic, NATO imayimira kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi ku North Atlantic.¹ M'njira yake yodziwonetsera yokha ya 360-degree yoletsa kuphatikizika-kuphatikiza cyber-tech ndi "kulumikizana" pakati pa machitidwe achitetezo a Allied-NATO ndi Benthamite panopticon yazaka makumi awiri ndi chimodzi, yomwe kuyang'ana kwake kuli dziko lonse lapansi. M'dzina lakukweza zikhalidwe za demokalase ndi mabungwe, NATO yadzipatsa udindo woyang'anira zovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi. Udindo wake wowonjezera tsopano ukukhudza kuthana ndi "nkhanza zogonana chifukwa cha mikangano" ndikusintha kwanyengo.

Muulamuliro wa NATO womwe, United States imatenga udindo wa Mtsogoleri Wapamwamba. Zake chidziwitso cha masomphenya imatsimikizira mwatsatanetsatane mphamvu ya nyukiliya ya America ngati mwala wapangodya wa chitetezo cha North Atlantic. Poyankha nkhondo ya Russia ku Ukraine, NATO idachita zinthu mwaukali, kukonzanso ndondomeko yake ya ndondomeko kuti ithetse mgwirizano womwe unakhazikitsa ndi Russia mu 2010. Mawu ake osinthidwa a 2022 akugwirizana ndi ndondomeko yomwe yakhalapo nthawi yaitali kuti ngati membala m'modzi wa NATO akuwukiridwa, Nkhani 5 akhoza kupemphedwa, kulola mgwirizano kuchitapo kanthu pobwezera.

Chikhulupiriro chofala chomwe akatswiri azachuma amafalitsa ndi chakuti pothetsa malonda a mayiko ndi ndalama, nkhondo zimasokoneza kudalirana kwa mayiko. Olemba mbiri Adam Tooze ndi Ted Fertik zasokoneza nkhaniyi. Iwo amati nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse inayambitsa kudalirana kwa mayiko m'zaka za m'ma 7 ndipo inawalamulira mwankhanza. Momwemonso, nkhondo ya ku Ukraine yasintha mosasinthika mawonekedwe apadziko lonse lapansi. Kuwukiraku kudatsatiridwa ndi Gulu la mayiko XNUMX omwe adathamangitsa Russia ku dongosolo lazachuma lolamulidwa ndi azungu. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, mayiko akumadzulo akhala akulimbana ndi kulowererapo pazachuma pogwiritsa ntchito ziletso pazamalonda aku Russia, kulanda nkhokwe zakunja za Russia, komanso thandizo lalikulu lankhondo ku Ukraine. Kupereka kwa Britain kwa gulu lankhondo la Wotsutsa 2 akasinja ku Ukraine ndi chizindikiro choyamba choperekedwa ndi ogwirizana a NATO zida zankhondo zamphamvu kugwiritsidwa ntchito pabwalo lankhondo. Pamsonkhano wa Januware 20 wamkuwa wapamwamba wankhondo (ndi oyimira ena maiko makumi asanu) ku NATO's Allied Air Command base ku Ramstein, Germany adaletsa kuti akasinja ake a Leopard 2 aperekedwe. Pambuyo pake tsiku limenelo, zionetsero kudayambika ku Berlin ndi achinyamata akufuna "Kwasula Leopards.” (Pa Januware 25, iwo anatero. . Onse aŵiri Vladimir Putin ndi Volodymyr Zelensky akonza nkhondo ya Ukraine kukhala imodzi yapakati pa Russia ndi maiko ogwirizana ndi NATO. Kupezeka kwa zida zolemera za Kumadzulo kumatsimikizira lingaliro limenelo.

Nkhondo ya Kum’maŵa kwa Yuropu yasonkhanitsanso dongosolo lonse la zachuma ndi mphamvu zapadziko lonse. Pamene maukonde azachuma ndi amalonda anali ndi zida, momwemonso zida zamphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi zidaliritsidwa. Podzudzula zilango zaku Canada, zomwe zidalepheretsa kubwereranso kwa turbine yosungidwa ya Nokia yosungidwa ku Canada ku Gazprom (chimphona chamafuta aku Russia), Russia idachepetsa kwambiri mpweya womwe ukuyenda mupaipi ya Nord Stream I kupita ku Germany.² Maboma aku Europe atangovomereza mapulani a Treasury yaku US kuti achepetse mtengo wamafuta aku Russia, a Putin adayimitsa gasi amayenda kupita ku Ulaya kudzera pa Nord Stream I. Nkhondo isanayambe chaka chatha, Russia anapereka XNUMX peresenti ya gasi ku Ulaya ndi kotala mafuta ndi gasi onse omwe amagulitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi; katundu wake wotumizidwa kunja anali opanda zilango za Azungu. Kuchotsa Russia pachuma chapadziko lonse lapansi mu 2022 kwadzetsa kusowa kwa mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi ndipo kwakwera mitengo, makamaka ku Europe. Kukwera kwa mitengo ya zinthu padziko lonse, makamaka mafuta ndi chakudya, kwachititsa kuti pakhale kukwera kwakukulu kwa mitengo kuyambira m'ma 1970.

Pofuna kuthana ndi vutoli, Ulaya tsopano akudalira US kuti atenge mphamvu kuchokera kunja; makumi anayi pa zana mwa gasi wake wachilengedwe wosungunuka tsopano akuchokera ku US, kusintha kodabwitsa kuyambira chaka chatha pomwe Europe idapewa American LNG chifukwa cha nkhawa za mpweya womwe umatulutsa ngati gawo lakupanga ndi kayendedwe. Zokhumudwitsa kwambiri olimbikitsa zanyengo, nyumba yamalamulo ya EU idavota kuti iphatikizepo gasi lachilengedwe, mafuta otsalira, mu taxonomy yake ya mphamvu yokhazikika. Kuteteza msika wakunja wopindulitsa kwambiri ku America ku Europe, oyang'anira a Biden apeza chiwopsezo chomwe sichingachitike pa dollar ya hydrocarbon.

Chisankho chimodzi chachikulu chomwe chinatuluka pamsonkhano wa Madrid chinali kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo okhazikika ankhondo aku US ku Poland, gawo la kukula kwakukulu kwankhondo ku US ku Europe kuyambira nthawi imeneyo. Cold War. Asitikali opitilira XNUMX aku US tsopano ali ku Europe. Chotsatira china chamsonkhanowo chinali kukonzanso kwa NATO "kutengera zankhondo ndi ndale” njira. Pogwira mphamvu zamaliseche, NATO zosangalatsa kuti "liyenera kukhala bungwe lotsogola padziko lonse lapansi pankhani yomvetsetsa ndikusintha momwe kusintha kwanyengo kumakhudzira chitetezo." Ikufuna kuchita izi mwa "kuyika ndalama pakusintha kuyeretsa magwero a mphamvu ndikugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje obiriwira, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zankhondo zikuyenda bwino komanso kutetezedwa kodalirika." Mu dongosolo latsopano la nyengo la NATO, kusintha kwa mphamvu kwasankhidwa kukhala projekiti yachifumu.

War ecology imakumana ndi zida zankhondo

Ndondomeko yatsopano ya NATO yosinthira usilikali imakumbukira zomwe wafilosofi Pierre Charbonnier amatcha "ecology yankhondo.” Lingaliro la Charbonnier limalankhula za kuyandikira komwe kukukulirakulira kwa decarbonization ndi geopolitics, nthawi zambiri mwamagulu ankhondo. Alimbikitsa Europe kuti isiye kudalira mafuta obwera kuchokera kunja ndikubwezeretsanso mphamvu ndi ulamuliro pazachuma pogwiritsa ntchito decarbonization. Amanenanso kuti zachilengedwe zandale ziyenera kuyika decarbonization kukhala nkhani yayikulu yomwe imaphatikizapo kusintha kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe. Kulimbikitsana kwakukulu kwachuma, umisiri, ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka anthu

Nkhondo ku Ukraine, yomwe yathandizira kudzipereka kwa Europe pakusintha kwamphamvu, ikuwoneka kuti ikutsimikizira chiphunzitso cha Charbonnier cha ecology. Kumvetsetsa kwachilengedwe kumeneku kumayimira pakati pa malingaliro omvetsa chisoni, omwe amalengeza kuti sizingatheke kuchepetsa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya kuti apewe ngozi yowopsa yakusintha kwanyengo, komanso naïveté of techno-optimists omwe amakhulupirira kuti matekinoloje ochotsa mpweya amatha kukulitsidwa munthawi yake kuti achepetse kutentha kwa mapulaneti. mpaka 1.5 digiri Celsius. Polemba zankhondo yazachuma komanso kuzunzika komwe kumakhudza anthu wamba padziko lonse lapansi, Charbonnier akuchenjeza za kuthekera kwazandale kugonjera zofunikira zankhondo. Iye akuchenjeza kuti zamoyo zankhondo zitha kutembenukira kudziko lachilengedwe ndipo akuti olimbikitsa zanyengo akuyenera kusokoneza zokambirana za realpolitik ndi mgwirizano wake wonse ndi zokonda zamphamvu pomwe akugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake ka "mayiko akulu" ndi "mphamvu zazikulu" ku zobiriwira. ndalama ndi zomangamanga.

Mwina mwamphamvu kwambiri, lingaliro la Charbonnier la chilengedwe chankhondo limathandiza kulumikiza madontho pakati pa kusintha kwakukula kwa kusintha kwa mphamvu ndi gulu limodzi lomwe likuwoneka kuti silikukhudzidwa ndi vuto la American Procedural Legalism: zovuta zake zankhondo ndi mafakitale. Malinga ndi zomwe katswiri wazamalamulo waku America Cass Sunstein mayitanidwe "Mtambo wakuda womwe tsopano ukuyandikira boma," komanso kusagwirizana ndi ndalama zomwe US ​​​​amagwiritsa ntchito poteteza zanyengo, ndizotheka kuti ndalama zanyengo zidzalowetsedwa mu bajeti ya US Department of Defense.

Poyang'ana koyamba, "kusintha kwankhondo" kwa NATO kumawoneka ngati njira yabwino yothetsera kuchedwa kwanyengo. Zitha kumvekanso ngati zotsatira za kukhazikika kwa mphamvu zadzidzidzi panthawi ya mliri. Ku US, Defence Production Act ndi International Emergency Economic Powers Act zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kangapo pazaka ziwiri ndi theka zapitazi kuti apange ma ventilator ndi katemera, kuitanitsa mkaka wa makanda, komanso kulanda katundu wakunja. Kulengeza zadzidzidzi kungakwiyitse omasuka ndi akatswiri koma iwo onse kudutsa pansi radar ya anthu ambiri aku America.

M'malo mwake, olimbikitsa nyengo adakankhira Biden kuti alengeze zavuto lanyengo komanso kuti tumizani mphamvu zadzidzidzi kukhazikitsa Green New Deal. Biden adayankha ndi lamulo la June 6, a Defence Production Act Kwa Mphamvu Yoyera, yomwe imadutsa gridlock ya zisankho kuti ikulitse zomangamanga zobiriwira monga minda yamphepo pamtunda wa federal. Lamuloli likunenanso kuti lidzalamula kuti anthu azigwira ntchito mwachilungamo kuti amange America woyera mphamvu arsenal. Pankhani ya maubwenzi akunja, lamulo latsopanoli nthawi imodzi limabweza mitengo yamitengo yaukadaulo waku Asia (yovuta kwambiri ku US kupanga mphamvu ya solar) ndikulonjeza "m'mphepete mwa nyanja" maunyolo obiriwira pakati pa Allies.

Kusokonekera kwa msika

Nkhondo yakhala yopindulitsa kwambiri kwa opanga mafuta ndi gasi, omwe amapeza ndalama oposa awiri poyerekeza ndi avareji ya zaka zisanu. Ndi pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mphamvu zomwe zimaperekedwa padziko lonse lapansi zimachokera ku mafuta, zocheperapo gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu kuchokera ku malasha, ndipo pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu aliwonse kuchokera ku gasi wachilengedwe, zowonjezedwanso zimakhala zosakwana gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a magetsi padziko lonse lapansi - pali phindu lalikulu loti lipangidwe. . Kukwera kwamitengo kwapangitsa Saudi Aramco, kampani yayikulu kwambiri yamafuta padziko lonse lapansi, patsogolo pa Apple ngati kampani yopindulitsa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. United States, komabe, ndiyomwe imapanga mafuta ndi gasi padziko lonse lapansi, ikuthandizira XNUMX peresenti ya zinthu zapadziko lonse lapansi.

Pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana - kuphatikiza kugwa mu yosakongola mitengo yamafuta mu 2020, komanso kuopa kutayika kwamafuta amafuta pomwe kusintha kwamagetsi kukuchulukirachulukira - opanga mafuta ndi gasi akukakamizika kukweza ndalama. Izi zamasulira muzinthu zotsika komanso zotsika mtengo. Ngakhale kuti Saudi Arabia ili ndi zida zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwachuma komwe kukukwera pamsika kukuyembekezeka kuchokera Makampani amafuta ndi gasi aku US. Kuyika ndalama mu gasi wosungunuka kwakhala kwamphamvu kwambiri pamagulu onse amafuta amafuta. Potsatira zilango zomwe zalangidwa ndi Russia, US yatsala pang'ono kukhala wotsogola padziko lonse lapansi wa LNG. Phindu la Windfall mafuta ndi gasi mu 2022 lingakhale lokwanira kulipira zaka khumi zogulira mafuta otsika omwe angakwaniritse dziko lonse lapansi. chandamale chotulutsa ziro. Monga zikuwonekeranso kuchokera ku kubwezeredwa kwa zilango zaku Russia, mayiko omwe akusokoneza misika amasokoneza magwiridwe antchito. Koma maboma osalowererapo pakakhala msika-kunja (kutulutsa mpweya) kungakhale kokwera mtengo pamlingo wapulaneti.

Pamene mitengo yamafuta amafuta ayamba kukwera, njira zamphepo ndi zoyendera dzuwa zasanduka mtengor. Investment mu tech tech tsopano ikuyendetsedwa kwambiri ndi European mafuta ndi gasi zazikulu. Kugwedezeka kwamphamvu ku Europe kupitilirabe kupititsa patsogolo njira zowonjezedwanso, koma zosokoneza zakumtunda, mwachitsanzo, kupezeka kwa mchere wosowa padziko lapansi (omwe China ndi omwe amagulitsa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi) kwachedwetsa unyolo wobiriwira. Paulendo wa US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen ku Senegal, Zambia, ndi South Africa-zopangidwa pambuyo paulendo wa nduna yakunja ya China Qin Gang - panali zokambirana kupanga batire yagalimoto yamagetsi kukhudzana ndi mchere wofunikira kwambiri.

Ngakhale kukwera kwamitengo yamafuta kumapindulitsa opanga mafuta amafuta, kukwera kwamitengo pampopu ndikomwe kumayambitsa kusakhutira kwa ovota ku US. Zoneneratu kuti ma Democrat ataya mavoti otaya magazi pazisankho zomwe zikubwera ku US zapakati pazaka zidapangitsa kuti akuluakulu a Biden achepetse mitengo yamafuta. Adachita malonda ake oyamba kubwereketsa mafuta panyanja malo aboma, adatulutsa dongosolo lakukumba mafuta m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo adapempha mfumu yoyipa ya Saudi kuti ipange mafuta ochulukirapo, ma U-turns onse kuchokera ku malonjezo ake akale a mphamvu zoyera. Chotsatiracho sichinapambane pamene gulu la mayiko opanga ndi kutumiza mafuta (OPEC kuphatikiza, kuphatikizapo Russia) adalengeza mochititsa chidwi. kudula pakupanga mafuta kumapeto kwa 2022.

Opita patsogolo adalumphira pagulu. Malingaliro aposachedwa a akatswiri otsamira kumanzere ku US akuphatikiza ndalama zothandizidwa ndi boma kubowola kwatsopano m'nyumba ndikukhazikitsa dziko la US zoyenga mafuta. Lingaliro la America ndikuti kumanga zomangamanga zatsopano zamafuta amafuta ndikwabwino kutsitsa zilango zaku Russia posinthana ndi ndale ndikupitiliza kutumiza mphamvu zaku Russia kumayiko akumadzulo.

Kore vs. periphery

Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zazachuma ndi zamalonda kwawonjezera mavuto amphamvu ndi azachuma, omwe tsopano akuwononga madera ambiri azachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Kuphatikizika kwa kukwera kwa mitengo, kukwera kwa chiwongola dzanja, ndi kuyamikira kosalekeza kwa dola kwadzetsa kupsinjika kwa ngongole (kapena chiwopsezo chachikulu cha ngongole) makumi asanu ndi limodzi pa zana maiko onse omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa. Russia, nayonso, idalephera kubweza ngongole yake, ngakhale osati chifukwa chosowa ndalama. M'malo mwake, pansi pa ulamuliro waposachedwa wa zilango, Azungu akukana kukonza zakunja zaku Russia kubweza ngongole.

Kudzipereka kwatsopano kwa zida zankhondo zaku Germany ndikukankhira mgwirizano watsopano Ankhondo aku Europe zikufanana ndi kudzipereka kwa European Central Bank kuti akhazikitse misika yake yodziyimira payokha. Mayiko omwe ali m'bungweli akonza zosintha mu EU's Stability and Growth Pact zomwe zichotse lankhondo ndi ndalama zobiriwira kuchokera ku chipereŵero ndi kukhwimitsa ngongole. Kuyendetsa kwa renewables ku Europe kumalumikizidwa mosagwirizana ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha kuchokera ku Russia. Kugwedezeka kwa mphamvu kwapangitsa European Central Bank-mosiyana ndi Federal Reserve ndi Bank of England-kudzipereka kuti agule katundu wawo. Ndi yuro ikugunda pansi pazaka makumi awiri ndi dola mu kugwa, zomwe zikuwopseza ulamuliro wa ku Ulaya sizikuchokera ku Russia kokha, komanso kuchokera ku ndalama za America ndi zankhondo.

Lingaliro la Charbonnier loti ulendo waku Europe wopita ku ufulu wodziyimira pawokha wa mphamvu uyenera kufotokozedwa ngati mbiri yayikulu ikuwoneka ngati yosatheka. Atatseka zida zake za nyukiliya, kusowa kwamphamvu kwamphamvu kwapangitsa Germany, yomwe ili ndi boma lobiriwira kwambiri, kukulitsa malo opangira malasha - zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu omenyera ufulu wachilengedwe azitsutsa zachigamulochi. Lützerath. LNG ndi msika wapadziko lonse wogawika kwambiri kuposa mafuta, wokhala ndi mitengo yosiyana kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Mitengo yokwera pamsika wamafuta aku Europe idapangitsa ogulitsa LNG kuti kuswa mapangano pa kukopa mphamvu majeure zigamulo ndi zoyendetsa sitima zapamadzi zoyambira ku Asia kupita ku Europe. peresenti 70 ya American LNG tsopano yalunjika ku Europe, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchepa kwakukulu kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Pakistan, yomwe ili kale ndi vuto la kusefukira kwa madzi chaka chatha, tsopano ikukumana ndi vuto la mphamvu ndi ngongole zakunja. Pakati pa mayiko omwe ali pachiwopsezo kwambiri ndi nyengo padziko lapansi, Pakistan ali ndi ngongole ya $100 biliyoni mu ngongole zakunja. Pofuna kupewa zovuta zobweza ngongole, China idabwereketsa dzikolo posachedwa $ Biliyoni 2.3.

Ku Pakistan, kusintha kwankhondo kumatanthauza kuti asitikali apereke chakudya ndi mahema kwa mamiliyoni a anthu osowa pokhala. Kwa ife omwe tili pansi pa ambulera ya nyukiliya ya NATO - yomwe, malinga ndi bungwe, imayenda mayiko makumi atatu ndi anthu 1 biliyoni-Kusinthika kwamagulu ankhondo kumawoneka ngati chitetezo cholimbana ndi osamukira kunyanja, makamaka kuchokera ku Africa kupita ku Europe. Wopanga zachitetezo waku America Raytheon, woyamikiridwa ndi US Environmental Protection Agency chifukwa cha izi utsogoleri wa nyengo, yalengeza kufunikira kwa zinthu zankhondo ndi ntchito pamavuto anyengo. Zida zomwezo zankhondo zitha kutumizidwa kuti ziwongolere kuchuluka kwa othawa kwawo kwanyengo.

Nkhondo ku Ukraine yawonetsa kuwonekera kwa magulu awiri amphamvu, azachuma, ndi chitetezo - imodzi yolumikizana mozungulira North Atlantic (NATO) ndi ina kuzungulira maiko akuluakulu omwe akutukuka kumene kapena BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) . M'dongosolo lazachuma padziko lonse lapansi, mfundo zakunja zikugwira ntchito nthawi imodzi m'malo osiyanasiyana. India - membala wa Quad (Australia, India, Japan, US) - wakhala akuchita izi penapake bwino monyengerera kusalowerera ndale. Japan ikukonzanso malamulo ake kuti athetse malingaliro ake okhudzana ndi zakunja, zomwe zipangitsa kuti asitikali aku US azikhala ku Indo-Pacific. Kuchulukirachulukira kwachilengedwe kwankhondo kungathenso kubweretsa zotsatira zabwino; G7's Global Green Infrastructure and Investment Plan ndiye, kuyankha pazandale ku China's Belt and Road Initiative.

Pakati pazovuta zambiri za dongosolo lazachuma padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zikuwonekeratu ndikuti kusintha kwa mphamvu kuphatikizira kusakhazikika kwachuma komanso kusafanana, zomwe sitinakumanepo nazo. Zikuwonekeranso kuti kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chikole kudzatengedwa ndi periphery. Nkhondo ya ku Ukraine isanachitike, akuti kumwera kwapadziko lonse kukufunika $ 4.3 zankhaninkhani, kuti achire ku mliri. Kubwereketsa koperekedwa ndi obwereketsa otsogola kumayiko osiyanasiyana monga IMF ndi World Bank sikukwanira. Kubwereketsa kwa IMF ndikokwera kwambiri (kupitilira ena makumi anayi chuma) koma zambiri zake trilioni madola bokosi bodza osagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Wina pafupifupi-a-quintillion-madola muzinthu zosungidwa zapadziko lonse zoperekedwa ndi IMF zomwe zimadziwika kuti Special Drawing Rights zili m'mabanki apakati olemera m'maiko olemera kapena m'madipatimenti azachuma. Mu $650 biliyoni yokhudzana ndi mliri Kusintha kwa mtengo wa SDRM mu 2021, magawo awiri mwa magawo atatu a ndalama zonse zomwe zaperekedwa zidapita kumayiko omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri ndipo gawo limodzi lokha ndilomwe lidapita. kumayiko omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa. 117 biliyoni Ma SDR (pafupifupi $ 157 biliyoni) pakadali pano akugwiridwa ndi US yokha. Monga International Reserve assets, ma SDR amapereka ntchito zambiri: monga nkhokwe zosinthira ndalama zakunja, atha kuchepetsa ndalama zodziyimira pawokha ndikuthandizira kukhazikika kwandalama; kusinthidwanso kumabanki achitukuko chamayiko ambiri ngati ndalama, ma SDR amatha kubweza ngongole zambiri; zoperekedwa nthawi zonse monga zinalili pachiyambi Zomwe zidapangidwira pansi pa dongosolo la Bretton Woods la 1944, ma SDR atha kukhala gwero lofunikira lothandizira ndalama zosinthira mphamvu zoyera.

Obwereketsa amphamvu kwambiri m'mayiko osiyanasiyana komanso mayiko akuluakulu akupitirizabe kunyalanyaza udindo wawo wopereka chithandizo chachuma kudzera a ndondomeko yokonzanso ngongole kapena kudzera mukusinthanso ma SDR kumabanki achitukuko osiyanasiyana. Pakadali pano, poyang'anizana ndi zovuta zazachuma zakunja, mayiko akuluakulu azachuma monga Egypt ndi Pakistan akukulitsa chidaliro chawo kwa omwe akubwereketsa mayiko awiriwa monga China ndi mayiko a Gulf, modabwitsa ndi chilimbikitso cha IMF. Njira zoyesera zotuluka muvutoli zikuwonetsa zatsopano "zosagwirizana" kudutsa mayiko omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa komanso zapakati.