Mwana wa McNamara pa Mabodza Ena a Abambo Ake Okhudza Vietnam

(chithunzi chamakono cha nyumba yomwe a McNamara amakhala ku Washington DC)

Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, June 15, 2022

Pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe chimasokoneza nkhani ya munthu ndi njira yabwino yothetsera chizolowezi chosavuta komanso chojambula. Chifukwa chake, wina akuyenera kulandira buku la Craig McNamara, Chifukwa Abambo Athu Ananama: Chikumbutso cha Choonadi ndi Banja, kuchokera ku Vietnam mpaka Lero. Abambo ake a Craig, a Robert McNamara anali Mlembi wa Nkhondo (“Defense”) pankhondo zambiri zaku Vietnam. Iye anapatsidwa kusankha kuti kapena Mlembi wa Treasury, popanda kufunikira kuti adziwe kalikonse za ntchito iliyonse, ndipo ndithudi palibe chofunika kukhala ndi maganizo pang'ono kuti kuphunzira kupanga ndi kusunga mtendere kunalipo.

Kuchulukira kwa "Abambo" pamutuwu kukuwoneka kuti kwachotsedwa pa Rudyard Kipling, popeza pali bambo m'modzi wabodza yemwe adangoyang'ana m'bukuli. Nkhani yake si yovuta chifukwa anali bambo wabwino kwambiri. Zikuoneka kuti anali bambo woipa kwambiri: wonyalanyaza, wosakondweretsedwa, wotanganidwa. Koma sanali bambo wankhanza, wachiwawa kapena wosaganizira ena. Sanali tate wopanda chikondi chochuluka ndi zolinga zabwino. Zimandidabwitsa kuti - poganizira ntchito zomwe anali nazo - sanachite zoyipa pang'ono, ndipo akanachita zoyipa kwambiri. Nkhani yake ndi yovuta, monga ya munthu aliyense, kupitirira zimene tinganene m’ndime kapena m’buku. Anali wabwino, woipa, komanso wapakati m'njira miliyoni. Koma iye anachita zina mwa zinthu zoipa kwambiri zimene sanachitepo, ankadziwa kuti iye anali kuchita izo, anadziwa patapita nthawi yaitali kuti iye anazichita izo, ndipo sanasiye kupereka zifukwa BS.

Zowopsa zomwe anthu akukumana nazo ku Vietnam zikuchokera kumbuyo kwa buku lolimba mtimali, koma osakhudzidwa konse ndi kuvulaza komwe kwachitika kwa asitikali aku US. M'menemo, bukuli silosiyana ndi mabuku ambiri pa nkhondo iliyonse yaku US - ndizofunikira kuti mukhale amtundu wamtunduwu. Ndime yoyamba ya bukuli ili ndi chiganizo ichi:

"Sanandiuzepo kuti akudziwa kuti nkhondo ya Vietnam siyingapambane. Koma iye ankadziwa.”

Mukadayenera kudutsa ndi bukuli, mungaganize kuti Robert McNamara adapanga "zolakwika" (chinthu chomwe Hitler kapena Putin kapena mdani aliyense wa boma la US sanachitepo - amachita nkhanza) komanso zomwe amayenera kuchita. ndi nkhondo ya Vietnam inali "kusiya" kumenyana (komwe ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la zomwe zikufunika pakali pano ku Yemen, Ukraine, ndi kwina kulikonse), komanso kuti zomwe ananama zinali kungodzinenera kuti zikuyenda bwino pamaso pa kulephera (komwe ndi mothandiza chinthu chomwe chimachitidwa pankhondo iliyonse ndipo chiyenera kuthetsedwa ndi aliyense). Koma sitikumva m'masamba awa za gawo la McNamara pokulitsa chinthucho kukhala nkhondo yayikulu poyambirira - zofanana ndi kuwukira kwa Putin ku Ukraine, ngakhale pamlingo wokulirapo, wamagazi. Nayi ndime yotengedwa m'buku langa Nkhondo Ndi Bodza:

"Mu 2003 wolemba adayimba Chifunga cha Nkhondo, Robert McNamara, yemwe anali Mlembi wa 'Kudziteteza' pa nthawi ya mabodza a Tonkin, adavomereza kuti kuukira kwa August 4 sikunachitike komanso kuti panali kukayikira kwakukulu panthawiyo. Sanatchule kuti pa August 6 adachitira umboni pamsonkhano wotsekedwa wa Senate Foreign Relations and Armed Services Committees pamodzi ndi Gen. Earl Wheeler. Pamaso pa makomiti awiriwa, amuna onsewa adanena motsimikiza kuti North Vietnamese inaukira pa August 4. McNamara sanatchulenso kuti patangopita masiku ochepa kuchokera pamene Tonkin Gulf sichinachitike, adapempha a Joint Chiefs of Staff kuti amupatse chilolezo. mndandanda wazinthu zina za US zomwe zingakhumudwitse North Vietnam. Adapeza mndandandawo ndipo adalimbikitsa zokhumudwitsazo pamisonkhano isanachitike Johnson's kulamula kuti izi zichitike pa Seputembara 10. Zochita izi zidaphatikizapo kuyambiranso kuyang'anira zombo zomwezi ndikuwonjezera ntchito zobisika, ndipo pofika Okutobala kulamula kuti malo a radar aphulitsidwe ndi sitima kupita kumtunda.67 Lipoti la National Security Agency (NSA) la 2000-2001 (NSA) linanena kuti sizinachitike ku Tonkin pa Ogasiti 4 komanso kuti NSA idanama mwadala. Bungwe la Bush Administration silinalole kuti lipotilo lifalitsidwe mpaka 2005, chifukwa chodera nkhawa kuti likhoza kusokoneza mabodza omwe akuuzidwa kuti nkhondo ya Afghanistan ndi Iraq iyambike.

Monga ine adalemba panthawiyo kuti filimu Chifunga cha Nkhondo atatulutsidwa, McNamara anachita pang'ono kufotokoza chisoni ndi zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zake zingapo chinali kuimba mlandu LBJ. Craig McNamara akulemba kuti adafunsa abambo ake chifukwa chake zidamutengera nthawi yayitali kuti anene zomwe adanena popepesa, ndikuti chifukwa chomwe abambo ake adapereka chinali "kukhulupirika" kwa JFK ndi LBJ - amuna awiri omwe sakudziwika chifukwa cha kukhulupirika kwa wina ndi mnzake. . Kapena mwina chinali kukhulupirika ku boma la US. Pamene LBJ inakana kuwulula kuwononga kwa Nixon pa zokambirana zamtendere ku Paris, sikunali kukhulupirika kwa Nixon, koma ku bungwe lonse. Ndipo, monga Craig McNamara akusonyezera, pamapeto pake akhoza kukhala kukhulupirika pazantchito zake. Robert McNamara adachitiridwa ntchito zolipira bwino pambuyo pochita zovuta koma zomvera ku Pentagon (kuphatikiza kuyendetsa Banki Yadziko Lonse komwe adathandizira kulanda ku Chile).

(filimu ina yotchedwa The Post sichimabwera mu bukhu ili. Ngati wolemba akuganiza kuti sizinali chilungamo kwa abambo ake, ndikuganiza akanayenera kunena choncho.)

Craig ananena kuti “[m]maiko ena omwe si Ufumu wa America, olephera pankhondo amaphedwa kapena kuthamangitsidwa kapena kumangidwa. Sichoncho kwa Robert McNamara. " Ndipo zikomo ubwino. Muyenera kupha akuluakulu onse omwe adakhalapo zaka zambiri zapitazo. Koma maganizo akuti kugonja pankhondo amenewa akusonyeza kuti nkhondo ingapambane. Kutchula kwa Craig kwina kwa “nkhondo yoipa” kumasonyeza kuti pangakhale yabwino. Ndikudabwa ngati kumvetsetsa bwino za kuipa kwa nkhondo zonse kungathandize Craig McNamara kumvetsa khalidwe lachiwerewere la abambo ake monga kuvomereza ntchito yomwe adalandira - chinthu chomwe anthu aku US sanakonzekere bambo ake kuti amvetsetse.

Craig anapachika mbendera ya United States mozondoka m’chipinda chake, analankhula ndi anthu otsutsa nkhondo kuti abambo ake sangatuluke panja kudzakumana nawo, ndipo mobwerezabwereza anayesa kufunsa atate wake za nkhondoyo. Ayenera kudabwa kuti anayenera kuchita chiyani. Koma pali zambiri zomwe tonsefe timayenera kuchita, ndipo pamapeto pake, tiyenera kusiya kutaya chuma mu zida ndikuphunzitsa anthu kuti nkhondo ikhoza kulungamitsidwa - apo ayi zilibe kanthu kuti amamatira ndani ku Pentagon - nyumba yomwe idakonzedweratu kuti itembenuzidwe kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito mwachitukuko pambuyo pa WWII, koma yomwe yakhala ikuchita zachiwawa zazikulu mpaka lero.