"Maximum Pressure March": US Hybrid War ku Venezuela Heats UP

Wolemba Leonardo Flores, Marichi 16, 2020

Kotala yoyamba ya 2020 yawona olamulira a Trump akukulitsa mawu ake motsutsana ndi Venezuela. Ku State of the Union, Purezidenti Trump adalonjeza "kuphwanya" ndikuwononga boma la Venezuela. Izi zinatsatiridwa ndi kusinthidwa Chiwopsezo cha kutsekeka kwa panyanja pa dziko, zomwe ndizochitika zankhondo pansi pa malamulo a US ndi mayiko. Kenako Dipatimenti Yaboma idazindikira kuti "Chiphunzitso cha Monroe 2.0” “idzatuluka m’masabata ndi miyezi ikudzayi,” pamene idzalengeza “kupanikizika kwakukulu kwa March” motsutsana ndi Venezuela.

Izi sizongowopseza chabe; zolankhula zathandizidwa ndi ndondomeko ndi zochita. Kampani yamafuta yaku Russia ya Rosneft, m'modzi mwa ogula kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi mafuta aku Venezuela, yawona mabungwe ake awiri akuloledwa pasanathe mwezi umodzi chifukwa chochita bizinesi ndi Venezuela. Dipatimenti Yaboma adatumiza izi patelefoni mu February, kusankha makampani amafuta Rosneft, Reliance (India) ndi Repsol (Spain). Chevron, kampani yayikulu kwambiri yamafuta yaku US yomwe ikugwirabe ntchito ku Venezuela, yachenjezedwa ndi oyang'anira a Trump kuti chilolezo chake chogwira ntchito mdzikolo (chomwe sichimachotsa zilango) sichidzakonzedwanso.

Kuyambira 2015, boma la US lavomereza 49 akasinja mafuta, 18 makampani Venezuela, 60 makampani akunja ndi 56 ndege (41 za boma ndege Conviasa ndi 15 a boma mafuta kampani PDVSA), koma aka ndi nthawi yoyamba iwo apita makampani mafuta akunja. Poyang'ana Rosneft Trading ndi TNK Trading (mabungwe awiri a Rosneft), United States imapangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kuti makampaniwa apitirize kugulitsa mafuta ku Venezuela, chifukwa makampani otumiza, makampani a inshuwaransi ndi mabanki adzakana kugwira nawo ntchito.

Zilangozo zadzetsa mavuto aakulu, zomwe zawononga ndalama zosachepera $130 biliyoni pakati pa 2015 ndi 2018. Choyipa kwambiri, malinga ndi yemwe kale anali mtolankhani wapadera wa UN Alfred de Zayas, a Zilango zidapangitsa kuti anthu opitilira 100,000 aku Venezuela aphedwe. Choncho n'zosadabwitsa kuti Venezuela anafunsa kuti International Criminal Court kufufuza zilango ngati zolakwa zotsutsana ndi anthu.

Zotsatira za zilangozi zikuwonekera kwambiri m'boma la Venezuela, lomwe latha zaka zisanu zapitazi. Njirazi zalepheretsa mabanki kuchita zinthu zachuma pogula zinthu zachipatala. Kuphatikiza apo, apangitsa kuchepa kwa 90% kwa ndalama zomwe amapeza ku Venezuela, zomwe zikulepheretsa gawo lazaumoyo ndalama zomwe zikufunika. Pakadapanda mgwirizano wa China ndi Cuba, yomwe idatumiza zida zoyesera ndi mankhwala, Venezuela idzakhala yopanda zida zokwanira kuthana ndi coronavirus. Zilango zikuchulukirachulukira zomwe zili zoopsa kale, kukakamiza Venezuela kutero amawononga ndalama zowirikiza katatu poyesa zida zoyezera monga maiko osaloledwa.

Purezidenti Maduro adapempha mwachindunji Trump kuti achotse chilango chothana ndi mliri wapadziko lonse lapansi. Komabe pempholi silingayankhidwe, chifukwa cha kuchulukirachulukira osati mu zilango zokha, komanso mchitidwe wachiwawa wa otsutsa ankhondo osagwirizana. Pa Marichi 7, malo osungiramo zinthu omwe anali ndi pafupifupi makina onse ovotera aku Venezuela anali kuwotchedwa pansi dala. Gulu lotchedwa Venezuelan Patriotic Front, akuti anapangidwa ndi asilikali ndi apolisi, ananena kuti ndi amene anachita zigawengazi. Ngakhale kuti palibe mgwirizano wachindunji womwe (panobe) ungapangidwe pakati pa gululi ndi olamulira a Trump, zimapempha chikhulupiriro kuti ntchito yomwe imafuna ndalama zambiri zoyendetsera ndalama komanso ndalama sizikadalandira thandizo kuchokera kwa m'modzi mwa omwe akuchita nawo poyera kusintha kwaulamuliro: Trump. oyang'anira, oyang'anira a Duque ku Colombia, oyang'anira Bolsonaro ku Brazil kapena magulu otsutsa mwamphamvu akumanja omwe amatsogozedwa ndi Juan Guaidó.

Chete chochokera kumayiko ena pazachigawengachi ndi chogontha, koma sichiyenera kudabwitsa. Kupatula apo, panalibe zotsutsidwa kuchokera ku OAS, EU kapena US pomwe a nyumba yosungiramo katundu yomwe munali zida zamatelefoni nayonso inatenthedwa mu February, kapena liti Asilikali opanduka anaukira nyumba za asilikali kumwera kwa Venezuela mu Disembala 2019.

Pali umboni kale kuti asilikali a ku Venezuela otsutsana ndi boma la Maduro alandira chithandizo ndi maphunziro onse awiri Colombia ndi Brazil, osanena za mabiliyoni a madola adagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi USkuti akuluakulu ankhondo aku Venezuela ayambitse boma. Kuphatikiza pakuthandizira nkhondo zosakhazikika, olamulira a Trump akukonzekera nkhondo wamba. The kuopseza za blockade yapamadzi - nkhondo yeniyeni - idatsatiridwa ndi misonkhano yosiyana pakati pa Trump, Secretary of Defense Mark Esper ndi akuluakulu apamwamba ankhondo ndi Purezidenti waku Colombia Ivan Duque ndi Purezidenti wa ku Brazil Jair Bolsonaro. (Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, titakumana ndi nthumwi zaku Brazil kuti tikambirane za kuwonongedwa kwa boma la Maduro, Trump mwina adakumana ndi coronavirus. M'modzi mwa mamembala a nthumwiyo, mlembi wolankhulana ku Bolsonaro, adapezeka kuti ali ndi matendawa.) Kuphatikiza pa kutsekereza kwapamadzi, US ikukonzekera "kulimbikitsa kupezeka kwa zombo, ndege ndi magulu achitetezo kuti… kuthana ndi ziwopsezo zingapo kuphatikiza uchigawenga wosaloledwa,” kufotokoza momveka bwino za Venezuela ngakhale kuti malinga ndi ziwerengero za boma la United States, zili choncho osati dziko loyambilira logulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

"Maximum pressure March" nthawi yake ikugwirizana ndi zokambirana zofunika ku Caracas pakati pa boma la Venezuela ndi zigawo zapakati zotsutsa. Mbali ziwirizi zakhazikitsa bungwe lomwe lidzasankhe mamembala atsopano a bungwe la National Electoral Council mu nthawi yokonzekera zisankho za chaka chino. M'modzi mwa ogwirizana ndi Juan Guaidó, a Henry Ramos Allup, mtsogoleri wachipani chotsutsa Acción Democrática (Democratic Action), adatsutsidwa kuchokera kumanja kwambiri ponena kuti. adzatenga nawo mbali pachisankho. Kuukira kwa zigawenga pamakina ovotera sikungakhudze nthawi ya zisankho, koma popanda dongosolo lake lovota pakompyuta lothandizidwa ndi mapepala a mapepala ndi kufufuza kwa chiwerengero cha mavoti, zotsatira zake zidzakhala zovuta kunena zachinyengo.

Aka sikoyamba kuti olamulira a Trump awonjezere zoyeserera zake zosintha boma poyankha zokambirana pakati pa boma la Venezuela ndi otsutsa. Zinachita izi mu February 2018, pamene Mlembi wa Boma Rex Tillerson adawopseza kuti aletsa mafuta ndipo adati avomereza kulanda boma pamene mbali ziwirizo zatsala pang'ono kusaina mgwirizano wokwanira womwe unachitika kwa miyezi yambiri ku Dominican Republic. Zinachitikanso mu Ogasiti 2019, pomwe US ​​idagwiritsa ntchito zomwe Wall Street Journal idati "chiletso chonse chachuma” mkati mwa zokambirana pakati pa otsutsa motsogozedwa ndi Guaidó ndi boma. Nthawi zonse ziwiri, zokambirana zidasokonekera chifukwa cha zomwe boma la US likuchita komanso zomwe boma linanena. Nthawi ino n’zokayikitsa kuti kukakamizaku kusokoneza zokambirana, chifukwa andale otsutsa omwe ali odziyimira pawokha afika povomereza mfundoyi. 82% ya aku Venezuela amakana zilango ndikuthandizira zokambirana. Tsoka ilo, olamulira a Trump adawonetsa kuti sakusamala zomwe anthu aku Venezuela akufuna. M'malo mwake, ikupitilizabe kukakamiza ndipo mwina ikukhazikitsa malo oti alowererepo zankhondo, mwina chodabwitsa cha Okutobala kuti athandize Trump kuti asankhidwenso.

Leonardo Flores ndi katswiri wa mfundo zaku Latin America komanso wochita kampeni ndi CODEPINK.