ndi George Lakey, July 28, 2017, Kuchita Zosagwirizana.
Zolemba zamayendedwe zitha kukhala zothandiza. Marty Oppenheimer ndi ine tinapeza kuti mu 1964 pamene atsogoleri a ufulu wachibadwidwe anali otanganidwa kwambiri kuti alembe buku koma ankafuna. Tidalemba "Buku Lothandizira Mwachindunji" munthawi yake ya Mississippi Ufulu Chilimwe. Bayard Rustin adalemba kutsogolo. Okonza ena kumwera anandiuza mwanthabwala kuti linali "buku lawo la chithandizo choyamba - choti achite mpaka Dr. King abwere." Inatengedwanso ndi gulu lomwe likukula motsutsana ndi Nkhondo ya Vietnam.
Kwa chaka chatha ndakhala ndikuyenda m'mizinda ndi matauni opitilira 60 ku United States ndipo ndakhala ndikufunsidwa mobwerezabwereza kuti ndipeze buku lachindunji lomwe limayankha zovuta zomwe tikukumana nazo pano. Zopemphazo zimachokera kwa anthu okhudzidwa ndi nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Ngakhale kuti zochitika zonse zimakhala zosiyana, okonza maulendo angapo amakumana ndi mavuto ofanana mumagulu ndi machitidwe.
Chotsatira ndi buku losiyana ndi buku lomwe tidalemba zaka 50 zapitazo. Kenaka, magulu anagwira ntchito mu ufumu wamphamvu umene unagwiritsidwa ntchito kupambana nkhondo zake. Boma linali lokhazikika ndipo linali lovomerezeka kwambiri pamaso pa anthu ambiri.
Buku Lothandizira Mwachindunji.
Kuchokera pankhokwe ya The
King Center.
Okonza ambiri adasankha kuti asayankhe mafunso ozama a mikangano yamagulu ndi udindo wa magulu akuluakulu pochita chifuniro cha 1 peresenti. Chisalungamo chaufuko ndi chachuma ngakhalenso nkhondo zikanaperekedwa makamaka monga mavuto oti athetsedwe ndi boma limene linali lofunitsitsa kuthetsa mavuto.
Tsopano, ufumu wa US ukugwedezeka ndipo kuvomerezeka kwa mabungwe olamulira kukuchepa. Kusafanana kwachuma kukuchulukirachulukira ndipo magulu onse akulu akugwidwa m'mawu awoawo a polarization.
Okonza amafunikira njira zomangirira zomwe sizinyalanyaza zomwe zidapangitsa ambiri mwa otsatira Bernie Sanders ndi a Donald Trump: kufunikira kwa kusintha kwakukulu m'malo mongowonjezera. Kumbali inayi, mayendedwe adzafunikanso ambiri omwe akuyembekezabe kuti mabuku ophunzirira anthu akusukulu zapakati ndi olondola: Njira yaku America yosinthira ndikusintha pang'onopang'ono.
Okhulupirira amasiku ano osintha pang'ono akhoza kukhala okondwerera mawa pakusintha kwakukulu ngati tipanga ubale ndi iwo pomwe ufumuwo ukupitilirabe ndipo kukhulupirika kwa ndale kumatsika. Zonsezi zikutanthauza kuti kupanga gulu lomwe likufuna kukakamiza kusintha kumafuna kuvina kosangalatsa kuposa "kalekale."
Chinthu chimodzi ndichosavuta tsopano: kupanga zionetsero pafupifupi pompopompo, monga zidachitika ndi Marichi yochititsa chidwi ya Akazi tsiku lotsatira kukhazikitsidwa kwa Trump. Ngati zionetsero zamtundu umodzi zitha kubweretsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa anthu titha kungoyang'ana pa izi, koma sindikudziwa kuti palibe dziko lomwe lasintha kwambiri (kuphatikiza yathu) kudzera mu zionetsero zomwe zachitika kamodzi. Kulimbana ndi otsutsa kuti mupambane zofuna zazikulu kumafuna mphamvu zowonjezereka kuposa momwe zionetsero zimaperekera. Zionetsero zongochitika kamodzi sizikhala ndi njira, zimangobwerezabwereza.
Mwamwayi, tingaphunzirepo kanthu za njira kuchokera ku bungwe la United States lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe. Chomwe chinawathandizira poyang'anizana ndi mphamvu zambiri zochulukirachulukira chinali njira ina yomwe imadziwika kuti kampeni yomwe ikukula yopanda chiwawa. Ena atha kunena kuti njirayi ndi luso m'malo mwake, chifukwa kuchita kampeni yogwira mtima sikumangokhalira kumangongole.
Kuyambira zaka khumi za 1955-65 taphunzira zambiri za momwe makampeni amphamvu amapangira mayendedwe amphamvu obweretsa kusintha kwakukulu. Ena mwa maphunzirowa ali pano.
Tchulani nthawi yandale iyi. Vomerezani kuti dziko la United States silinawonepo kugawanikana kwa ndale kumeneku m’zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Polarization imasokoneza zinthu. Kugwedezeka kumatanthauza mwayi wowonjezereka wa kusintha kwabwino, monga momwe zasonyezedwera m'mbiri yakale. Kuyamba kuchitapo kanthu pochita mantha ndi polarization kumabweretsa zolakwika zambiri zamagulu, chifukwa mantha amanyalanyaza mwayi woperekedwa ndi polarization. Njira imodzi yothetsera mantha amenewa ndi kulimbikitsa amene mukulankhula nawo kuti aone zimene mukuchitazo m'njira yokulirapo. Izi n’zimene anthu aku Sweden ndi aku Norway anachita zaka zana zapitazo, pamene adaganiza zosiya chuma chomwe chinkawalepheretsa m'malo mwa chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri zoperekera kufanana. Ndi dongosolo lanji lomwe anthu aku America angatsatire? Nachi chitsanzo chimodzi.
Fotokozani ndi omwe akuyambitsa nawo chifukwa chomwe mwasankhira kupanga kampeni yachindunji. Ngakhale omenyera ufulu wakale sangaone kusiyana pakati pa zionetsero ndi kampeni; palibe masukulu kapena ma TV omwe amavutitsa kuunikira anthu aku America za luso lochita kampeni mwachindunji. Nkhani iyi akufotokoza ubwino wa kampeni.
Sonkhanitsani mamembala enieni a gulu lanu lochita kampeni. Anthu omwe mumakumana nawo kuti muyambe kampeni yanu amakhudza kwambiri mwayi wanu wopambana. Kungoyimba foni ndikungoganiza kuti aliyense amene akuwonekera ndiye kuti wapambana ndiye njira yokhumudwitsa. Ndibwino kuyimba foni, koma pasanapite nthawi onetsetsani kuti muli ndi zosakaniza za gulu lolimba lomwe likugwira ntchitoyo. Nkhani iyi akufotokoza momwe angachitire izo.
Anthu ena angafune kulowa nawo chifukwa cha zibwenzi zomwe zidalipo kale, koma kuchita kampeni mwachindunji sikuthandiza kwenikweni pazifukwazo. Kuthetsa izi ndikupewa kukhumudwa pambuyo pake, kumathandiza phunzirani "Maudindo Anayi a Social Activism" a Bill Moyer. Nazi zina zowonjezera malangizo omwe mungagwiritse ntchito poyambira komanso pambuyo pake, komanso.
Dziwani kufunikira kwa masomphenya okulirapo. Pali mkangano wa momwe kulili kofunika "kukweza patsogolo" masomphenyawo, kuyambira ndi maphunziro omwe amapeza mgwirizano. Ndawonapo magulu akudziwononga okha pokhala magulu ophunzirira, kuyiwala kuti ifenso "timaphunzira mwa kuchita." Choncho, malingana ndi gulu, zingakhale zomveka kukambirana masomphenya m'modzi-m'modzi komanso mwapang'onopang'ono.
Ganizirani za anthu omwe mukuwafikira ndi zomwe akufunikira mwachangu: kuyambitsa kampeni yawo ndikupita patsogolo, kukumana ndi zokambirana zandale panjira pomwe akuthana ndi kukhumudwa kwawo pochitapo kanthu, kapena kuchita ntchito yophunzitsa patsogolo pakuchitapo kanthu koyamba. Mwanjira iliyonse, a chida chatsopano komanso chofunikira pantchito yamasomphenya ndi "Vision for Black Lives," chopangidwa ndi Movement for Black Lives.
Sankhani nkhani yanu. Nkhaniyi iyenera kukhala yomwe anthu amasamala kwambiri ndipo ali ndi kena kake komwe mungapambane. Kupambana zinthu m'zochitika zamakono chifukwa anthu ambiri akusowa chiyembekezo komanso opanda thandizo masiku ano. Kusamvetsetsana kwamalingaliro koteroko kumachepetsa kuthekera kwathu kupanga kusiyana. Chifukwa chake anthu ambiri amafunikira kupambana kuti akhale odzidalira komanso kuti athe kupeza mphamvu zawo zonse.
M'mbiri, mayendedwe omwe asintha kusintha kwakukulu nthawi zambiri amayamba ndi makampeni okhala ndi zolinga zazifupi, monga ophunzira akuda omwe amafuna kapu ya khofi.
Kuwunika kwanga kwa gulu lamtendere ku US ndikodetsa nkhawa, koma kumapereka phunziro lofunika la momwe mungasankhire nkhaniyi. Anthu ambiri amasamala kwambiri za mtendere - kuzunzika komwe kumakhudzana ndi nkhondo ndikwambiri, osanenapo za kugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo kusonkhetsa misonkho - komanso anthu apakati kuti apindule eni eni ankhondo ndi mafakitale. Ambiri aku America, pambuyo poti hype yoyamba imwalira, nthawi zambiri amatsutsa nkhondo iliyonse yomwe United States ikulimbana nayo, koma gulu lamtendere silidziwa kugwiritsa ntchito mfundoyi polimbikitsa anthu.
Ndiye mungalimbikitse bwanji anthu kuti apange gulu? Larry Scott anathana ndi funso limeneli m’ma 1950 pamene mpikisano wa zida za nyukiliya unali utatha. Ena mwa abwenzi ake omenyera mtendere amafuna kuchita kampeni yolimbana ndi zida za nyukiliya, koma Scott adadziwa kuti kampeni yotereyi sichitha kungotaya komanso, m'kupita kwanthawi, kukhumudwitsa olimbikitsa mtendere. Chifukwa chake adayambitsa kampeni yolimbana ndi kuyezetsa nyukiliya mumlengalenga, zomwe, zomwe zidawonetsedwa ndi zochitika zopanda chiwawa, zidapeza mphamvu zokwanira kukakamiza Purezidenti Kennedy patebulo lokambirana ndi Premier Soviet Khrushchev.
Ntchitoyi adapambana zofuna zake, kulimbikitsa mbadwo watsopano wa anthu omenyera ufulu wawo ndikuyika mpikisano wa zida pagulu lalikulu la anthu. Okonza mtendere ena adabwerera kuti athane ndi zomwe sizingatheke, ndipo gulu lamtendere lidachepa. Mwamwayi, okonza ena "adapeza" phunziro la njira yopambana pangano la kuyesa zida za nyukiliya ndikupita kupambana pazofuna zina zomwe zingatheke.
Nthawi zina zimalipira khazikitsani vuto monga chitetezo cha mtengo wogawana nawo ambiri, monga madzi abwino (monga momwe zilili ndi Standing Rock), koma ndikofunikira kukumbukira nzeru za anthu kuti "chitetezo chabwino kwambiri ndi cholakwa." Kuti muyendetse gulu lanu muzovuta zamapangidwe omwe ndi osiyana ndi njira yanu, werengani nkhaniyi.
Yang'anani kawiri kuti muwone ngati nkhaniyi ndi yothekadi. Nthawi zina omwe ali ndi mphamvu amayesa kuyimitsa kampeni asanayambe kunena kuti china chake ndi "chochita" - pomwe mgwirizano ukhoza kusinthidwa. Mu m'nkhaniyi mupeza chitsanzo chapafupi komanso chadziko pomwe zonena za eni mphamvu zinali zolakwika, ndipo ochita kampeni adapambana.
Nthawi zina mungaganize kuti mungapambane koma n’kutheka kuti mukulephera. Mungafunebe kuyambitsa kampeni chifukwa cha njira zokulirapo. Chitsanzo cha izi chingapezeke mu kulimbana ndi mafakitale a nyukiliya ku United States. Ngakhale makampeni angapo akumaloko adalephera kuletsa makina awo kuti asamangidwe, makampeni ena okwanira adapambana, zomwe zidapangitsa gulu lonse, kukakamiza kuyimitsa mphamvu ya nyukiliya. Cholinga cha mafakitale a nyukiliya chofuna kupanga zida za nyukiliya chikwi chinalephereka, chifukwa cha mayendedwe apansi panthaka.
Penyani chandamalecho mosamala. “Cholinga” ndi amene angakumvereni zomwe mukufuna, mwachitsanzo wamkulu wa banki ndi komiti yayikulu ya board omwe amasankha kusiya kupereka ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito. Kodi ndani amene angasankhe pamene apolisi akuwombera anthu opanda zida popanda chilango? Kodi oyambitsa kampeni anu afunika kuchita chiyani kuti asinthe? Kuti tiyankhe mafunso amenewa ndi zothandiza kumvetsetsa njira zosiyanasiyana zopambana: kutembenuka, kukakamiza, malo okhala ndi kupasuka. Mufunanso kudziwa momwe magulu ang'onoang'ono angakhale aakulu kuposa chiwerengero cha zigawo zawo.
Tsatirani ogwirizana nawo, omwe akukutsutsani komanso "osalowerera ndale." Nazi pano chida chothandizira nawo - chotchedwa "Spectrum of Allies" - zomwe gulu lanu lomwe likukula litha kugwiritsa ntchito pakadutsa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Kudziwa komwe abwenzi anu, otsutsa ndi osalowerera ndale akuyimira kudzakuthandizani kusankha njira zomwe zimakopa zofuna zosiyanasiyana, zosowa ndi zikhalidwe zamagulu omwe muyenera kusintha kumbali yanu.
Pamene kampeni yanu ikukhazikitsa zochitika zake zingapo, pangani zisankho zomwe zimakupititsani patsogolo. Zokambirana zomwe muli nazo m'gulu lanu zitha kuthandizidwa pobweretsa mlendo wochezeka yemwe ali ndi luso lotsogolera, ndikuwonetsa gulu lanu ku zitsanzo zowoneka bwino za kusintha koyenera pama kampeni ena. Mark ndi Paul Engler akupereka zitsanzo zoterozo m’buku lawo "Uku Ndi Kuukira," komwe kumapereka njira yatsopano yokonzekera yotchedwa "momentum." Mwachidule, akuganiza zaluso lomwe limapanga bwino kwambiri pamiyambo iwiri yayikulu - zionetsero za anthu ambiri ndi kulinganiza anthu / ogwira ntchito.
Popeza nthawi zina kusachita zachiwawa kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mwambo kapena kupewa mikangano, kodi sitiyenera kukhala omasuka ku "njira zosiyanasiyana?" Funsoli likukambidwabe m’magulu ena a ku America. Kulingalira kumodzi ndi kaya mukukhulupirira kuti kampeni yanu iyenera kuphatikiza ziwerengero zazikulu. Kuti muwunike mozama funso ili, werengani nkhaniyi ikuyerekeza zisankho ziwiri zosiyana pakuwononga katundu kupangidwa ndi kayendedwe komweko m'mayiko awiri osiyana.
Bwanji ngati mungaukitsidwe? Ndikuyembekeza kuti polarization ichulukirachulukira ku United States, kotero ngakhale kuukira gulu lanu kungakhale kosakayikitsa, kukonzekera kungakhale kothandiza. Nkhaniyi ikupereka zinthu zisanu zomwe mungachite zachiwawa. Anthu ena aku America akuda nkhawa ndi njira yayikulu yopita ku fascism - ngakhale utsogoleri wankhanza padziko lonse lapansi. Nkhani iyi, kutengera kafukufuku wa mbiri yakale, amayankha kudandaula kumeneko.
Maphunziro ndi chitukuko cha utsogoleri chingapangitse kuti kampeni yanu ikhale yogwira mtima. Kuphatikiza pa maphunziro achidule omwe ali othandiza pokonzekera ntchito iliyonse ya kampeni yanu, kupatsa mphamvu kumachitika mwa njira izi. Ndipo chifukwa anthu amaphunzira ndi kuchita, njira yomwe imadziwika kuti core team zingathandize pa chitukuko cha utsogoleri. Kupanga zisankho za gulu lanu kumakhalanso kosavuta ngati mamembala anu aphunzira machitidwe a kugwirizanitsa ndi kusiyanitsa.
Chikhalidwe chanu cha bungwe chimafunikira pakuchita bwino kwanu kwakanthawi kochepa komanso zolinga zazikulu za gulu. Kusamalira udindo ndi mwayi kungakhudze mgwirizano. Nkhaniyi ikusiya malamulo odana ndi kuponderezana amtundu umodzi, ndikupereka malangizo obisika a makhalidwe omwe amagwira ntchito.
Umboni ukuwonjezekanso kuti akatswiri omenyera ufulu wapakati nthawi zambiri amabweretsa katundu kumagulu awo omwe amasiyidwa pakhomo. Ganizirani "maphunziro achindunji” maphunziro omwe ali wochezeka.
Chithunzi chachikulu chidzapitiriza kulimbikitsa mwayi wanu wopambana. Njira ziwiri zomwe mungasinthire mwayi umenewu ndikupanga kampeni yanu kapena mayendedwe zambiri zankhondo ndi popanga zazikulu mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Zoonjezera zothandizira
Buku la zochita za Daniel Hunter "Kupanga Gulu Lothetsa Mkhwangwa Watsopano wa Jim” ndi njira yabwino yopangira machenjerero. Ndi mnzake wa buku la Michelle Alexander "The New Jim Crow."
The Global Nonviolent Action Database Mulinso makampeni opitilira 1,400 ochokera kumayiko pafupifupi 200, okhudza nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito ya "kufufuza kwapamwamba" mutha kupeza makampeni ena omwe adalimbanapo ndi nkhani yofananira kapena akukumana ndi mdani wofanana, kapena makampeni omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe mukuganizira, kapena makampeni omwe adapambana kapena kutayika polimbana ndi otsutsa omwewo. Mlandu uliwonse uli ndi nkhani yomwe ikuwonetsa kutha kwa mkangano, komanso mfundo zomwe mukufuna kuziwona.
