Ndi David Swanson, Tiyeni Tiyesere Demokarase, May 31, 2021
Ndikulakalaka ndikadakhala ndikuseka, ngakhale pang'ono. Buku la Malcolm Gladwell, Bomber Mafia, akunena kuti Haywood Hansell makamaka anali Yesu woyesedwa ndi Mdyerekezi pamene anakana kuwotcha mizinda ya ku Japan. Hansell adasinthidwa, ndipo a Curtis LeMay adayang'anira zomwe US idaphulitsa bomba ku Japan nthawi ya WWII. LeMay, Gladwell akutiuza, anali wina koma Satana. Koma chomwe chidafunikira kwambiri, Gladwell akuti, chinali chiwerewere chausatana - kufunitsitsa kufesa mwadala mwina amuna, akazi, ndi ana miliyoni kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yawo. Chokhacho ndipo palibe china chilichonse chomwe chikadapambana nkhondoyi mwachangu kwambiri, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti aliyense akhale ndi moyo wamtendere (kupatula akufa, ndikuganiza, ndi aliyense amene akuchita nawo nkhondo zonse zotsatira kapena umphawi wotsatira). Koma pamapeto pake, WWII inali nkhondo chabe, ndipo nkhondo yayikulu idapambanidwa ndi Hansell-Jesus chifukwa maloto ake okhudzana ndi kuphulitsa mabomba tsopano akwaniritsidwa (ngati muli bwino ndi kupha ndi chida ndikukhala okonzeka kunyalanyaza kuti bomba lomwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri kupha anthu osadziwika osalakwa ndikupanga adani ambiri kuposa momwe amathera).
Gladwell akuyamba nkhondo yake yonyansa yodziwika bwino povomereza kuti nkhani yake yayifupi, yolembedwa ali mwana, inali yopeka kuti Hitler adapulumuka ndikubwera kudzakutengani - mwa kuyankhula kwina, nkhani yoyambira yabodza yankhondo yaku US kwazaka 75. Kenako Gladwell akutiuza kuti zomwe amakonda ndi anthu otanganidwa - ngakhale atengeke ndi chinthu chabwino kapena choyipa. Mothandizidwa ndi zina Gladwell amamanga mlandu wazikhalidwe, osati zachiwerewere zokha, m'buku lino. Amayamba ndikunena kuti kupangika kwa bomba uku kwathetsa limodzi mwamavuto akulu kwambiri aukadaulo a zaka makumi asanu. Vutoli linali momwe amaponyera bomba molondola. M'makhalidwe, ndichokwiyitsa, osati vuto kupukutidwa, monga Gladwell amachichotsera, ndimankhwala ochiritsira kapena kutulutsa chakudya. Komanso, kuwona bomba kunali kulephera kwakukulu komwe sikunathetse vutoli, ndipo Gladwell akufotokozanso za kulephera uku pamodzi ndi ena ambiri mumayendedwe a SNAFU omwe amawatenga ngati zizindikilo zolimbikitsa kulimba mtima, kulimba mtima, ndi christiness.
Cholinga cha "Bomber Mafia" (Mafia, monga Satana, pokhala dzina lotamanda m'bukuli) amayenera kupewa nkhondo yoopsa yapadziko lonse ya WWI pokonzekera nkhondo zapaulendo m'malo mwake. Izi, zidachitika modabwitsa, pomwe WWII idapha anthu ambiri kuposa WWI pophatikiza nkhondo zapadziko lonse lapansi - ngakhale palibe liwu limodzi m'bukuli lonena za kumenya nkhondo ku WWII kapena kukhalapo kwa Soviet Union, chifukwa ili ndi Buku la US lonena za m'badwo waukulu kwambiri womwe ukumenya nkhondo yayikulu kwambiri ku America the Great; ndipo kupuma kwakukulu kudadza ku yunivesite yayikulu kwambiri (Harvard) ndikuyesedwa kopambana kwa chida chachikulu cha Satana Mpulumutsi wathu, chomwe ndi Napalm.
Koma ndikupita patsogolo pa nkhaniyi. Yesu asanawoneke, Martin Luther King Jr. ayenera kutero, inde. Mukuwona, loto lankhondo lankhondo lothandiza anthu linali lofanana ndendende ndi loto la Dr. King lothana ndi tsankho - kupatula chilichonse chomwe chingachitike. Gladwell sakuvomereza kuti kufananaku ndichosangalatsa, koma amatcha Loto la Nkhondo Zamlengalenga kukhala "lolimba mtima" ndipo amatembenuka nthawi yomweyo kuchokera ku lingaliro loti kuphulitsa bomba kumabweretsa mtendere pazokambirana zamayendedwe amakono. Gladwell atalemba zomwe wolemba wina akunena kuti wopanga bomba awonetse kuti zidapangidwa ndi Mulungu, chifukwa zonse zomwe tingamuuze Gladwell mwina akuvomereza. Posakhalitsa ali m'manyuzipepala momwe kupangidwira kwa bomba kukuyambitsa nkhondo "pafupifupi yopanda magazi," komanso zokomera anthu asitikali aku US omwe akuphulitsa omwe akupanga Bombing Mafia omwe akupanga ziwembu zophulitsa madzi ndi magetsi (chifukwa kupha kuchuluka kwakukulu pang'onopang'ono ndi kwaumulungu).
Theka la bukuli ndi zamkhutu chabe, koma zina mwa izo ndi zofunika kuzibwereza. Mwachitsanzo, Gladwell amakhulupirira kuti Air Force Chapel ku Colorado ndiyopatulika makamaka, osati chifukwa chimawoneka kuti amapembedza nkhondo zamlengalenga, komanso chifukwa chimadontha pakagwa mvula - chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimachitika kamodzi kulephera kwachita bwino, zikuwoneka.
Mbiri ya momwe WWII idapangidwira, motero momwe ikadapewedwera, yapatsidwa mawu asanu m'buku la Gladwell. Nawa mawu asanu awa: "Koma kenako Hitler adaukira Poland." Gladwell adalumpha kuchokera pamenepo kupita kuyamika ndalama pokonzekera nkhondo zosadziwika. Kenako akukangana pakati pa kuphulitsa bomba kwa makapeti ndi kuphulitsa bomba molondola ku Europe, pomwe akuwona kuti kuphulika kwamapepala sikusunthira anthu kugwetsa maboma (akumanamizira kuti izi sizikusokoneza anthu, komanso kuvomereza kuti zimapanga chidani cha omwe akuphulitsa bomba, ndikunyalanyaza kuti maboma samakonda kusamala za kuzunzika m'malire awo, komanso kunyalanyaza ntchito iliyonse yokhudzana ndi kuphulitsa kwa bomba pankhondo zaku US, ndikuti - kupirira kunamizira kuti Britain sinaphulitse bomba anthu wamba mpaka Germany itachita kale). Palibenso mawu amodzi onena za kuphulika kwa bomba lomwe a Nazi adatumizira asitikali aku US kuti athandizire kuwononga malo ngati Vietnam ndi a Dupont a Better Living Through Chemistry a satana.
Kudzera mu mkangano wapakati wama bomba aku Britain (aku Britain) ndi kuphulitsa bomba molondola (magulu ankhondo a mafia opatulika aku US), Gladwell akuvomereza kuti dziko la Britain limayendetsedwa ndi zankhanza ndikutsogozedwa ndi wachisoni komanso psychopath. Awa ndi mawu ake, osati anga. Akuvomereza kuti njira yaku US yalephera mozama pamalingaliro ake ndipo idakhala chipembedzo chonyenga cha okhulupirira owona (mawu ake). Komabe tifunika kukhala pamasamba angapo a Holden Caulfield akadatcha zonse zomwe David Copperfield adachita. Anali kuti makolo a bomber mafioso amachokera kuti, adavala chiyani, adapitilira bwanji. Ndi "umunthu" wosatha wa akatswiri opha anthu, pomwe bukuli limafotokoza katatu za anthu aku Japan omwe adaphedwa ndi moto ku gehena. Kutchulidwa koyamba ndi ziganizo zitatu za momwe makanda amatenthera komanso anthu omwe adalumphira m'mitsinje. Lachiwiri ndi mawu ochepa okhudza zovuta zomwe oyendetsa ndege anali nazo polimbana ndi fungo la mnofu woyaka. Chachitatu ndikulingalira pamtundu wophedwa.
Ngakhale asanagwe kuchokera Kumwamba, LeMay amawonetsedwa ngati akupha oyendetsa sitima aku US pochita bomba akuphulitsa sitima yaku US kuchokera ku West Coast. Palibe mawu onena za LeMay kapena Gladwell poganizira kuti ili ndi vuto.
Zambiri mwabukuli ndikulimbikitsa kwa lingaliro la LeMay lopulumutsa tsikuli powotcha anthu miliyoni. Gladwell amatsegula gawo lofunikira ili ponena kuti anthu akhala akumenya nkhondo, zomwe sizowona. Mabungwe a anthu apita zaka masauzande popanda chilichonse chofanana ndi nkhondo. Ndipo palibe chofanana ndi nkhondo yapano yomwe idalipo pagulu lililonse la anthu kuposa kugawanika kwachiwiri m'mbuyomu malinga ndi kukhalapo kwaumunthu. Koma nkhondo iyenera kukhala yachibadwa, ndipo kuthekera koti isakhale nayo kuyenera kukhala pompano, ngati mukufuna kukambirana zaukadaulo kwambiri wa asatana-satana kuti mugonjetse * ndikuchita ngati wamakhalidwe abwino.
Anthu aku Britain anali achisoni, inde, pomwe anthu aku America anali opanda chidwi komanso othandiza. Lingaliro ili ndi lotheka, chifukwa Gladwell samangotchula kapena kutchula dzina kapena kanyumba kakang'ono kokongola ka munthu m'modzi waku Japan, komanso satchulapo chilichonse chomwe Mmereka m'modzi ananena ponena za anthu aku Japan - kupatula momwe iwo kununkhiza poyaka. Komabe asitikali aku US adapanga gel osakanizika, kenako anamanga mzinda wabodza waku Japan ku Utah, kenako ndikuponya gel osakanikirana mzindawo ndikuwuyang'ana ukuwotcha, kenako adachitanso zomwezo kumizinda yaku Japan pomwe atolankhani aku US akufuna kuwononga Japan, akazitape aku US ananena kuti pambuyo pa nkhondo achi Japan adzalankhulidwa ku gehena kokha, ndipo asitikali aku US adatumiza mafupa a asitikali aku Japan kunyumba kwa abwenzi awo.
Gladwell akukhala bwino pamaganizidwe a ziwanda zake zomwe safuna kuchita pomupangira, ndikulingalira zomwe amaganiza, kuyika mawu mkamwa ngakhale kwa anthu omwe mawu awo enieni amalembedwa. Amanenanso koma maburashi mwachangu adadutsa LeMay ndikuuza mtolankhani chifukwa chomwe adawotchera Tokyo. LeMay ati atha kumuchotsa ntchito ngati mnyamata yemwe adalipo iye akapanda kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu, ndipo ndizomwe amatha kuchita. Kukula kwadongosolo: vuto lenileni lomwe limakulitsidwa ndi mabuku onga awa.
Koma makamaka Gladwell amatsata chikhalidwe chake pa chithunzi cha LeMay pochotsa achi Japan moyenera kuposa Napalm. M'ndime yofanana ndi ena onse m'bukuli, a Gladwell adalemba mwana wamkazi wa LeMay akunena kuti abambo ake amasamala zamakhalidwe azomwe amachita chifukwa adayima pamsewu akuwerengera ndege zisananyamuke kuphulitsa Japan. Anasamala za angati amene adzabwerere. Koma kunalibe aliyense waku Japan yemwe anazunzidwa pamsewu wake wothamanga - kapena m'buku la Gladwell pankhaniyi.
Gladwell akuyamika machitidwe a LeMay ngati amakhaladi amakhalidwe abwino komanso opindulitsa dziko lapansi, pomwe akuti timasilira machitidwe a Hansell chifukwa sitingathe kudzithandiza tokha, pomwe ndi mtundu wina waku Nietzschean komanso chiwerewere chomwe timafunikira, ngakhale - malinga ndi Gladwell - zimatha kukhala zoyeserera kwambiri pamapeto pake. Koma kodi zinali choncho?
Nthanoyi imanyalanyaza kuphulitsa moto kwa mizinda yonse ndikudumphira molunjika ku nuking ya Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki, akunamizira kuti Japan inali isanakonzekere kudzipereka komanso kuti ma nukes (kapena m'modzi mwa iwo ndipo tisakhale okhazikika kumapeto kwachiwiri one) anapulumutsa miyoyo. Nkhani yachikhalidwe ija ndi bedi. Koma Gladwell akuyesera kuti asinthire m'malo mwake ndi nkhani yofanana kwambiri yopatsidwa chovala chatsopano cha utoto wankhondo. M'masinthidwe a Gladwell inali miyezi yakuwotcha mizinda ndi mizinda yomwe idapulumutsa miyoyo ndikumaliza nkhondo ndikuchita chinthu chovuta koma choyenera, osati bomba la nyukiliya.
Zachidziwikire, monga tanenera, palibe mawu amodzi oti mwina mutha kupezeka pamipikisano yazaka zambiri ndi Japan, mutasankha kusakhazikitsa madera ndi mabowo ndikuwopseza ndi zilango. Gladwell akutchulapo za kudutsa munthu wina wotchedwa Claire Chennault, koma palibe mawu amodzi amomwe adathandizira achi China motsutsana ndi achi Japan asanafike Pearl Harbor - makamaka momwe mayi wake wamasiye adathandizira Richard Nixon kuteteza mtendere ku Vietnam (nkhondo ya Vietnam ndi nkhondo zina zambiri kulibe kwenikweni mu kulumpha kwa Gladwell kuchokera kwa Satana kupambana pa nkhondo ya WWII kupita kwa Yesu kupambana nkhondoyi kuti ipereke zopereka zachifundo).
Nkhondo iliyonse itha kupewedwa. Nkhondo iliyonse imafunika kuyesetsa kwambiri kuti iyambe. Nkhondo iliyonse ikhoza kuyimitsidwa. Sitinganene motsimikiza zomwe zikadagwira. Titha kunena kuti palibe chomwe chidayesedwa. Titha kunena kuti zoyeserera za boma la US kuti zithandizire kutha kwa nkhondo ndi Japan zimayendetsedwa makamaka ndikulakalaka kuzimaliza Soviet Union isanalowe ndikumaliza. Titha kunena kuti anthu omwe adapita kundende ku United States m'malo motenga nawo mbali mu WWII, ena mwa iwo adakhazikitsa kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wachibadwidwe zaka makumi angapo zomwe zili mkati mwa ndendezo, atha kukhala anthu osiririka kuposa omwe amakonda Gladwell andale komanso Osoka nyama osuta ndudu.
Pa chinthu chimodzi Gladwell akunena zoona: anthu - kuphatikiza kuphulitsa bomba mafiosi - amamatira mwamphamvu kuzikhulupiriro zawo. Chikhulupiriro olemba a ku Western omwe amawakonda kwambiri atha kukhala chikhulupiriro cha Nkhondo Yadziko II. Mabodza anyukiliya atayamba kulowa m'mavuto, sitiyenera kudabwitsidwa kuti winawake adapanga chiwembu chonyansachi ngati nkhani yosunga.
