Momwe mungapangire mtendere? Mgwirizano wakale waku Colombia uli ndi maphunziro ku Syria

Ndi Sibylla Brodzinsky, The Guardian

Nkhondo n'zosavuta kuyamba kusiyana ndi kusiya. Nanga Colombia anachita bwanji - ndipo dziko lapansi lingaphunzire chiyani kuchokera ku chiphunzitsochi?

Zili zosavuta kuyamba nkhondo kusiyana ndi kuyimitsa imodzi, makamaka pamene mkangano wakhalapo kwautali kuposa momwe anthu ambiri akhalali, kupanga mtendere kukhala wosadziwika bwino.

Koma a Colombiya adasonyeza dzikoli sabata ino kuti zikhoza kuchitika. Pambuyo pa zaka za 52 za nkhondo, boma la Colombi ndi omvera otsutsa a Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, kapena Farc, anamaliza ntchito yothetsa nkhondo yawo. Kusiyiratu kwapakati pa dzikoli kudzayamba ntchito Lolemba patatha zaka makumi ambiri omwe anthu a 220,000 - makamaka osagonjetsedwa - aphedwa, oposa 6 miliyoni atachoka kwawo ndipo makumi masauzande amathawa.

Mayesero am'mbuyomu kuti athandizirepo izi alephereka mobwerezabwereza. Kotero iwo anapita bwanji kumeneko nthawi ino ndi maphunziro omwe alipo Syria ndi amitundu ena akumenyana?

Pangani mtendere ndi omwe mungathe pamene mungathe

Purezidenti wakale César Gaviria posachedwapa anakumbukira kuti mwana wake amamufunsa kale momwe mtendere udzakhalire ku Colombia. Iye adamuuza kuti: "M'zigawo ndi zidutswa." Kupanga mtendere pakati pa magulu angapo kuli ngati zitatu-dimensional chess - chinthu chomwe sichidzatayika pa iwo akuyesera kubweretsa mtendere ku Syria. Kuchepetsa zovuta ndizofunikira, a Colombia zochitika zikuwonetsa.

Colombia wakhala akugwira ntchitoyi kwa zaka zoposa 30. Farc ndi imodzi mwa zida zambiri zopanda malamulo zomwe zakhalapo ku Colombia. M-19, Quintín Lame, EPL - onse adakambirana za mtendere. AUC, mgwirizano wa gulu la asilikali othandiza asilikali - omwe adamenyana ndi Farc monga woweruza wa asilikali omwe anali ofooka kwambiri-omwe adakali m'kati mwa 2000s oyambirira.

Zimathandiza ngati mbali imodzi ili ndi dzanja

Mu 1990s, ndikukweza ndalama kuchokera ku malonda ozunguza bongo ku Colombia, Farc inali ndi asilikali a ku Colombia. Owukirawo, amene anawerengera za 18,000, ankawoneka kuti akugonjetsa nkhondo. Zinali choncho kuti Farc ndi boma la pulezidenti wa pulezidenti Andrés Pastrana, adayambitsa zokambirana za mtendere mu 1999 zomwe zinagwedezeka popanda kupambana kwenikweni ndipo zinathera mu 2002.

Komabe, panthaŵiyo, asilikali a ku Colombia anali atakhala mmodzi mwa akuluakulu a asilikali a US. Ali ndi ma helikopta atsopano, asilikali ophunzitsidwa bwino komanso njira zatsopano zosonkhanitsira anzeru, adatha kukwanitsa.

Pakatikati mwa 2000s, pansi pa nkhondo yoopsa ya asilikali yomwe adalamulidwa ndi pulezidenti wa pulezidentiyo, Álvaro Uribe, anali opanduka omwe anali kuthamanga, kumenyedwa kumapiri akumidzi ndi mapiri, ndi ziwalo zawo zikwizikwi zikuthawa. Kwa nthawi yoyamba ku nkhondo, asilikali analowerera anapha atsogoleri apamwamba a Farc.

Pankhaniyi, zomwe zinachitikira ku Colombia zikuwonetseratu nkhondo ya Bosnia, yomwe imakhala yamagazi kwa zaka zitatu mpaka Nato atalowerera mu 1995 anagonjetsa asilikali a Serbia ndipo adafuna kuti azikhala mwamtendere.

Utsogoleri ndiwofunika

Pa nkhondo zazikulu ngati za Colombia, zikhoza kutenga kusintha kosinthika pamwamba kuti apeze atsogoleri omwe akufunitsitsa kupeza njira yothetsera mavuto.

Farc woyambitsa Manuel "Sureshot" Marulanda anamwalira mwamtendere mu msasa wake wopanduka ku 2008 wa 78. Iye adatsogolera gulu lachipanduko kukhala mtsogoleri wawo wapamwamba kuyambira pamene gulu linakhazikitsidwa ku 1964, potsatira gulu la asilikali la asilikali la asilikali. Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake adakali kudandaula za nkhuku ndi nkhumba zomwe asilikali adazipha. Iye adadula wosayembekezeka kukhala mwamtendere.

Imfa yake inabweretsa mphamvu zatsopano za Farc, monga momwe Alfonso Cano anagonjetsera. Anali Cano amene adayankhula zokambirana zachinsinsi ndi pulezidenti, Juan Manuel Santos, ku 2011. Ataphedwa Bombomo linawonongedwa pamsasa wake chaka chino, utsogoleri watsopano wa Rodrigo Londoño, ndi Timochenko, adaganiza kuti apitirize kufufuza njira yothetsera mtendere.

Ku mbali ya boma, Santos anasankhidwa ku 2010 kuti apambane ndi Uribe, yemwe pulezidenti wake wazaka ziwiri Farc anavutika kwambiri. Monga Uribe mtumiki wa chitetezo, Santos anali kuyang'anira ntchito zambiri ndipo anali kuyembekezera kuti apitirizebe malamulo omwewo. M'malo mwake, pozindikira mwayi woti amalize zomwe adayambitsa, adakakamiza Farc kuti ayambe kukambirana za mtendere.

Kulimbikitsa

Farc ndi boma linazindikira kuti palibe mbali ina yomwe idapambana ndipo siinagonjetsedwe. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mbali zonsezi ziyenera kuyanjana pa tebulo. Kuyesera kukhazikitsa kutali komwe mbali iliyonse ikufuna kupita pa mfundo iliyonse idakonza kuti oyankhulanawo azigwira ntchito kwa zaka zinayi.

Farx ya Marxist inasiya zomwe iwo akufuna kuti agrarian akhazikitsidwe ndipo adagwirizana kuti athetse mgwirizano wonse wogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, bizinesi yomwe idapanga ndalama zambirimbiri.

Boma, pogwiritsa ntchito, linapereka mwayi wa Farc ku mphamvu zandale, powatsimikizira kuti adzakhala ndi mipando ya 10 ku Congress mu 2018, ngakhale ngati chipani chawo chomwe adzalenga sichipeza mavoti okwanira pa chisankho chalamulo chaka chino.

Ndipo atsogoleli a Farc, ngakhale omwe adawombera, kupha osadziwika ndi kuwatumizira ana, amatha kupewa nthawi ya ndende povomereza zolakwa zawo ndikugwira ntchito "ziganizo zina" monga ntchito yamtundu wa nthawi yaitali.

Nthawi

Kulimbirana ndi nkhondo kunayamba kugonjetsedwa ku Latin America, kamodzi kowonjezereka. Zaka khumi zapitazo, atsogoleri akumanzere anali ndi mphamvu kudera lonseli. Ku Brazil ndi ku Uruguay, omwe kale anali maboma ochoka kumbuyo anali atakhala azidindo kupyolera mu bokosi lotsegulira. Hugo Chávez, yemwe adayamba kudzikonda yekha "Kusintha kwa Bolivarian", Adadziphatika yekha ku Venezuela. Maofesi a m'maderawa adapatsa Farc chidaliro.

Koma mafunde a m'deralo asintha kuchokera pamenepo. Dilma Rouseff ku Brazil akukumana ndi mavuto, Chávez anagonjetsedwa ndi khansa zaka zitatu zapitazo ndipo wotsatira wake,Nicolás Maduro, wathamangitsa dziko lapansi. Izi ndi nthawi zovuta zonse kumanzere ndi kwa omasulira.

maganizo

Mitundu siimaima. Kusintha pang'onopang'ono kumabweretsa mfundo zowonjezera zomwe sizinali zosayenerera. Zotsutsana zomwe zinkawoneka zoyenera zaka 30 zapitazo sizinapangitse kulingalira. Izi ndizochitika makamaka ku Colombia.