Kodi tasiya njira yathu kunkhondo?

Ndi David Swanson, September 21, 2017, Tiyeni Tiyesere Demokarase.

Tikuyambitsa zokambirana ku University of Pennsylvania pa Seputembara 21, 2017, pa malingaliro otsatirawa: "Kodi nkhondo zaku America ku Syria ndi Afghanistan zili zofunikira komanso ngati tasiya kugwiritsa ntchito gulu lankhondo, kuphatikizapo zida za ma drone, poyendetsa US Ndondomeko yachilendo? ”

Wow, ndayamba kale kusangalala kwambiri kuposa momwe Trump adalankhulira ku UN.

Nkhondo zaku US ndi mabomba ku Syria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya, Yemen, Somalia, ndi Philippines, ndikuwopseza North Korea ndizopanda chilungamo, zosayenera, zachiwerewere, zosaloledwa, zotsika mtengo kwambiri m'njira zingapo, ndipo zikuchita motsutsana ndi malingaliro awo.

Lingaliro lankhondo lolungama limabwera kwa ife pazaka zina za 1600 kuchokera kwa anthu omwe worldview yomwe timagawana nawo pafupifupi njira ina iliyonse. Njira za nkhondo zokha zimabwera m'mitundu itatu: zosagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, zosatheka, komanso masewera.

Makhalidwe Osapatsa Mphamvu: Nkhondo yoyenera imayenera kukhala ndi cholinga chabwino, chifukwa choyenera, komanso kuchuluka kwake. Koma izi ndi zida zamatsenga. Boma lanu likati liphulitsa nyumbayo pomwe ISIS ikawunikira ndalama imalungamitsa kupha anthu a 50, palibe zomwe zimagwirizana, njira zamphamvu zoyankhira Ayi, 49 yokha, kapena 6 yokha, kapena mpaka anthu a 4,097 akhoza kuphedwa. Kuzindikira cholinga cha boma sikophweka, ndipo kungopeza chifukwa chonga kumaliza ukapolo kumapangitsa kuti nkhondoyo isamachitike. Ukapolo ungathe mu njira zambiri, pomwe palibe nkhondo yomwe idamenyedwapo pa chifukwa chimodzi. Ngati Myanmar ikadakhala ndi mafuta ochulukirapo tikadakhala tikumva za kupewa kuphedwa kwa fuko monga chifukwa chomenyera, ndipo mosakayikira chikukulirakulira.

Makhalidwe Abwino: Nkhondo yolondola ndiyofunika kuti ikhale yomaliza, yokhala ndi chiyembekezo chachipambano, chitetezo osagonjetseka asawukire, lemekezani asitikali a adani ngati anthu, ndipo mumawatenga akaidi ankhondo ngati osalimbana nawo. Palibe chilichonse cha zinthu izi chomwe chimatheka. Kungotcha china "chosankha chomaliza" ndikutanthauza kungonena kuti ndiye lingaliro labwino koposa, osati okha lingaliro lomwe muli nalo. Pali nthawi zonse maganizo omwe aliyense angaganize. Nthawi iliyonse yomwe tikufunikira kupha Iran mwachangu kapena ife tonse tidzafa, ndipo sitidzatero, ndipo ife sitikufuna, kuti changu chotsatira cha Iran chidzataya kuwala kwake ndi zosankha zopanda malire zina Zinthu zoti muchite zikhale zosavuta kuziwona. Ngati nkhondo inalidi okha lingaliro lomwe inu munali nalo, inu simungakhale kutsutsana kwa makhalidwe, inu mukanakhala muthamangira Congress.

Nanga bwanji kulemekeza munthu poyesa kumupha? Pali njira zambiri zolemekezera munthu, koma palibe imodzi yomwe ingakhalepo nthawi imodzi ndikuyesera kupha munthu ameneyo. Kumbukirani kuti Chiphunzitso cha Nkhondo chokha chidayamba ndi anthu omwe amakhulupirira kuti kupha munthu kumawachitira zabwino. Omwe siamenya nkhondo ndi omwe amavulala kwambiri munkhondo zamakono, motero sangatetezedwe, koma osatsekedwa m'ndende, motero omangidwa sangatengedwe ngati osagwirizana nawo akamangidwa.

Makhalidwe Abwino: Nkhondo zokha zikuyenera kulengezedwa ndi kuwonongedwa ndi maulamuliro ovomerezeka ndi oyenera. Izi si nkhawa zamakhalidwe. Ngakhale mdziko lomwe tinali ndi olamulira ovomerezeka komanso oyenera, iwo sangachite nkhondo kapena kuchepera.

Tsopano, titha kuyesa kuchuluka kwa nkhondo zenizeni zilizonse, ndipo ndi ambiri a iwo mphindi zochepa atafika pam mfundo yoti, nkhondo iyi siyabwino koma nkhondo ina ikhoza kukhala. Boma la Afghanistan lidalolera kuti Osama bin Laden apite kudziko lachitatu kuti akaweruzidwe. US idakonda nkhondo. Anthu ambiri ku Afghanistan samangokhala ndi chilichonse chochita ndi 9 / 11 koma sanamvebe mpaka pano. Ngati kukonzekera 9 / 11 ku Afghanistan inali chifukwa zaka 16 zowonongera Afghanistan, bwanji osaphulitsa bomba pang'ono ku Europe? Bwanji osaphulitsa bomba ku Florida? Kapena la hoteloyo ku Maryland pafupi ndi NSA? Pali nthano yotchuka yomwe UN idaloleza kuukira Afghanistan. Sanatero. Pambuyo pa 16 zaka zakupha ndikuzunza ndikuwononga, dziko la Afghanistan ndilosauka komanso lachiwawa kwambiri, ndipo United States idananso.

Syria inali pamndandanda wa maboma kuti awonongedwe ndi US kwazaka zambiri, ndipo US ikugwira ntchito pazaka khumi zapitazi. ISIS idachokera kunkhondo yomwe motsogozedwa ndi US ku Iraq, yomwe (pamodzi ndi nkhondo ku Yemen ndi Syria, komanso magulu ambiri omwe akuwatsutsa) ayenera kukhala pamwamba pamndandanda wazopalamula m'zaka zana lino. ISIS idalola US kuti ichuluke zomwe ikuchita ku Syria, koma mbali zonse ziwiri za nkhondo yomweyo. Takhala ndi gulu la Pentagon lophunzitsidwa komanso ankhondo akumenyera omwe adaphunzitsidwa ndi zida za CIA. Tawerenga mu New York Times kuti boma la Israeli silikufuna kupambana. Tawonapo US ikukana zoyeserera zambiri zamtendere pazaka zambiri, posankha nkhondo. Kupitilira kupha, kuvulala, chiwonongeko, kufa ndi mliri, ndi miliri ya matenda ndizotheka kuwonetsa bwanji?

North Korea inali yofunitsitsa kupanga mapangano ndikutsatira zaka 20 zapitazo, ndipo, mosiyana ndi malipoti ena aku US, ali okonzeka kukambirana tsopano. Anthu aku South Korea akufunitsitsa kuti United States ivomereze zokambirana. Mwamuna m'modzi adziwotcha yekha mpaka Lachiwiri motsutsana ndi zida zambiri zaku US ku South Korea. Koma boma la US lalengeza kuti zokambirana sizingatheke pofuna kuopseza "njira yomalizira." Trump idauza UN Lachiwiri kuti ngati North Korea itachita molakwika, "Palibe chomwe tingachite koma kuwononga North Korea" - osati nkhondo chabe koma chiwonongeko chonse cha anthu mamiliyoni a 25. Mawu omwe a John McCain amawakonda ndi "kuwononga anthu." Pakadutsa masekondi a 60, a Trump adapitiliza kukakamiza Iran pazifukwa zomwe Iran ikuwonetsa poyera kuti ikufuna kupha anthu ambiri.

Nkhondo zina sizingafanane ndi mawu oyamba awa. Ndikufuna kuloledwa pafupifupi mphindi zonse za 5 ku Rwanda, 10 pa American Revolution kapena Civil War, ndi 30 pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, yomwe - mwachilungamo - mwina mwawononga maola masauzande ambiri. Kapena, kuposa ife tonse, nditha kutseka ndipo mutha kungowerenga mabuku anga.

Koma mutavomera kuti nkhondo zambiri sizabwino, mukadziwa mokwanira momwe nkhondo zimayambira mosamala ndi mtendere umapewedwa kuyeserera kwambiri kuti museke kapena mwina kulira chifukwa cha Ken Burns zomwe zomwe Vietnamese amazitcha Nkhondo yaku America idayambika "mchikhulupiriro chabwino," zimakhala zovuta kunena kuti nkhondo zina zonse ndi zolungama, ngakhale zomwe mumayambira mukuganiza motere. Nachi chifukwa.

Nkhondo ndi bungwe, lalikulu kwambiri, lotchipa kwambiri kuzungulira. US ikuyika pafupifupi $ 1 thililiyoni pachaka kupita kunkhondo, yofanana ndendende ndi dziko lonse lapansi pamodzi - ndipo ambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi ogwirizana ndi US makasitomala ogwiritsa ntchito zida omwe US ​​imakakamiza kwambiri kuti igwiritse ntchito. Makumi mabiliyoni atha kuthetsa njala, kusowa kwa madzi oyera, kapena matenda osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi. Kuchulukitsa komwe Congress yachulukitsa pakugwiritsa ntchito ankhondo sabata ino kungathetse mavuto apadziko lonse NDIPO ngati bonasi, kupangitsa koleji kukhala mfulu ku United States. Mazana mabiliyoni angatipatse mwayi wolimbana ndi kusintha kwanyengo ngati atasinthidwa. Njira yayikulu yomwe nkhondo imaphera ndikusintha chuma. Nkhondo (ndipo ine ndimagwiritsa ntchito mawuwa ngati chida chankhondo ndi kukonzekera nkhondo, ndipo chomaliza kukhala chotsika mtengo kwambiri m'njira zambiri) ndiye wowononga chilengedwe, chifukwa chachikulu cha apolisi ovutitsidwa komanso ufulu wowononga, wopanga tsankho lalikulu ndi kulungamitsidwa kwa boma lazolamulira komanso zachinsinsi. Ndipo ndikugwiritsa ntchito nkhondo kumadza nkhondo zonse zopanda chilungamo.

Chifukwa chake nkhondo yoyenera, yolungamitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu lankhondo, ingafunike kupitilira kuwonongeka kwa zopezeka kutali ndi ntchito zabwino, ndalama zowonjezereka za mwayi wotayika, matrilioni akuwononga katundu chifukwa cha nkhondo, kusawerengeka kwa nkhondo zopanda chilungamo, chiwopsezo cha apocalypse, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, kuwonongeka kwa maboma, komanso kuwonongeka kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Palibe nkhondo yomwe ingakhale kuti basi, ndithudi osati nkhondo zomenyedwa ndi chimphona cha dziko lapansi. United States ingayambitse mpikisano wothana ndi zida mosavuta. Mwa njira titha kupita kudziko lomwe anthu sazindikira mosavuta tanthauzo losapindulitsa. Tanthauzo la kupambana kumeneku ndikuti: simufunikira nkhondo kuti mudziteteze. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosagwirizana, osagwirizana, ochita bwino komanso azachuma komanso mphamvu zambiri pazokambirana.

Koma chikhulupiliro kuti mufunika nkhondo, komanso kuti mayiko olemera omwe ali ndi mafuta ali ndi chochita poteteza anthu kumayambitsa kukuwonongerani inu pachiwopsezo. Kuvota kwa Gallup kumapangitsa boma la US kukhulupilira kuti zazikulu padziko lonse lapansi kukhala pachiwopsezo chamtendere padziko lapansi. Kudzera kwina, tinene kuti Canada, kuti ipange ma network a zigawenga a ku Canada pamlingo wa US, ikanayenera kuphulitsa ndi kupha anthu ambiri. Koma zikachitika, kubwezera kumakhala kwakukulu, chifukwa kumatha kuloza kwa adaniwo aku Canada ngati cholungamitsa chogulitsa zida zazikulu komanso zazikulu kwambiri ndikupanga adani ochulukirapo, ndi zina zambiri. Adaniwo akhoza kukhala enieni, ndipo zochita zawo zimakhala zachiwerewere, koma kusunga mayendedwe oyipa kuthamangira pa liwiro loyenera kumatengera kukokomeza kuwopsa kwawo.

US ikadakhala kuti ilowa nawo mgwirizano wapadziko lonse, kuchita nawo zankhondo, kupereka thandizo pamlingo wina womwe amapereka nkhondo, ndikutsata njira zamtendere, dziko silingakhale paradiso mawa, koma kuthamanga kwathu kumalire mwala wofikira ungachedwe.

Njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri yomwe nkhondo imatipwetekera ndiyo kupweteketsa malamulo. Ndi chinsinsi chomwe chimasungidwa mosamala, koma dziko linaletsa nkhondo zonse mu 1928 muchigwirizano chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsutsa omwe adataya Nkhondo Yadziko II yomwe idakali pamabuku. Pulogalamu ya Kellogg-Briand Pact, monga alembedwera posachedwapa ndi a Scott Shapiro ndi Oona Hathaway, yasintha dziko. Nkhondo inali yovomerezeka ku 1927. Mbali zonse ziwiri za nkhondo zinali zovomerezeka. Kuzunza komwe kunachitika m'nkhondo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kovomerezeka. Kulanda madera anali ovomerezeka. Kuwotcha ndi kuwononga zinthu zinali zofunkha zinali zovomerezeka. Nkhondo inali, kwenikweni, osati zovomerezeka zokha; zinadziwikanso ngati kukhazikitsa malamulo. Nkhondo ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuwongolera kupanda chilungamo komwe kukuchitika. Kulanda mayiko ena monga madera awo zinali zovomerezeka. Zomwe zimapangitsa atsamunda kuyesayesa kudzipulumutsa okha anali ofooka chifukwa akanatha kugwidwa ndi mtundu wina ngati atamasuka kwa omwe akuwapondereza. Zambiri zakugonjetsedwa kuyambira 1928 sizinachite chilichonse malinga ndi malire a 1928. Mayiko ang'onoang'ono atsopano osawopa kugonjetsa awonjezeka. UN Charter ya 1945 ikhazikitsanso nkhondo ngati idalembedwa kuti ndiyodzitchinjiriza kapena yovomerezeka ndi UN. Nkhondo zapano za US sizili zololedwa ndi UN, ndipo ngati nkhondo sizili zodzitetezera ndiye kuti nkhondo za mayiko osauka pang'ono pang'ono padziko lonse lapansi ziyenera kukhala pagululi.

Koma, kuyambira 1945, nkhondo nthawi zambiri imawerengedwa kuti ndiyopanda lamulo ngati United States ichita. Kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, pazomwe ophunzira ambiri aku US amatcha zaka zamtendere zosaneneka, gulu lankhondo la United States lapha anthu ena mamiliyoni a 20, lidagumula maboma a 36, lidasokoneza zosankha zakunja zakunja kwa 82, kuyesera kupha atsogoleri achilendo a 50 , ndikugwetsa bomba pa anthu akumayiko aku 30. Ndi asitikali aku US ku mayiko a 175 malinga ndi alengezi azamasewera aku US, Purezidenti wa US adapita ku UN Lachiwiri ndikupempha ulemu kwa mayiko odziyimira pawokha, adadzinenera kuti UN chifukwa chosakwaniritsa mtendere, adaopseza kuti nkhondo idaphwanya UN Charter, ndikuseka UN kuti kuyika Saudi Arabia ku khonsolo yawo ya ufulu wachibadwidwe pomwe kuliwonekeratu kunyadira ndi udindo wa US kuthandiza Saudi Arabia kupha anthu ambiri ku Yemen. Chaka chatha woyimira kutsutsana adafunsa osankhidwa a US ngati angalole kupha mazana ndi ana aanthu osalakwa monga mbali ya ntchito zawo zoyambirira. Mayiko ena safunsa funsoli ndipo angatenge ziwanda ngati atafunsa. Chifukwa chake, tili ndi vuto la miyezo iwiri, ndendende zomwe Robert Jackson adati ku Nuremberg sizingakhale choncho.

Palibe Congress kapena Purezidenti yemwe ali ndi mphamvu zopangitsa nkhondo iliyonse kukhala yovomerezeka. Bomba limodzi la nyukiliya limatha kutipha tonse kudzera pamavuto ake nyengo, osatengera kuti Congress ili ndi mphamvu zake. Nkhondo zaku US zimaphwanya Peace Pact ya 1928, UN Charter, komanso Constitution ya US. Kuvomerezedwa kosamveka kuti Gwiritsani Ntchito Zankhondo kumaphwanyanso lamulo ladziko. Komabe pamene mamembala a Nyumba chaka chino ayesa kuvota posasokoneza AUMF, omwe amadziwika kuti utsogoleri sanalole kuvota. Nyumba ya Seneti ikavota motero, opitilira gawo limodzi mwa atatu a Nyumba ya Seneti adavota kuti abwereze, ndipo ambiri a iwo chifukwa akufuna kupanga AUMF yatsopano m'malo mwake.

Sindinanene zambiri zokhudzana ndi ma drones, chifukwa ndikuganiza kuti vuto lofunikira pakuvulala silili vuto laukadaulo. Koma zomwe ma drones, ndi maukadaulo ena amachita, ndizopangitsa kupha kukhala kosavuta, kosavuta kuchita mobisa, kosavuta kuchita mwachangu, kosavuta kuchita m'malo ambiri. Zonena za Purezidenti Obama ndi makanema oonera kumbuyo zankhondo ngati Diso Kumwamba kuti ma drones amangogwiritsidwa ntchito kupha omwe sangathe kugwidwa, iwo omwe ali ndi mlandu wamtundu wina, omwe amawopseza mwachangu ku US of A, omwe amatha kuphedwa popanda chiopsezo kupha wina aliyense mchitidwewu - Zonsezi ndi zigawo zamabodza zowonekera. Anthu ambiri owalozera sanazindikiridwe ndi mayina, palibe m'modzi yemwe anapalamula mlandu, pakanadziwika kuti sangagwidwe, nthawi zambiri akanamangidwa mosavuta, osalakwa adaphedwa ndi zikwizikwi , ngakhale Hollywood silingatchule chowopseza chongoyerekeza ku United States, ndipo nkhondo za drone ndizokwera kwa zinthu zotsutsana nazo. Mmodzi samva Obama akutamanda nkhondo yake yopambana ya Yemen masiku ano.

Koma ngati sitikufuna kusankha amuna, akazi, ndi ana Lachiwiri kupha ndi zida kuchokera ku ma drones ndiye tiyenera kuchita chiyani?

ASATSITSE amuna, akazi, ndi ana Lachiwiri kuti aphe ndi zida zoponya ma drones.

Komanso, lowani ndikuthandizira misonkhano yamayiko ambiri yokhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu, ufulu wa ana, kuletsa zida, pangano latsopano loletsa kukhala ndi nzika (dziko limodzi lokha lomwe lasankha voti kuyambitsa mgwirizanowu, koma simukhulupirira ine ndikadatchula dzina ), Lowani ku International Criminal Court, lekani kugulitsa zida kwa adani amtsogolo, lekani kugulitsa zida kwa olamulira ankhanza, siyani kupereka zida, siyani kugula zida zomwe mulibe cholinga chotchinjiriza, kusinthira ku chuma chamtendere chotukuka kwambiri.

Zitsanzo za njira zamtendere zambiri zimatha kupezeka paliponse, kuphatikizapo ku Pennsylvania. Mzanga wa ine, a John Reuwer, amalozera ku Pennsylvania monga chitsanzo kwa ena. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa kuyambira 1683 mpaka 1755 aku Pennsylvania okhala ku Europe adalibe nkhondo yayikulu ndi mayiko omwe adabadwa, mosiyana kwambiri ndi mayiko ena aku Britain. Pennsylvania inali ndi ukapolo, inali ndi zikuluzikulu komanso zilango zina zowopsa, inali ndi nkhanza zaumwini. Koma idasankha kuti isagwiritse ntchito nkhondo, osatenga malo popanda zomwe zimayenera kukhala malipiro chabe, komanso osakankhira mowa anthu obwera mwanjira yomwe opium pambuyo pake idakankhidwira ku China ndipo mfuti ndi ndege tsopano zakankhidwira pa zigawenga zoyipa . Ku 1710, a Tuscaroras ochokera ku North Carolina adatumiza amithenga ku Pennsylvania kukapempha chilolezo kukhazikika kumeneko. Ndalama zonse zomwe zikadagwiritsidwa ntchito pomenya nkhondo, ma forts, ndi zida zankhondo zidapezeka, kuti zikhale zabwinoko kapena zoyipa, kumanga Philadelphia (kumbukirani tanthauzo lake) ndikupanga koloni. Colony anali ndi anthu a 4,000 mkati mwa zaka 3, ndipo mwa 1776 Philadelphia adadutsa Boston ndi New York kukula. Chifukwa chake olamulira amasiku ambiri anali kuyangana kuti alamulire dziko lino, gulu lina la anthu linakana lingaliro loti nkhondo ndiyofunika, ndipo itukuka kwambiri kuposa ena omwe anansi awo ankawalimbikitsa.

Tsopano, zitatha zaka za 230 kupanga nkhondo kosasokoneza, komanso kukhazikitsa gulu lankhondo lodula kwambiri komanso lodziwika bwino lomwe, adatinso a Trump adauza UN kuti Constitution ya US iyenera kulandira ulemu chifukwa chokhazikitsa mtendere. Mwinanso ngati atalola kuti Quaker alembe zinthu zomwe zikadakhala zoona.